Name: Sharav Nitin Navale

Std.:8th Div.: B Roll no: 17

Subject: Science Activity.

Subject teacher: Ashutosh

Rajput Sir
Project of dimishment of ecosystem due to human
interference
 INDEX
Sr.No. Date Topic About Page no. Sign
01 04/03/2025 Pollution 01

02 05/03/2025 Types of Pollution 03

03 06/03/2025 Topic.1.Air pollution 03

04 07/03/2025 Topic.2.Water pollution 06

05 08/03/2025 Topic.3.Soil pollution. 12

06 09/03/2025 Topic.4.diminishment 15
Topic.1- pollution
➢ Contamination of natural environment that will be harmful to the
ecosystem is called as pollution.
➢ Pollution causes many of the diseases and viruses.
➢ We are responsible for pollution.
➢ Pollution produces from industries, factories, vehicles, smoking,
burning of dry wastage etc.
➢ Many problems have been arisen on the earth due to human
interference in the ecosystem.
➢ Industrialization, indiscriminate use of pesticides and fertilizers are
causing pollution on the earth.
➢ It is affecting animals, plants and human beings also.
Topic .2 types of pollution

➢ Air pollution.
➢ Water pollution.
➢ Soil pollution.
Topic .4 air pollution
➢ Contamination of air due to increase of harmful substance like
poisonous gases, smoke, particulate matter, microbes growth,
etc. is called Air Pollution.
➢ Air pollution may cause harmful virus by inhaling contaminated
air .
➢ Lungs are so sensitive. They catch viruses so easily.
➢ Air pollution is produced by industries, cars, burning of garbage.
 Reasons of air pollution.
 Natural reasons
 1. Fuel:
 I. Burning of fuel like coal, timber, LPG, kerosene, diesel, petrol releases carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxide, sulphur dioxide, lead compounds, etc. are released in air.
 II. Burning of solid waste, agricultural waste, etc. in open space causes air pollution.
 2. Industrialization: Smoke is released in large quantity from various factories. sulphur powder, nitrogen oxide, Cotten
seed powder in air.
 3. Atomic energy plants and blasts: Use of elements like uranium, thorium, graphite, plutonium release radiations in air
and thus pollution occurs.
 Manmade reasons
 1. Volcanic eruption: Solid, gaseous and liquid materials emerge out through eruption. Ex. Hydrogen sulphide, sulphur
dioxide, carbon dioxide, ammonium chloride, hydrogen, vapors, dust, etc.
 2. Earthquake: Poisonous gases and water vapors from inside of earth are released into air.
 3. Cyclones and dust storms: Dust, soil, garbage, pollens, microbes are mixed with air.
 4. Forest fires: Forest fires release carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, smoke in air.
 5. Microbes in air: spores of bacteria, fungi are mixed with air
 Solution for air pollution
➢ There are many ways to reduce air pollution, including using less energy, recycling, and using public transportation. Drive your car
less. Vehicle exhaust is a major source of air pollution in Minnesota. Carpool. Bike. Bus. Telecommute. Electric vehicles. How could
you burn less fuel?
➢ Keep your car in good repair. Fix exhaust and oxygen sensor problems ASAP. Check your tire pressure monthly; under-inflated tires
have been shown to lower gas mileage, particularly at lower speed.
➢ Turn off your engine. An idling engine creates a hot spot of pollution. Buses and big trucks produce particularly unhealthy exhaust.
Parents and teachers can help their schools and daycares develop and implement no-idling policies.
➢ Don't burn your garbage. Burning your household garbage is dangerous to your health and our environment, and generally against the
law in Minnesota. If you're still using a burn barrel, wood stove, or fire-pit for your trash, contact your county about arranging for trash
hauling services.
➢ Limit backyard fires in the city. Smoke from backyard fires can cause unhealthy conditions for hundreds of people, especially during
stagnant weather conditions. Since cities have elevated levels of pollution compared to rural areas, urban fires are more of a nuisance to
people with asthma and other lung conditions. If you do have a campfire:
➢ Keep fires brief and small — 3 feet across or less.
➢ Burn only dry fire wood. In the Twin Cities it is illegal to burn any waste in a fire, even yard waste.
➢ Never start campfires during an air quality alert. Sign up for texts or emails about elevated air pollution levels.
➢ Plant and care for trees. Trees filter pollutants and absorb carbon dioxide. Trees also release oxygen into the atmosphere and help cool
our homes.
