Identify different kinds of technical drawings

Identifying drawing instruments

Ruler: - is possibly one of the most important pieces of drawing equipment. Be remembered that the edge of
a ruler is not guaranteed to have a perfectly straight edge unlike a good T-Square or set square.
T-Square:- It is used primarily to draw horizontal lines and for guiding the triangles when drawing vertical
and inclined lines. It is manipulated by sliding the working edge (inner face) of the head along the left edge of
the board until the blade is in the required position. The common parts of a T-square are the head and the
blade.
Setsquares: - They are used to construct the most common angles (i.e. 30, 45, 60 degrees) in technical
drawings.
Divider: - Used chiefly for transferring distances and occasionally for dividing spaces into equal parts. I.e.
for dividing curved and straight lines into any number of equal parts, and for transferring measurements.
Compass: - is an absolute essential piece of equipment. It is well worth buying a good set which includes at
least two compasses allowing the drawing of small and large circles. The drawing opposite is a „bow‟
compass. This is very effective in making big diameter of a circle and curves.
French curve:-It is used to draw irregular curves that are not circle arcs. The shape varies according to the
shape of irregular curve.
Scales:-The architectural draftsman's scale is made in various lengths, but 12 -inch triangular scale will be
found best for student use. This has in one face the normal full size division of the foot.
Drawing Pencil:-The student and professional man should be equipped with a selection of good, well- 4H
(medium hard); 3H and 2H (medium); and H& F (medium soft). The grade of pencil to be used for various
purposes depends on the type of line desired.
♦ 6H is used for light construction line.
♦ 4H is used for re-penciling light finished lines (dimension lines, center lines, and invisible object lines)
♦ 2H is used for visible object lines
♦ F and H are used for all lettering and freehand work.
Pencil sharpener: - is an essential for sharpening pencils. Accurate drawings cannot be produced unless
they are sharp.
Eraser: - is a soft and a consumable material. There are two kinds of it, an eraser for pencil and an eraser
for ink pen.
Protractor: - is a typical, a semi-circular piece of plastic with 180 degrees printed around its curve. This
instrument is not advisable to draw curves. The purpose of this instrument is for determining angles only.
Paper sizes:-

Dimensions in “mm” A-Size

210 * 297 A4
297 * 420 A3
420 * 594 A2
594 * 841 A1
841 * 1189 A0

Tracing paper: - is a thin white transparent paper for general use where one drawing is to be made over
another. But if ink was applied then you cannot use again. This material is recommended to use in preparation
of plans and specifications.
Drawing Table/Board:-This has different dimensions that depend on the needs of a drafter. This should be a
perfectly smooth flat board of soft wood or metal are made in such a way that it cannot warp or split. All
angles should be perfectly true and smooth. The drawing board should be smooth and free from any hard
particle.
Interpret technical drawing

Types of Drawing Lines

The ability to read and interpret drawings and blueprints depends on the ability to recognize the
different types of lines used in making the drawings, and to understand how these lines describe the
object or parts represented. Lines used to represent an object and to aid in reading the drawing are
made in definite standard forms. The relative thickness of a line, (thick or thin) and the line’s
composition: solid, broken, dashed have specific meanings. Along with line weight and quality, there
are standards for different types of lines each line on a drawing has a special meaning. In order to
help make and read drawings, standard line symbols were developed.
There are two thicknesses of lines: thick and thin.
The thick lines: are used for visible, cutting-plane, and short break lines.
The thin lines: are used for long break, hidden, center, section, extension, and dimension.
 Object lines (visible line):- are thick solid lines that outline all surfaces visible to the eye. Solid
lines are also used for leader lines and dimension lines. All outlines of any major part which should stand
out on the drawing should use a visible line.

Hidden lines: - consisting of short, evenly-spaced dashes outline invisible or hidden surfaces. Show
edges and surfaces which are not visible to the eye but are hidden below a visible surface.

Break lines: - are used when the extents of a drawing cannot fit on the size of paper being used for
drawing. It can also be used when you only need to illustrate a portion of a design or a partial view.

Center lines: - are used to indicate the center of a plan, object, circle, arc, or any symmetrical object. Use a
series of very long and short dashes to create a center line.

Section line (cutting plain line):- is used to show the cutaway view of an objects. The direction of the
arrows shows the direction of the section view.

Dimension line:-are short, solid lines that indicate the distance between two points on a drawing. They
usually have arrowheads on each end, and are broken to insert the dimension.
Extension lines: are thin, solid lines used with dimension lines. They extend to a point on a drawing to
which the dimension line refers.

