GRACE MISSION COLLEGE

Catiningan, Socorro, Oriental Mindoro

MATHEMATICS IN THE
MODERN WORLD

Second Semester
 Objectives: 1. Identify the characteristics of mathematical language.
2. Distinguish the difference between mathematical expression and sentences.
3. Convert mathematical expression or statement into a mathematical symbol.
4. Use the four basic concepts of mathematics in a mathematical statement.
5. Appreciate the uses of mathematical concepts, symbols, and conventions of
mathematics in everyday life.

Lesson 3: Mathematical Language and Symbols

Many mathematicians regard Mathematics as a universal language. Its characteristic as a

language is evident in the numbers, variables, symbols, and operations used to form equations that
are common in every part of the world.

In this chapter, we will be dealing with such language, the language of mathematics. We will
study mathematical language and its characteristics, convention of mathematical language and
mathematical symbols. We will also be dealing with the difference between mathematical expression
and mathematical sentence. Moreover, the four basic mathematical concepts such as sets,
functions, relations and binary operations will also be discussed.

Gear Up

Directions: Arrange the following jumbled mathematical terms and write 1 to 2 sentences
description or definition about the it.

___________1. TSE - ___________________________________________________________________

___________2. PETYM TES - ____________________________________________________________

___________3. MAODIN - _______________________________________________________________

___________4. GERAN - ________________________________________________________________

___________5. CUTNIFO - ______________________________________________________________

___________6. BESTSU - _______________________________________________________________

___________7. TIDANODI - ______________________________________________________________

___________8. INALERTOS - ____________________________________________________________

___________9. PGARH- _________________________________________________________________

___________10. NAYBRI INTAROPEO - ___________________________________________________

 Analyze and Explore

The Language, Symbols, Syntax and Rules of Mathematics

Writing Mathematical Language as an Expression or a Sentence

Note: An open sentence means it is not known whether or not the mathematical sentence is true
or false. A closed sentence is a mathematical sentence that is known to be either true or false.

Mathematical Convention
Performing Operations on Mathematical Expression Correctly

The order of operations or BODMAS / PEMDAS is merely a set of rules that prioritize the
sequence of operations starting from the most important to the least important.

Step 1: Do as much as you can to simplify everything inside the parenthesis first.

Step 2: Simplify every exponential number in the numerical expression.

Step 3: Multiply and divide whichever comes first, from left to right.

Step 4: Add and subtract whichever comes first, from left to right.
Example 1: Evaluate (11 – 5) x 2 – 3 + 1
Steps Solution
(Remove the parenthesis) =6x2–3+1
(Multiply) = 12 – 3 + 1
(Subtract) =9 +1
(Add) = 10

Example 2: Evaluate (10 ÷ 2) + (12 ÷ 2 x 3)

Steps Solution
(Remove the parenthesis) = 5 + 18
(Add) = 23

Example 3: Simplify 4 – 3 [4 – 2 (6 – 3)] ÷ 2

Solution
= 4 – 3 [4 – 2 (3)] ÷ 2
= 4 – 3 [4 – 6] ÷ 2
= 4 – 3 [-2] ÷ 2
=4+6 ÷2
=4+3
=7

Example 4: Simplify 16 – 3 (8 – 3)2 ÷ 5

Solution
= 16 – 3 (5)2 ÷ 5 Note: 52 means 5 x 5
= 16 – 3 (25) ÷ 5
= 16 – 75 ÷ 5
= 16 – 15
=1
The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics

1. Set
A set is a collection of well-defined objects that contains no duplicates. The objects in the set
are called elements of the set. To describe a set, we use braces { }, and use capital letters to
represent it while the elements or members of the set are represented using small letters.

A set that has no element is called the empty set or null set and is denoted by Ø or { }. The
set {Ø} is not empty since it has one element, namely Ø.

Examples

1. The books in the shelves in a library.

2. The set of days in a week.
W = {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday}
3. The set of vowels in the alphabet. V = { a, e, i, o u}
4. The set of integer numbers N = { y I y is an integer number}
Examples are -3 , -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 etc.
5. The set of odd numbers less than 20. O = { z I z is an odd number less than
20}
Examples are 1, 3, 5, 7 etc.

Note: Examples 2 and 3 are in tabular method while examples 4 and 5 are in rule method. Example
number 1 is just a statement describer a specific set.
Note: Three dots in enumerating the elements of the set are called ellipsis and indicate a continuing
pattern.
2. Relations
From the mathematical standpoint, a relation is any set of ordered pairs (x, y) of real numbers
and is usually considered a subset of a cartesian product. The set of all values of x is called the
domain of the relation while the set of all values of y is called the range of the relation. We shall
denote the domain of the relation by D and the range of the relation by R.

Example:
1. {(-2, 3), (4, 3), (7, 2)}
The domain of the relation is -2, 4, 7, in symbols D = {-2, 4, 7}.
The range of the relation is 3, 2, in symbols R = {3, 2}.

2. {(Chi, 8), (Iya, 10), (Mat, 7), (AJ, 6)}

The domain of the relation is Chi, Iya, Mat and AJ, in symbols D = {Chi, Iya, Mat,
AJ}.
The range of the relation is 8, 10, 7, 6, in symbols R = {8, 10, 7, 6}.

3. {(Manila, Philippines), (Tokyo, Japan), (Jakarta, Indonesia), (Bangkok, Thailand),

(Beijing, China)}
The domain of the relation is Manila, Tokyo, Jakarta, Bangkok and Beijing, in
symbols D = {Manila, Tokyo, Jakarta, Bangkok, Beijing}.
The range of the relation is Philippines, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand and China,
in symbols R = {Philippines, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand and China}.

3. Function
It is a special type of relation in which element of the domain is paired exactly one or unique
element in the range.

Types of Correspondence

One-to-one Correspondence Many-to-one Correspondence One-to-many Correspondence

{5,6) (-3,0), (-3,1)}

Function Function Not a function

Note: A one-to-one correspondence and many-to-one correspondence are called

functions while one-to-many correspondence is just a mere relation.
 The function can be represented using the following.

Note: Elements represented by using ordered pairs, mapping diagram and table of values are easily
determined whether it is function or not by the type of correspondence while graph, we use the
vertical line test, that is if and only the graph intersects at exactly one point. Figure A is NOT
A FUNCTION because the graph intersects at two points.
4. Binary Operation
In mathematics, a binary operation or dyadic operation is a rule for combining two elements
(called operands) to produce another element. More formally, a binary operation is an operation of
arity two. More specifically, a binary operation on a set is an operation whose two domains and the
codomain are the same set

Stay safe! Thank you and God bless!