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EE2013E Topic 4

The document covers the two reaction theory for alternators, detailing the effects of saliency in armature reaction and the significance of direct and quadrature axis synchronous reactances. It explains the modified phasor diagrams for salient pole alternators and describes the slip test used to determine synchronous reactances. Additionally, it includes examples and exercises related to generated emf and voltage regulation for salient pole synchronous generators.

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EE2013E Topic 4

The document covers the two reaction theory for alternators, detailing the effects of saliency in armature reaction and the significance of direct and quadrature axis synchronous reactances. It explains the modified phasor diagrams for salient pole alternators and describes the slip test used to determine synchronous reactances. Additionally, it includes examples and exercises related to generated emf and voltage regulation for salient pole synchronous generators.

Uploaded by

shiva.kumar1n381l
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course: EE2013E ELECTRICAL MACHINES II Semester: Winter/ 2024-’25

Topic 4

Alternator-Two Reaction Theory

Effect of Saliency in Armature Reaction


Synchronous impedance of a cylindrical type alternator, ZS = R + j Xs = R + j (Xl + Xa).
Values of R and Xl do not depend on the type of field system, salient pole or non-salient pole.
But the value of Xa towards armature reaction effect depends on the type of field system.
Air gap is uniform, reluctance is uniform and hence a single value of Xa for cylindrical type.

For salient pole type,


Air gap is minimum, reluctance is the least and more armature reaction along d-axis and
Air gap is maximum, more reluctance and the armature reaction is the least along q -axis.
Hence performance analysis with single value of Xa will not yield satisfactory results.

Two reaction theory


Two reaction theory is the one proposed by Prof Blondel.
Armature reaction effect is accounted by two different values of Xa in it.
Direct axis armature reaction reactance, Xad along d-axis and
Quadrature axis armature reaction reactance, Xaq along q-axis.
Obviously, Xad > Xaq, the armature reaction effect being larger along the d-axis than q-axis.

P Ananthakrishnan, EED, NIT Calicut


1
Course: EE2013E ELECTRICAL MACHINES II Semester: Winter/ 2024-’25

Consequently, there are two different values for the synchronous reactance (Xs) here.
Direct axis synchronous reactance, Xsd = Xd = Xl + Xad, along d-axis and
Quadrature axis synchronous reactance, Xsq = Xq = Xl + Xaq, along q-axis,
Xd being greater than Xq.
Hence, the two different synchronous impedances are
Zsd = Zd = R + jXd and Zsq = Zq = R + jXq.

Modified phasor diagrams


Phasor diagrams based on the two reaction theory applicable to salient pole alternators or
synchronous machines are known as modified phasor diagrams with reference to that of non-salient
pole synchronous machines. The phasor diagram of a salient pole alternator or synchronous generator
for lagging power factor load will be as shown below. Phasor diagrams for upf and leading power
factor loads are to be drawn in a similar fashion.

Note: U in
the diagram
is to be
taken as V.

The corresponding network equation here is

E = V + IR + j Id Xd + j Iq Xq = IEI∠

Where,

IIdI = III Sin (Φ+ ), Id = IIdI∠-(90- ), IIqI = III Cos (Φ+ ) and Iq = IIqI∠ .

P Ananthakrishnan, EED, NIT Calicut


2
Course: EE2013E ELECTRICAL MACHINES II Semester: Winter/ 2024-’25

Slip Test
Slip test is for determining the direct axis and quadrature axis synchronous reactances, Xd and Xq of a
salient pole alternator. The circuit setup for the same is as shown below.

Driving the alternator at a speed very close to its synchronous speed using a dc motor, a three phase
reduced voltage is applied to its armature winding here. It is ensured that the direction of rotation of the
rotating magnetic field is same as that of the field system, by way of obtaining a very small voltage
induced across the field winding of the alternator. When the speed of the prime mover is then adjusted
to have a very small relative speed between the rotating magnetic field axis and the main pole axis,
the current drawn by the alternator and the voltage across its terminals oscillate between certain
minimum and maximum values. The machine requires a minimum current, Imin due to low reluctance of
the flux path, when the rotating magnetic field axis coincides with the pole axis or direct axis and this
corresponds to negligible voltage drop in the line and hence a maximum voltage across the terminals
of the alternator, Vmax. On the contrary, the machine requires a maximum current, Imax due to high
reluctance of the flux path, when the rotating magnetic field axis coincides with the quadrature axis
and this corresponds to more voltage drop in the line and hence a minimum voltage across the
terminals of the alternator, Vmin.

