Unit – 1

Introduction to Cloud Computing

-Suryadeepsinh P. Jadeja
 Course Outcome
• Understand the concept of Cloud architecture
and its model.
 Defining Cloud Computing
• The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. In
other words, we can say that Cloud is something,
which is present at remote location.
• Cloud Computing refers to the delivery of computing
services, including storage, processing power, and
applications over the internet.
• Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-based
computing, and it is a technology where the resource
is provided as a service through the Internet to the
user.
• It allows us to manipulate, configure, and access the
data, hardware and software resources remotely.
Continue…
• The following are some of the Operations that can
be performed with Cloud Computing
• Storage, backup, and recovery of data
• Delivery of software on demand
• Development of new applications and services
• Streaming videos and audio
• Goal: To provide on-demand computing, storage,
network, Software as a services.
• Consumers pay to providers based on usage (“pay
as-you-go”)
Roots/Origins Of Cloud Computing
• We can track the roots of clouds computing by
observing the advancement of several technologies,
especially in hardware (virtualization, multi-core
chips), Internet Evolution, distributed computing.
• Mainframe computing in the 1950s and the int
ernet explosion in the 1990s came together to
give rise to cloud computing.
Continue…
Continue…
• Since businesses like Amazon, Google, and Salesforce started
providing web-based services in the early 2000s.
• The term “cloud computing” has gained popularity because of
Scalability, Flexibility, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness.
• Cloud Computing provides an alternative to the on-premises data
center. With an on-premises data center, we must manage every
thing, such as purchasing and installing hardware, virtualization,
installing OS, setting up network, configure firewall, setting up data
storage, etc.
• However, if we choose cloud computing, then cloud vendor is
responsible for all setup.
• These days, cloud computing is pervasive, driving a wide range of
services across markets and transforming the processing, storage,
and retrieval of data.
 Grid and Utility computing
Grid Computing :
• Grid computing is also known as distributed
computing.
• It is a architecture that combines various different
computing resources from multiple locations to
achieve a common goal.
• In grid computing, the grid is connected by
parallel nodes to form a computer cluster. These
computer clusters are in different sizes and can
run on any operating system.
Continue…
• Grid computing contains
the following three types of
machines -
– Control Node/Server: It is a
group of servers that
administrates the whole
network.
– Provider/Grid node: It is a
computer that contributes
its resources to the network
resource pool.
– User/Client: It is a
computer that uses the
resources on the network.
Continue…
Utility Computing :
• Utility computing is the most trending IT service model.
• It is process architecture that provides on-demand
computing resources and infrastructure(such as
computation, storage, and programming services via API)
based on the pay-per-use method.
• Its main purpose is to make computing resources and
infrastructure available to customer as per their need, and
charge them for specific usage rather than flat rate.
• It minimizes the associated costs and maximizes the
efficient use of resources. The advantage of utility
computing is that it reduces IT costs, provides greater
flexibility, and is easier to manage.
Continue…
• Both grid and utility computing concepts are
integrated into cloud computing.
• Cloud services use grid like infrastructure to
distribute the tasks efficiently among multiple
servers.
• And pay-per-use/pay-as-you-go model of
utility computing is a key feature of cloud
services, allowing users to scale resources and
only pay for what they use.
Hardware Virtualization
• Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual
version (rather than actual) of something, such
as a server, a desktop, a storage device, an
operating system or network resources“.
• Virtualization is a technique, which allows to
share a single physical instance of a resource or
an application among multiple customers and
organizations.
Continue…
• Hardware virtualization allows running
multiple operating systems and software stacks
on a single physical platform.
Continue…
Continue…
• Benefits:
– Resource Efficiency : Instead of needing a separate
physical machine of each task, you can run multiple
task on the same physical hardware.
– Isolation : Each virtual machine is isolated from the
others, so if something goes wrong in one, it doesn’t
affect the other.
– Flexibility : You can easily create, modify, and delete
virtual machine based on your needs.

