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PROPERTIES
OF LIQUIDS
AND
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Describe the
properties of Explain the Relate the
liquids: surface effect of properties of
tension, intermolec water to
viscosity, vapor ular forces intermolecular
pressure, boiling on these forces that
point, and molar properties operate
heat of among its
vaporization molecules.
The measure of
the elastic force
A gas or a liquid;
in the surface of a a substance that
liquid. It is the can flow.
amount of energy
required to
stretch
increase
or
the
SURFACE
TENSION
FLUID
surface of a liquid
by a unit area.
CAPILLARY VISCOSITY
The tendency ACTION
of a liquid to
rise in narrow
A measure
tubes or to be of a fluid’s
drawn into
small
resistance
openings. to flow.
A gaseous
The change of
substance that
exist naturally phase from liquid
as a liquid or to vapor (gaseous
solid at normal phase).
temperature. VAPORIZ
VAPOR ATION
The temperature
The equilibrium
at which a liquid
pressure of a VAPOR BOILING boils. The boiling
vapor above its PRESSURE
POINT point of a liquid
liquid; that is, OF A LIQUID
the pressure when the
exerted by the external
vapor above pressure is 1 atm
the surface of is called the
the liquid in a normal boiling
closed point.
container.
The energy
(usually in
kilojoules)
required to Molar heat of
vaporize 1 vaporization
mole of a (ΔHvap)
liquid at a
given
temperature.
 THE GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
LIQUIDS

▪ Surface Area
▪ Capillary Action
▪ Viscosity
▪ Vapor pressure
▪ Molar heat of vaporization
▪ Boiling Point
SURFACE is the measure of the elastic force in
the surface of a liquid. It is the
TENSION amount of energy required to stretch
or increase the surface of a liquid by
a unit area. It is manifested as some
sort of skin on the surface of a liquid
or in a drop of liquid.
 How intermolecular forces can
influence the magnitude of surface
tension?
Molecules within a liquid are
pulled in all directions by
intermolecular forces. Molecules
at the surface are pulled
downward and sideways by
other molecules, not upward
away from the surface (shown in
the diagram). These
intermolecular forces tend to
pull the molecules into the liquid
and cause the surface to tighten
like an elastic film or “skin”.
TAKEAWAYS:
• Water as an example of a liquid with high surface
tension as a result of H-bonds, which are strong
intermolecular forces.
• Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces
also have high surface tension.

Question: Why water will

form a spherical droplet
on a sheet of plastic, but
kerosene will spread?
 Is the tendency of a liquid to rise in
CAPILLARY narrow tubes or be drawn into small
ACTION openings such as those between
grains of a rock. Capillary action,
also known as capillarity, is a result
of intermolecular attraction
between the liquid and solid
materials.
 Capillary action is shown by water
CAPILLARY rising spontaneously in capillary tubes.
A thin film of water adheres to the wall
ACTION of the glass tube as water molecules
are attracted to atoms making up the
glass (𝑆𝑖𝑂2 ). Surface tension causes
the film of water to contract and pulls
the water up the tube. Wetting of
a paper towel, water flowing up from
the roots to the tip of a plant are a few
examples of capillary action.

Question: What are

the attractive
forces formed by
molecules of the
liquid and those
that make up the
tubes.
 TWO TYPES OF FORCES
INVOLVED IN CAPILLARY
ACTION

COHESION ADHESION
it is the Is an attraction
intermolecular between unlike
attraction between molecules (such as
like molecules (the those in water and in
liquid molecules). the particles that make
up the glass tube).
 TWO TYPES OF FORCES
INVOLVED IN CAPILLARY
ACTION

Figure 1a shows the water molecules are attracted to other

molecules which is the molecules of the beaker while figure 1b is
more on adhesion wherein the Hg molecules did not get
attracted to the walls of the beaker.
 TAKEAWAYS: These forces also define the
shape of the surface of a liquid in a
cylindrical container