Hence for a star connected alternator,


Zd = Vmax / (√3 Imin ) and Xd = (IZdI2 – R2)1/2

Zq = Vmin / (√3 Imax) and Xq = (IZqI2 – R2)1/2


P Ananthakrishnan, EED, NIT Calicut
3
Course: EE2013E ELECTRICAL MACHINES II Semester: Winter/ 2024-’25

Analysis by two reaction theory


The phasor diagram and the corresponding network equation based on the two reaction theory are
sufficient for the performance analysis of the salient pole alternators or synchronous machines to yield
satisfactory results.

Examples
1. Compute the pu generated emf and the % voltage regulation of a 3-phase, salient pole
synchronous generator, the pu parameters of which are given as Xd = 1.1pu, Xq = 0.7pu and R =
0.04pu, while it is delivering rated kVA at rated voltage and a power factor of 0.8 lagging.
Given, Xd = 1.1pu, Xq = 0.7pu and R = 0.04pu.
V = (1.0 + j0)pu.
For rated kVA, III = 1.0pu, I = 1 (0.8 - j0.6)pu.

Eq = V + I(R + j Xq) = 1.548∠20.26ºpu, = 20.26º.

Knowing III, Φ and and using the relations:

IIdI = III Sin (Φ+ ), Id = IIdI∠-(90- ), IIqI = III Cos (Φ+ ) and Iq = IIqI∠ ,

Id = (0.291 - j0.788)pu and


Iq = (0.509 + j0.188)pu.

Then, E = V + IR + j Id Xd + j Iq Xq = 1.884∠20.26ºpu.

% voltage regulation = (1.884-1.0) x 100/1.0 = 88.4%.

Alternator-Miscellaneous

Sudden short circuit current waveforms


On a three-phase dead short circuit, the ac components of the phase currents (the currents left after
extracting the dc transients) occupy identical envelope shapes like the one shown below. This envelop
'
is substantially exponential in shape with a time constant, Ʈ of one or two seconds. The decay of the
''
current at the beginning of the short circuit is much more rapid, the corresponding time constant, Ʈ

being of the order of 0.2 seconds or less. Extrapolation of the main part of the envelop back to the
'
instant of short circuit gives the current peak as em/ x . But the actual current peak at that instant is
''
greater than this and it is given by em/ x . As shown, the current peak becomes em/ xs at steady state.

P Ananthakrishnan, EED, NIT Calicut


4
Course: EE2013E ELECTRICAL MACHINES II Semester: Winter/ 2024-’25

Transient and sub transient reactances


'
Ʈ , known as the transient time constant is determined by the rate of growth of armature reaction,

'
where x is the transient reactance which is dependent on the leakage flux. But the subtransient
'' ' ''
reactance, x is less than x as the full leakage path is not available at the instant of short circuit. Ʈ is
'
known as the subtransient time constant and it is less than Ʈ .

DC excitation
Static excitation
Brushless excitation
Self excitation

Measurement of losses
Electrical method

Exercise
1. Compute the pu generated emf and the % voltage regulation of a 3-phase, salient pole
synchronous generator, the pu parameters of which are given as Xd = 1.0pu, Xq = 0.6pu and R =
0.03pu, while it is delivering 70% rated kVA at rated voltage and a power factor of 0.6 leading.
2. A 25MVA, 13.8kV, 3-phase, star connected alternator, the resistance, direct axis reactance and
quadrature axis reactance per phase of which are 0.15., 7.6 and 4.5 respectively, delivers
rated load at rated voltage and a power factor of 0.8 lagging. Estimate its % voltage regulation.

P Ananthakrishnan, EED, NIT Calicut


5

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