• Cloud providers uses hardware virtualization to

maximize the use of their physical servers.
 Cloud Service Models
• Cloud architecture
– Cloud architecture dictates, how various cloud
components, such as hardware, virtual resources,
software, and virtual network systems connect
and interact together to create cloud computing
environments.
• Cloud architecture components include:
– A frontend components
– A backend components
Continue…
Frontend components: contain the
client infrastructure—client-side
applications, user interfaces, client
device and network that enables
users to access cloud computing
services.

Backend components : include

various components that is used to
make the cloud, including computing
resources, storage, security
mechanisms, management tools or
software, and more.
Continue…
• Components of Cloud Computing Architecture:
– Application: The backend software or application the client is accessing from
the front end to coordinate or fulfill client requests and requirements.
– Service: The service is the heart of cloud architecture, it take care of all the
tasks being run on a cloud computing system. It manages resources which you
can access, including storage, application development environments, and
web applications.
– Runtime cloud: Runtime cloud provides the environment where services are
run, acting as an operating system that handles the execution of services.
– Storage: The storage component in the back end is where data is stored.
– Infrastructure: cloud infrastructure comprises all the major hardware
components that power cloud services, including the CPU, graphics processing
unit (GPU), network devices, and other hardware components needed for
systems to run smoothly.
Continue…
– Management/management software: Management/management software is
used to manage components such as application, service, runtime cloud,
storage, infrastructure, and other security issues in the backend and establish
coordination between them.

– Security: Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It

implements a security mechanism in the back end to secure cloud resources,
systems, files, and infrastructure to end-users.
 Cloud Service Models
• Depending on different
level of services and
functionality provided by
cloud, there are three
main cloud service model.
– Software as a service (SaaS)
– Platform as a service (PaaS)
– Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
 Infrastructure as a Service
• IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS)
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a service model that delivers
computer infrastructure on an outsourced basis to support various
operations.
• It provides on-demand provisioning of servers able to run several
choices of operating systems, customized software stack, Storage,
Network, and Load balancers.
• And for that customers has to pay on a per-use basis, typically by
the hour, week, or month. Some providers also charge customers
based on the amount of virtual machine space they use.
• IaaS cloud computing platform layer eliminates the need for every
organization to maintain the IT infrastructure.
Continue…
• Characteristics of IaaS
– There are the following characteristics of IaaS -
• Resources are available as a service
• Highly scalable, and flexible.
• GUI and API-based access

• Advantages of IaaS:
• Scalability.
• GUI and API-based resources access
• Pay-as-per-use model
• No Physical Maintenance.
• Cost-Effective.

• The various companies providing

Infrastructure as a service are Amazon Web
Services, Bluestack, IBM, Openstack,
Rackspace, and Vmware.
 Platform as a Service
• PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and
environment to developers to build,debug, and deploy applications
and services over the internet.
• PaaS includes infrastructure (servers, storage, and networking) and
platform (middleware, development tools, database management
systems, and more) to support the web application life cycle.
• PaaS providers provide the Programming languages, Application
frameworks, Databases, and Other tools to build,debug, and deploy
applications and services.
• PaaS frees users/developers from having to install in-house
hardware and software to develop or run a new application.
• PaaS services are hosted in the cloud and accessed by users simply
via their web browser.
 Continue…
• Characteristics of PaaS
– Scalability- can easily be scaled up or down as per the organization's
need.
– PaaS also provides web services interfaces that allow us to connect
the applications outside the platform or on the same platform.
– Support multiple languages and frameworks.
• Advantages of PaaS:
– Save time and Effort.
– Scalability.
– Cost-Efficiency.
• Disadvantages of Paas:
– Limited control over infrastructure
– Dependence on the provider.
– Limited flexibility.
• The various companies providing Platform as a service are Amazon
Web services Elastic Beanstalk, Salesforce, Windows Azure, Google
App Engine, cloud Bees and IBM smart cloud.
 Software as a Service(SaaS)
• Also known as a Web-based software, on-
demand software, or hosted software.
• Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of delivering
services and applications over the Internet.
• Instead of installing and maintaining software
locally, we simply access it via the Internet.
• Eliminate the expenses of hardware as well as
software maintenance.
• SaaS provides a complete software solution that
you purchase on a pay-as-you-go basis from a
cloud service provider.
Continue…
• Advantages of SaaS
– Cost-Effective.
– Reduced time.
– Accessibility.
– Automatic updates.
– Scalability.
• Disadvantages of Saas :
– Limited customization.
– Dependence on internet connectivity.
– Limited control over data.
• The various companies providing Software as a
service are Cloud9 Analytics, Salesforce.com,
Cloud Switch, Microsoft Office 365, Big
Commerce, Eloqua, dropBox, and Cloud Tran.
Continue…
 Layers and Types of Clouds