• When the cohesive forces

between the liquid molecules
are greater than the adhesive
forces between the liquid and
the walls of the container, the
surface of the liquid is
convex.
Example: mercury in a container
 TAKEAWAYS: These forces also define the
shape of the surface of a liquid in a
cylindrical container

• When the cohesive forces

between the liquid molecules
are lesser than the adhesive
forces between the liquid and
the walls of the container, the
surface of the liquid is concave.
Example: water in a glass container
Other examples: milk, honey, and
most other water-based
substances.
 • Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s
VISCOSITY resistance to flow. The greater
the viscosity, the slower the
liquid flows.
• Viscosity is expressed in units of
centipoise. The table below gives
viscosities of liquids of some
pure substances. Water has
viscosity of 1 centipoise or 0.001
Pa/s at 20℃.
• Substances with lower viscosities
include carbon tetrachloride and
benzene. Glycerol has a
resistance to flow of more than a
thousand times greater than
water.
 EXAMPLE:
VISCOSITY
• Given molecular structures
of water and glycerol, can
you tell why glycerol has a
higher viscosity than water?

✓ The larger number of –OH

groups allow glycerol to
form more H-bonds with
other glycerol molecules,
making its intermolecular
forces stronger than those of
water, and its resistance to
flow greater.
 Consider the table of viscosities
VISCOSITY that follow. All the substances
in the list are hydrocarbons and
nonpolar. What causes the
differences in viscosities of the
hydrocarbons in the list?

The size of the molecules. The larger the molecule, even if it is nonpolar,
the stronger the intermolecular forces and the greater the viscosity
compared to nonpolar substances made up of small molecules.
 What is the effect of
VISCOSITY temperature would have on
viscosity?

Viscosity decreases as temperature increases: hot molasses flows

much faster than cold molasses. The viscosities of some familiar
liquids in the table below were measured at 𝟐𝟎℃, except for lava
(ranges between 700 to 1200 ℃.
 TAKEAWAYS:

❑ The size of the molecules. The larger the

molecule, even if it is nonpolar, the stronger the
intermolecular forces and the greater the
viscosity compared to nonpolar substances made
up of small molecules.
❑ Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces
have higher viscosities than those that have weak
intermolecular forces. The stronger the
intermolecular forces, the higher the viscosity.
❑ Viscosity decreases as temperature increases.
 VAPOR
PRESSURE
OF A LIQUID Is the pressure exerted by
its vapor when in
equilibrium with its liquid
• What is happening to the
water molecules in the two or solid. This means that
flasks shown in the picture? when a liquid or a solid
substance is made to
evaporate in a closed
container, the gas exerts
a pressure above the
liquid.
 VAPOR
PRESSURE
• (a) The water molecules in
OF A LIQUID
the liquid evaporate and
go into the vapor phase. In
• What is happening to the the open flask, some of
water molecules in the two
flasks shown in the picture?
the water molecules in the
vapor phase find their way
out of the flask are lost to
the atmosphere.
• (b) When a liquid
evaporates to a gas in a
closed container, the
molecules cannot escape.
 VAPOR PRESSURE OF A
LIQUID

• Gas molecules move in random directions,

collide with other gas particles and the walls of
the container. Some will strike the liquid surface
and condense back into it. In the closed flask,
none of the gas particles are able to get out of
the container, and eventually, the number of
molecules that go into the gaseous state would
equal the number of molecules that condense
back.
 VAPOR
PRESSURE
OF A LIQUID