Movement, ghost or phantom line:-are thin lines used to indicate alternate positions of the parts of an
object, repeated detail or the locations of absent parts. This can include bi swing doors, the space needed for
drawer and cabinet door openings, sliding door opening direction, hinge points for doors and windows in
elevation. They are made by alternating one long and two evenly spaced, short dashes, with a long dash at
each end.
DRAWING A BORDER AND TITLE BLOCK
Border lines: - A border is a line drawn around the inside edge of the paper. Usually this is 10mm (20mm) from
the edge of the paper (left side of the paper) and (from bottom, top and right side of the paper) 5mm. It is basically a
rectangle drawn precisely and inside this rectangle is the design area.

Title Block: - A title block is normally drawn at the bottom of the paper. Inside the title block is printed
important information such as Name, Title and Date.
The Title Blocks are locally standardized but should be designed in such a way that it can be easily
understood.
DIMENSIONS
A drawing without dimensions is meaningless. Dimensions are necessary to show the exact size of an
object. Dimensioning refers to the act of giving dimensions, i.e., length, width, height, diameter, etc., of the
object. This information is provided by giving numeric values to various features of the object on the
drawing. A feature is an individual characteristic such as a flat or cylindrical surface, a slot or a groove, a
taper, a shoulder, a screw thread, etc.
Dimension is a numerical value expressed in appropriate units of measurement and indicated graphically
on technical drawings with lines, symbols and notes. The important aspects of dimensioning are as follows:
Dimensioning is often done by a set of elements, which includes extension lines, dimension lines,
arrowheads and dimensions.
 Orthographic Drawing
The orthographic drawing shows an object by means of a number of different views. Each view
shows one side of the object as it is seen if looked at straight on.

Important points to remember in making an

orthographic drawing:
 Space the views an even distance apart
 Make accurate measurements
 Make clear lines
 Make sure that the outlines are darker than the dimension lines
 The scale (mm, cm) should be mentioned in the block of the drawing
 Lettering must be uniformed and clear

Prepare/make changes to schematics and drawings

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS
There are many kinds of electrical/electronic diagrams. Each kind of diagram suits its purpose.
SINGLE-LINE DIAGRAM: - The single-line diagram is used basically for the same purpose as the block
diagram. When used with text material, it gives you a basic understanding of the functions of the components
of a system. There are two major differences between the single-line diagram and the block diagram. The first
difference is that the single-line diagram uses symbols, rather than labeled blocks, to represent components.
Second, the single-line diagram shows all components in a single line. There are no interconnections.
The single-line diagram is very simplified and should be used primarily to learn (in very broad terms) the
function of each of the various components as a part of the total system.
SCHEMATIC (ELEMENTARY) DIAGRAM: - Shows the ways a circuit is connected and what the circuit
does using graphic symbols. The schematic does not have to show the size or shape of the parts of the circuit.
It does not have to show where the parts of the circuit actually are.
CONNECTION OR WIRING DIAGRAM: - Shows how the components of a circuit are connected. It may
cover connections inside or outside the components. It has as much detail as is needed to make or trace
connections. The connection diagram (assembly drawing) usually shows how a component looks and where it
is placed.
LAY OUT DIAGRAM: - Is a pictorial representation of how the electronic circuit actually looks. These
drawings show the actual lay out of the components on the circuit board. This provides a two dimensional
drawing, usually looking down from the top, detailing the components in their location. The schematic for the
circuit and the same circuit drawn in pictorial or lay out format for comparison. Normally the pictorial layout
would be accompanied by a parts list.
BLOCK DIAGRAM: - A block diagram is used primarily to present a general description of a system and its
functions. This type of diagram is generally used in conjunction with text material. A block diagram shows the
major components of a system and the interconnections of these components. All components are shown in
block form, and each block is labeled for identification purposes.
CHART :- A chart, also called a graph, is a graphical representation of data, in which "the data is represented
by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart". A chart can represent
tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative structure and provides different information.
Piping and instrumentation diagram/drawing
A diagram which shows the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control the
process. In the process industry, a standard set of symbols is used to prepare drawings of processes.

Store technical drawings and equipment /instruments

STORING EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING
When a session of drawing is finished, it is important that the equipment, which has been in use, is stored
neatly in clean and dry conditions. Dirty and damaged equipment does not help in the production of good, neat
and clean drawings.
 1- Draw top, front and side view neatly and clearly

4- Draw the Top, Front, and Side view of the given isometric drawing
2- Draw multi view in the given objects.

3- Draw different angles (30 , 45,60 degrees)