Cloud computing can be arranged into a layered picture. Where services of lower layer is
used by upper layer. Infrastructure layer is base layer where you can get the row
material like, storage, networking, and virtualized server. Platform layer built on top of
infrastructure layer, it offer application development and deployment capabilities; i.e.
programming models, libraries, APIs. Top most layer is Software layer, it enables users
to consume various services.
 Types of Clouds/ Deployment Model
• A cloud can be classified as public, private, community,
or hybrid based on model of deployment.
– Public Cloud
• Public cloud is open to all to store and access information
via the Internet using the pay-per-usage method.
• In public cloud, computing resources are managed and
operated by the Cloud Service Provider (CSP). The CSP looks
after the supporting infrastructure and ensures that the
resources are accessible to and scalable for the users.
• Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM
SmartCloud Enterprise, Google App Engine, Windows Azure
Services Platform.
Continue…
– Characteristics of Public Cloud
• Accessibility
• Shared Infrastructure
• Scalability
• Pay-per-Usage
• Managed by Service Providers
– Advantages of Public Cloud
• Public cloud is owned at a lower cost than the private and hybrid cloud.
• Public cloud is maintained by the cloud service provider, so do not need to worry about
the maintenance.
• Public cloud is highly scalable as per the requirement of computing resources.
• It is accessible by the general public, so there is no limit to the number of users.
– Disadvantages of Public Cloud
• Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.
• Performance depends upon the high-speed internet network link to the cloud provider.
• Dependency on the cloud service provider for availability and service level agreements.
• Risk of vendor lock-in.
Continue…
• Private Cloud
• Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud.
• Private cloud provides computing services to a private internal network (within the organization) and selected
users instead of the general public.
• Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to data through firewalls and internal hosting.
• It is used by organizations to build and manage their own data centers internally or by the third party.
• It can be deployed using Opensource tools such as Openstack and Eucalyptus.
• Private cloud can be categorized into the following two parts- On-premise private cloud, Outsourced private
cloud.
• Characteristics of Private Cloud
– Exclusive Use
– Control and Security
– Customization and Flexibility
– Performance
• Advantages
– More Control
– Security & privacy
– Improved performance
• Disadvantages
– High cost
– Limited scalability
– Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.
– Higher upfront costs and ongoing maintenance expenses.
Continue…
• Hybrid cloud
• Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and the private
cloud.
• In the Hybrid cloud, non-critical activities are performed by the
public cloud and critical activities are performed by the private
cloud.
• Mainly, a hybrid cloud is used in finance, healthcare, and
Universities.
• Characteristics
– Integration of Public and Private Clouds.
– Flexibility and Scalability.
– Enhanced Security and Control.
• Advantages
– Flexible and secure.
– Cost effective.
– Security.
Continue…
• Community Cloud
– Community cloud is a cloud infrastructure that allows systems
and services to be accessible by a group of several
organizations to share the information.
• Multi-Cloud
– Multi-cloud is a strategy in cloud computing where companies
utilize more than one cloud service provider or platform to
meet their computing needs.
 Features/Characteristics
of Cloud Computing
• Self-service On-Demand:
– This is one of the most essential and significant characteristics of cloud computing. Cloud
computing allows users to access resources like storage, computing power, or software
without needing approval from service providers. They can request, configure, and manage
resources independently via a user-friendly interface.
• Scalability:
– One of the most significant benefits of cloud computing is its ability to scale resources up or
down based on demand. A cloud infrastructure is capable of adding or removing computing
resources without any disruption to service.
• Availability:
– A cloud system is highly available, providing consistent access to resources and services. The
cloud infrastructure is design to minimize downtime, and services distribution, and prevent
outages.