➢ Switch to electric or hand-powered lawn equipment. Gas-powered small engines like those on lawnmowers and leaf or snow blowers
often lack pollution control devices. An hour running a lawn mower can produce nearly the same amount of pollution as a 100-mile car
trip! Use hand-powered or electric lawn care equipment instead.
➢ Use less energy. Choose efficient appliances and heating systems. Get an energy audit and follow the advice. Turn off electrical stuff you
are not using. It all adds up.
 Topic.2 water pollution
➢ Water is said to be polluted when it becomes unclean and poisonous
due to mixing of natural or artificial unwanted material, when it
becomes harmful to living organisms due to decreased oxygen
content, when epidemic diseases are spread through the water.
➢ Fresh water or marine water pollution includes physical, chemical
and biological changes.
➢ A. Biological pollutants : Water does not remain potable due to
algae, bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc. Diseases are spread due to
biological pollution.
➢ B. Inorganic pollutants : Suspended particles like fine sand, dust,
soil, precipitates of salt, compounds of arsenic, cadmium, lead,
mercury, and traces of radioactive material.
➢ C. Organic pollutants : Weedicides, insecticides, fertilizers, sewage,
industrial effluents, etc.
 Natural Reasons of water pollution.
➢ 1. Aquatic weeds
➢ • Depletion in O2 level
➢ • Changes in natural qualities of water.
➢ 2. Decomposing matter
➢ • Decomposing bodies of plant, animals.
➢ 3. Mud/sludge
➢ • River current and its diversion.
➢ 4. Soil erosion
➢ • Many biotic and abiotic factors are added to water due to soil erosion.
➢ 5. Microbes like fungi and bacteria
➢ • grow on organic matter decaying in water.
➢ 6. Algae
➢ • Excessive algal growth pollutes water
➢ 7. Nematodes :
➢ • Soil nematodes flow in with rain water
Man-made reasons for water pollution
➢ 1. Domestic sewage
➢ • Domestic sewage from villages and cities is disposed off in river water
➢ 2. Industrial effluent
➢ • Various pigments, bleaching chemicals, leather pieces, fibres, mercury, lead, etc. are released in to
water.
➢ 3. Oil spillage:
➢ • While transportation, cleaning of tankers oil spills in to water
➢ 4. Use of fertilizers and pesticides
➢ • N, P, K containing chemical fertilizers
➢ • Pesticides like endrin, chlorine, carbonate containing pesticides, flow and mix with water.
➢ 5. Other reasons :
➢ • Disposal of human wastes, washing of clothes, decomposing hemp and flax in water, disposal of
ashes, floral offerings to god, water from thermal power plant, etc.
 Solution for water pollution.
➢ When water is polluted, acids, bases, oxidizers, and compounds such as copper, cadmium, mercury,
arsenic, and organic toxins such as benzene, dichloromethane, and ethylene glycol in the sewage can
poison aquatic life and affect drinking water sources and scenic landscapes. The organic matter in the
sewage is decomposed by microorganisms when consuming oxygen in the water, affecting the life of
aquatic organisms. After the dissolved oxygen in the water is depleted, the organic matter undergoes
anaerobic decomposition, producing unpleasant gases such as hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan, which
further deteriorate the water quality. It can adversely affect plants and animals (which depend on
unpolluted water) as well as the sensitive water environment
➢ Global warming is increasing and it is a problem we cannot afford to turn a blind eye to. With climate
change and global warming, our precious planet is beginning to move toward a water crisis. Our global
population is increasing, putting demands on water supplies, and as a result, we are seeing an increase
in waterborne diseases due to the pollution of our waters.
➢ Water pollution is the contamination of any water system or body of water, from lakes and oceans to
groundwater. Thanks to media coverage, we are very aware of the problem of water pollution,
especially when we are still producing harmful chemicals and entering our waters thus causing a
reduction or loss of water use.
Topic.3 soil pollution.
➢ Out of the total land area of the soil, some is covered by ice; some is
desert, whereas some is occupied by mountains and hills.
➢ Very less area of land is available for human use.
➢ Soil is said to be polluted when there are changes in its physical
biological and chemical properties and its fertility decreases due to
either natural or manmade reasons.
➢ Effects of soil pollution:1. Soil fertility decreases due to mixing of