• When the rate of

condensation of the gas
becomes equal to the
rate of evaporation of
the liquid, the gas in the
container is said to be in
equilibrium with the
liquid.
liquid ⇋ vapor (gas)
Relating vapor pressure to
temperature
✓ As the temperature
increases, the vapor
pressure of water also
increases.
✓ When temperature is high,
more molecules have
enough energy to escape
from the liquid. At a lower
temperature, fewer
molecules have sufficient
energy to escape from the
liquid.
 Relating Vapor Pressure to
Strength of Intermolecular
Forces
✓ Consider the vapor pressures of the following substances.
Relate vapor pressure to strength of intermolecular forces.
 Relating Vapor Pressure to
Strength of Intermolecular
Forces
✓ Ethyl alcohol and water have
very low vapor pressures. Both
liquids have the strong dipole-
dipole interaction called
hydrogen bonding. Acetone is
polar but does not have H-
bonding. Its vapor pressure is of
intermediate value. Pentane is a
nonpolar substance, and its
vapor pressure is high compared
to those of water and ethyl
alcohol.
 Relating Vapor Pressure to
Strength of Intermolecular
Forces
✓ When liquids evaporate, the
molecules have to have
sufficient energy to break
the attractive forces that
hold them in the liquid state.
The stronger these
intermolecular forces are,
the greater the amount of
energy needed to break
them.
 Relating Vapor Pressure to
Strength of Intermolecular
Forces
✓ For some substances with weak
intermolecular forces, the energy
requirement is easy obtained from
collisions with other molecules and
absorption of energy from the
surroundings. Many molecules can
vaporize, resulting in a high vapor
pressure. For molecules with
strong intermolecular forces,
gathering enough energy may not
be as easy, and register low vapor
pressures.
 Relating Vapor Pressure to
Strength of Intermolecular
Forces
✓ The stronger
the
intermolecular
forces of
attraction, the
lower the vapor
pressure of a
liquid.
 TAKEAWAYS:

✓ The stronger these intermolecular forces are,

the greater the amount of energy needed to
break them.
✓ As the temperature increases, the vapor pressure
also increases.
✓ The stronger the intermolecular forces of
attraction, the lower the vapor pressure of a
liquid.
 MOLAR HEAT OF VAPORIZATION

• The molar heat of

vaporization (ΔHvap) is
the energy required to
vaporize 1 mole of a liquid
at a given temperature.
H is the symbol for
enthalpy, which means heat
content at a given standard
condition.
 Relating molar heat of vaporization
to strength of intermolecular forces

• The heat of vaporization may be

considered a measure of the
strength of intermolecular forces
in a liquid. If the intermolecular
attraction is strong, it takes a lot
of energy to free the molecules
from the liquid phase and the
heat of vaporization will be high.
 BOILING POINT

• The boiling point of • The normal boiling

a liquid is the point is the
temperature at temperature at which
which the liquid the liquid converts to a
converts into a gas. gas when the external
A more complete pressure is 1 atm. The
definition includes normal boiling point of
the vapor pressure. water is 100℃.
 Relating boiling point to molar heat
of vaporization

✓ Consider the table below of the following substances.

Relate boiling point to molar heat of vaporization.
 Relating boiling point to molar heat
of vaporization

✓ The higher ΔHvap , the

higher the boiling
point.
✓ As intermolecular
force strength
increases, the melting
and boiling points of a
substance also
increase.
 Unique Properties of
Water

✓ Water is a good solvent.

✓ Water has a high specific heat. Specific
heat is the amount of heat or energy needed
to raise the temperature of one gram of a
substance by 1℃. The specific heat of water
is 1 calorie/g- ℃ (4.18 J/g- ℃), one of the
highest for many liquids.
✓ The boiling point of water unusually high.
 Unique Properties of
Water
✓ At a room temperature, pure
water is a colorless, odorless,
and tasteless liquid. It turns to
ice, its solid form, at 𝟎℃ and 1
atm. At 𝟏𝟎𝟎℃, it becomes a gas,
commonly termed steam.
✓ A water molecule has a bent
shape, with two partially positive
hydrogen atoms and a partially
negative oxygen atom. These
dipoles make the overall
molecule polar.
GROUP ACTIVITY 2:
VISCOSITY OF
LIQUIDS: MARBLE
RACE