• Resources Pooling
– Cloud providers use multi-tenancy models to pool resources, ensuring they can be dynamically
allocated and reallocated to users as needed.
– Why it’s important:
• Optimizes resource utilization, lowering costs for users.
• Ensures efficient management of resources like bandwidth, storage, and processing power.
• Provides flexibility to scale resources based on demand.
Continue…
• Security:
– Cloud providers must ensure the security and confidentiality of customer data. The cloud infrastructure is
implemented with robust security measures, such as encryption, access control, and regular security audits,
to protect against data breaches and other threats.
• Reliability:
– A cloud system must be reliable, providing consistent performance and availability. The infrastructure is
designed to handle large volumes of traffic and provide failover capabilities to ensure that services remain
available in the event of a system failure.
• Flexibility:
– A cloud system is flexible, providing the ability to customize services and resources to meet the needs of
individual customers. Cloud providers offer a range of service plans and options, allowing customers to tailor
their services to their specific requirements.
• Cost-effectiveness:
– A cloud system is cost-effective, offering affordable and transparent pricing. Customers able to choose from
a range of pricing options, such as pay-as-you-go or subscription-based pricing, to meet their budgetary
needs.
• Performance:
– A cloud system optimized for performance, providing high-speed connectivity, low-latency, and fast data
processing capabilities. The cloud infrastructure designed to handle a large number of requests and data-
intensive workloads efficiently.
• Manageability:
– A cloud system is easy to manage, with intuitive interfaces and tools for managing resources, deploying
applications, and monitoring performance. The cloud provider offer robust management tools to enable
customers to configure and manage their services easily.
Continue…
• Interoperability:
– A cloud system is designed to support interoperability, enabling customers to
integrate their applications and services with other cloud-based and on-
premises systems. The cloud infrastructure supports standard APIs and
protocols to facilitate integration and data exchange.
 Pros of Cloud computing
• Cost Efficiency :
– Cloud services follow a pay-as-you-go model, allowing businesses to avoid upfront
infrastructure costs and pay only for the resources they consume.
• Scalability :
– Cloud resources can be easily scaled up or down based on demand, providing flexibility to
accommodate varying workloads.
• Accessibility and Flexibility :
– Cloud services are accessible from anywhere with an internet connection, offering flexibility
for remote work and collaboration.
• Automatic Updates :
– Cloud service providers handle software updates and maintenance, ensuring that users always
have access to the latest features and security patches.
• Resource Optimization :
– Resource pooling in a multi-tenant environment allows efficient use of computing resources,
optimizing performance and costs.
• Business Continuity :
– Cloud providers often implement robust backup and recovery solutions, contributing to
improved business continuity and data resilience.
Continue…
• Collaboration and Productivity :
– Cloud-based collaboration tools facilitate real-time sharing and
editing of documents, enhancing team productivity.
• Innovation and Development :
– Cloud services provide a platform for rapid development,
testing, and deployment of applications, fostering innovation.
• Security:
– Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures, offering
features like encryption, identity management, and compliance
certifications.
• Global Presence :
– Cloud services have a global reach, allowing businesses to
deploy applications and services closer to end-users.
 Cons of Cloud computing
• Downtime and Reliability :
– Cloud services may experience downtime, affecting access to applications and
data. Reliability is a concern for some critical applications.
• Security Concerns :
– Despite advanced security measures, some organizations remain skeptical
about the security of their data in a cloud environment.
• Limited Customization :
– In a public cloud, customization options may be limited compared to on-
premises solutions, which can be a challenge for some specific requirements.
• Dependency on Internet Connection :
– Continuous access to cloud services requires a reliable internet connection.
Downtime or slow connections can impact productivity.