salty, acidic water from industry.
➢ 2. Radioactive and other pollutants enter and pass through food chain
like the soil, crop, water and human body.
➢ 3. Problem of water pollution increases due to soil pollution. Toxic
substances leach into water. Similarly, diseases spread through various
pathogens.
Reasons of soil pollution
➢ Soil pollution can be caused by a number of factors, including agricultural
activities, industrial activities, and improper waste disposal.
➢ Phenomena such as erosion, loss of organic carbon, increased salt content,
compacting, acidification and chemical pollution are the major causes of
current soil degradation. Moreover, the FAO distinguishes between two types
of soil pollution:
➢ Specific pollution: accounted for by particular causes, occurring in
small areas the reasons for which can be easily identified. Land pollution such
as this is normally found in cities, old factory sites, around roadways, illegal
dumps and sewage treatment stations.
➢ Widespread pollution: covers extensive areas and has several causes the
reasons for which are difficult to identify. Cases such as these involve the
spreading of pollutants by air-ground-water systems and seriously affect
human health and the environment.
➢ Among the most common causes of soil contamination caused by human
activity, the FAO highlights industry, mining, military activities, waste —
which includes technological waste — and wastewater management, farming,
stock breeding the building of urban and transport infrastructures.
Solutions for soil pollution.
➢ Soil degradation is a complex problem that requires governments, institutions,
communities and individuals to take joint measures. The following are just some of the
things we can do to improve its health:
➢ Eat sustainable foodstuffs, properly recycle batteries, produce homemade compost and
dispose of drugs in the places authorised for this purpose.
➢ Encourage a more eco-friendly model for industry, farming and stock breeding, among
other economic activities.
➢ Improve urban planning and transport planning and waste water treatment.
➢ Improve the management of mining waste, restore the landscape and conserve topsoil.
➢ Involve local communities and indigenous peoples in the design, implementation and
assessment of sustainable land and soil management.
Topic.4.Diminishment.
➢ Humans are the consumers in an ecosystem. Ecosystems can provide basic needs in normal conditions, but due
to increased population, man kept on snatching natural resources on large scale. Changing life style demands
‘more’ than 'necessary'. That has increased stress on the ecosystems and has generated vast amount of wastes.
➢ Urbanization : Due to continuous process of urbanization. More and more agricultural lands, marshlands,
wetlands, forests and grasslands are being destroyed for buildings and other basic facilities around. As a result
of this human interference, ecosystems either change or get completely destroyed.
➢ Industrialization and traffic : Raw materials required for industrialization are obtained by destroying forests.
This result in destruction of forests. To provide the amenities for increased traffic, many times roads and
railways are built through forests and wetlands.
➢ Tourism : People visit scenic places mainly for nature watch, entertainment and visit to sacred places. A lot of
amenities are created for these tourists. This causes destruction of local ecosystems due to increased stress.
➢ Large Dams : Dams cover vast lands. So the forests or grassland in that area get converted into aquatic
ecosystems. Dams also lessen the water current in lower area. Therefore the previous ecosystems in that
running water get destroyed.
➢ Wars : Differences and competition over land, water, mineral resources or some economic and political reasons
lead to war among human races. Heavy bombing and mine explosions are done in wars. These are not only life
threatening but also change or destroy natural ecosystem.
Some plans for reducing diminishment.

➢ Government of India has enacted some laws for control,

➢ regulation and prevention of pollution.
➢ Following are laws regarding pollution control.
➢ 1. Water pollution and prevention act, 1974.
➢ 2. Air pollution and prevention act, 1981.
➢ 3. Environmental Protection Act, 1986.
 Reference & inference for this
project
 I took reference from google, textbook, Firefox
browser, parents, friends,
discussion with siblings, guides, master keys etc.
Thankyou!