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The document outlines Problem Set 4 for a Physical Chemistry course, focusing on the First Law of Thermodynamics. It includes goals such as distinguishing between reversible and irreversible processes, understanding adiabatic and isothermal systems, and calculating changes in work, heat, and internal energy for various scenarios. The problem set consists of several questions and calculations related to thermodynamic processes involving ideal and real gases.

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13 views

bmb428_problemset04 (2)

The document outlines Problem Set 4 for a Physical Chemistry course, focusing on the First Law of Thermodynamics. It includes goals such as distinguishing between reversible and irreversible processes, understanding adiabatic and isothermal systems, and calculating changes in work, heat, and internal energy for various scenarios. The problem set consists of several questions and calculations related to thermodynamic processes involving ideal and real gases.

Uploaded by

salex61798
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BMB428 Dr.

Song Tan
Physical Chemistry with Biological Applications Fall 2024

Problem Set 4: First Law of Thermodynamics Due Sept 10, 2024


As with Problem Sets 1 & 3, groups of four or fewer students can hand in a problem set together.
Your group MUST choose a different person to write the final answers than you used previously.
Goals: A. Distinguish between reversible and irreversible processes.
B. Distinguish between adiabatic and isothermal systems.
C. Understand the significance of the First Law of Thermodynamics.
D. Determine change in work, heat and internal energy for common systems.

1. What is a process, and how do you know that a process has occurred in a system?
(Hint: Use the term "property" in your answer. Make sure you can define what a "property"
is.)

2. Are there any equilibrium states between the initial and final state of an irreversible process?
Why or why not?

3. Define the First Law of Thermodynamics. Specify whether the first law applies to the system
or surrounding.

4. There are two types of systems which are very convenient for thermodynamic measurements:
adiabatic and isothermal.
(a) What is the difference between an adiabatic system and an isothermal system?
(b) What is ∆q for the adiabatic compression of an ideal gas.
(c) What is ∆q for the isothermal compression of an ideal gas (use First Law of
3
Thermodynamics and the fact that the energy content of an ideal gas is U = nRT).
2
(d) Describe the type of experimental apparatus necessary to conduct an isothermal
experiment.
(e) Describe the type of experimental apparatus necessary to conduct an adiabatic
experiment.

5. 18.02 g of liquid water is enclosed under a frictionless and weightless piston at 100°C and 1 atm
pressure. The pressure above the piston is lowered slightly below 1 atm, and the water inside
the piston allowed to vaporize (and expand) isothermally until all of the liquid has been
converted into gas. The specific volume of liquid water at 100°C is 1.043 ml/gram, and the
specific volume of gaseous water at 100°C is 1677 ml/gram. For this process, the change in heat
is 9730 cal.
(a) Calculate the work which occurs during the vaporization. (A conversion you might find
useful is that 1 ml•atm = 0.024218 cal).
(b) Use the First Law to calculate ∆U for this isothermal process. You may NOT assume that
water is an ideal gas.
(c) Calculate ∆U for this process if the expansion had been done using an adiabatic process.
BMB428 Dr. Song Tan
Physical Chemistry with Biological Applications Fall 2024

6. 1 liter of an ideal gas is allowed to expand at constant temperature from 3 atm to a final
3
pressure of 1 atm. The energy content of an ideal gas is U = nRT. What is ∆U if
2
(a) the process is performed reversibly,
(b) the process is performed irreversibly.

7. 38.6 g of nitrogen (a real gas that acts like an ideal gas) is allowed to expand reversibly and
isothermally. The temperature during the expansion is 425K, and the volume changes from 14
to 27 liters.
(a) How much work is produced during the expansion?
1 x
(Hint: remember that ∫ dx = ln x and that ln = ln x − ln y )
x y
(b) How much heat is produced during the expansion?

Our class nomenclature for work and heat:

q the symbol for heat w the symbol of work


dq an infinitesimally small change in heat dw an infinitesimally small change in work
∆q the overall change in heat ∆w the overall change in work

This is different from the Chang textbook’s more confusing nomenclature:


Do not use the Chang textbook’s nomenclature.

q the symbol for heat w the symbol of work


đq an infinitesimally small change in heat đw an infinitesimally small change in work
q the overall change in heat w the overall change in work

(đ indicates an inexact differential)


1
anychange that a system experiences from one state to another A process is characterized
bythe alteration of at least 1 property at thesystem Aproperty is a measurable characteristic
of thesystem
2 no in an irreversible process there are no equilibrium states these processes are characterized
by instant
uncontrolled
changes thatprevent thesystem frombeing in a stateof equilibrium

3
energycannot be created ordestroyed
this law applies to thesystem since it coverschanges in the systems
internal energy based on interactions w its surroundings
4 a Adiabatic no heat transfer but temp
may change
Isothermal Tempremains constant whileheattransferis occurring

b 0g 0
c OU Q W
ΔU o
so Q W

me
D a perfectly insulated chambertoprevent heatchange

e a perfectly insulated chambertoprevent heat loss

18.92g 1.043mi 18.79mi H2o liquid

30,219.54ml
18.91 1617,1 gas AN

OV Up Vi 30,219.54ml 18.79m 30,200.25m

W POV 1 atm 30200.75mi 30,200.75miatm

w 30,200.25mi atm 0
b ff.fm 731.48cal

I can 31.48cal 999852cal

c OU Q W

o
on 731.48cal
turn
sign it
7 m 38.6g
molarmass 28.02gImol
n 1378m01
2 8.3145mol k

W 1.378mole8.3145 not 2 4252

3201.75
4 f

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