• Data Privacy and Compliance :
– Compliance with specific industry regulations and data privacy laws can be
challenging, particularly when data is stored in multiple locations.
Continue…
• Costs Over Time :
– While pay-as-you-go can be cost-efficient initially, long-term usage
costs may accumulate, and unexpected charges can arise.
• Integration Challenges :
– Integrating existing on-premises systems with cloud services can be
complex, requiring careful planning and execution.
• Limited Control :
– Organizations may have less control over the underlying infrastructure
and service configurations in a public cloud environment.
• Potential for Vendor Lock-In :
– Migrating away from a specific cloud provider can be challenging,
leading to concerns about vendor lock-in.
• Data Transfer Speed :
– Transferring large amounts of data to and from the cloud can be time-
consuming, particularly if internet speeds are limited.
 Applications of cloud computing
• Data Storage and Backup :
– Cloud storage services allow individuals and businesses to store, access, and back up data
securely over the internet, providing a scalable and cost-effective solution.
• Web-based Email Services :
– Popular email services like Gmail, Outlook, and Yahoo Mail are based on cloud computing,
allowing users to access their emails and data from any device with an internet connection.
• Content Delivery and Streaming :
– Cloud services are widely used for content delivery networks (CDNs) and media streaming
platforms, ensuring fast and reliable delivery of content to users globally.
• Infrastructure as a Service (laaS) :
– Businesses can leverage laaS for virtualized computing resources, such as virtual machines,
storage, and networking, eliminating the need for physical hardware.
• Platform as a Service (PaaS) :
– PaaS provides a platform that allows developers to build, deploy, and manage applications
without dealing with the complexities of underlying infrastructure.
• Software as a Service (SaaS) :
– SaaS delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription basis, eliminating the
need for users to install, maintain, and update software locally. Examples include Salesforce,
Google Workspace, and Microsoft 365.
Continue…
• Development and Testing Environments :
– Cloud platforms provide on-demand resources for development and testing, allowing
developers to quickly spin up virtual environments without the need for physical hardware.
• Big Data Analytics :
– Cloud computing facilitates the processing and analysis of large datasets through scalable and
distributed computing resources, enabling organizations to derive insights and make data-
driven decisions.
• Internet of Things (IoT) :
– Cloud platforms support IoT applications by providing the infrastructure needed to collect,
process, and analyze data generated by connected devices.
• Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence :
– Cloud services offer the computational power and storage required for training and deploying
machine learning models, making Al and ML applications more accessible to businesses.
• Collaboration and Communication Tools :
– Cloud-based collaboration tools, such as project management software and video
conferencing platforms, enable teams to work together seamlessly from different locations.
• Online File Sharing and Collaboration :
– Cloud-based file-sharing services like Dropbox, Google Drive, and OneDrive allow users to
share and collaborate on documents in real-time.
Continue…
• Customer Relationship Management (CRM) :
– Cloud-based CRM systems help businesses manage
customer interactions, track leads, and streamline sales
and marketing processes.
• E-commerce Applications :
– Cloud computing supports e-commerce platforms by
providing scalable and secure hosting, ensuring a reliable
and efficient online shopping experience for customers.
• Educational Applications :
– Cloud-based educational platforms enable online learning,
collaboration among students and teachers, and the
delivery of educational content from anywhere.
 Reference
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cloud-computing-
tutorial/?ref=lbp
• https://www.javatpoint.com/cloud-computing
• https://cloud.google.com/learn/what-is-cloud-
computing
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cloud_computing/clo
ud_computing_platform_as_a_service.htm
• Cloud computing, Principles and Paradigm - Rajkumar
Buyya, J. Broberg, A. Goscinski , John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Publication
• Cloud and Data Center Technology, Atul Prakashan.