DC Circuits

“THE ESTABLISHED LEADER IN EE REVIEW”

LEGIT
MULTIVECTOR
Review and Training Center
Ground Floor, Cuevasville Tower
F. Cayco corner Earnshaw St.
Sampaloc, Manila
Tel. No. (02) 8731-7423
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DC CIRCUITS
PART I : RESISTANCE / OHM’S LAW / NETWORK THEOREMS

RESISTANCE (R) :

- The property of the material that opposes the flow of an electric current.

L L2 V
R= ρ = ρ = ρ 2 ⟶ for constant temperature only
A V A
where: L = length of the conductor in m or ft
A = cross-sectional area in m2 or circular mils (CM)
A = d2 CM; if the diameter (d) of the conductor is in mils
ρ = specific resistance or resistivity of the conductor material in Ω-m or Ω-CM/ft
= 1.77 x 10−8 Ω-m or 10.66 Ω-CM/ft for hard drawn copper (HDC) at 20ºC
= 1.72 x 10−8 Ω-m or 10.50 Ω-CM/ft for annealed copper at 20ºC
= 2.83 x 10−8 Ω-m or 17.0 Ω-CM/ft for aluminum at 20ºC
V = volume of the conductor in m3 or ft3

Note: 1 inch = 1000 mils

VARIATION OF RESISTANCE WITH THE TEMPERATURE :

- The resistance of metallic conductors increases with rise in temperature.

R1 = R 0 [1 + α0 (T1 − T0 )]
R 2 = R 0 [1 + α0 (T2 − T0 )]
R 2 = R1 [1 + α1 (T2 − T1 )]

where: R0 = resistance of the conductor at T0; T0 = 0ºC

R1 = resistance of the conductor at T1
R2 = resistance of the conductor at T2
α0 = temperature coefficient of resistance at 0ºC in ºC−1
1 1
α0 = =
T0 − T |T|

T = inferred absolute zero resistance temperature in ºC

T = −234.5°C for copper
T = −236°C for aluminum

α1 = temperature coefficient of resistance at T1 in ºC−1

1 1
α1 = =
T1 − T T1 + |T|

α2 = temperature coefficient of resistance at T2 in ºC−1

1 1
α2 = =
T2 − T T2 + |T|

ΔT = change in temperature or temperature rise in ºC

ΔT = final temperature – initial temperature. Say (T2 – T1)

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DC CIRCUITS
OHM’S LAW (Ω) :

- It states that the ratio of potential difference (V) between any two points on a conductor to the
current (I) flowing through them is constant provided the physical conditions (e.g. temperature)
of the conductor does not change.

V V
= constant or = R
I I
Series Resistances : Parallel Resistances :
1 1 1 1 1
R T = R1 + R 2 + R 3 + ⋯ + R n = + + +⋯+
R T R1 R 2 R 3 Rn

Series Circuit Characteristics : Parallel Circuit Characteristics :

VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + ⋯ + Vn
VT = V1 = V2 = V3 = ⋯ = Vn
IT = I1 = I2 = I3 = ⋯ = In
1 1 1 1 1 IT = I1 + I2 + I3 + ⋯ + In
= + + + ⋯+ GT = G1 + G2 + G3 + ⋯ + Gn
GT G1 G2 G3 Gn

where: G = conductance in mho (Ω−1)

G = 1/R

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + ⋯ + Pn PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + ⋯ + Pn

VOLTAGE DIVIDERS : CURRENT DIVIDERS :

- If, for two resistors R1 and R2 in series, VT is - If, in a two-branched parallel circuit, R1 and R2
the total voltage, then individual voltage drops are the branch resistances, IT the total current,
are then branch currents are

R1 R2
V1 = V I1 = I
R1 + R 2 T R1 + R 2 T
R2 R1
V2 = V I2 = I
R1 + R 2 T R1 + R 2 T

WORK, POWER and ENERGY :

- According to Joule’s Law of Electric Heating, the amount of work required to maintain a current
I amperes through a resistance R ohms for t seconds is given by:

V2 t
W = I 2 Rt = VIt = = Pt in watt‐ sec or Joules
R

- The amount of heat produced electrically is given by:

W
H= in kcal or BTU
J

where: J = the mechanical equivalent of heat

J = 4.186 kJ/kcal = 778.16 ft-lb/BTU

NOTE: 1 Joule = 107 ergs = 0.24 gm-calorie

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DC CIRCUITS

THERMAL EFFICIENCY :

- It is the ratio of the heat actually utilized to the total heat produced electrically.

total amount of heat utilized mCp (ΔT)

η= =
total amount of heat produced VIt/J
where: η = thermal efficiency
m = mass in gm. or lb
Cp = specific heat constant in cal./gm-ºC or BTU/lb-ºF
Cp = 1.0 cal./gm-°C or 1.0 BTU/lb-°F for water
ΔT = change in temperature or temperature rise in ºC or ºF
ΔT = (Tf – Ti)
Tf = final temperature Ti = initial temperature

BATTERY :

- a group of cells that generate electric energy from their internal chemical reaction.

- the emf (E) of a battery is the total potential difference established within the battery between
the two electrodes when the battery is not supplying any current.

- the terminal potential difference (V) is equal to the emf minus the internal voltage drop.

V = E − Ir

where: I = the current supplied by the battery

r = the internal resistance of the battery

NOTE: E and r are constants.

NOTE: V and I varies with the load.

PART II : MAGNETISM / ELECTROMAGNETISM / ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

PERMEABILITY :

- the ability to support formation of magnetic fields in a material.

- measured in Henries per meter (H/m) or Newtons per square ampere (N/A2).

Permeability of Free Space (µ0) :

μ0 = 4π × 10−7 H/m ≈ 1.257 × 10−6 H/m

Relative Permeability (µr) :

- ratio of the absolute permeability of a specific medium (µ) to the permeability of free space (µ 0)

μ
μr = or μ = μr μ0
μ0

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DC CIRCUITS
LAW ON MAGNETIC FORCE :

- the magnetic force between two point magnetic poles is given by:

1 m1 m2 1 m1 m2
F= ∙ N or F= ∙ dyn
4πμ d2 μr d2

where: m1, m2 = magnetic pole strength where: m1, m2 = magnetic pole strength
m1, m2 = in Webers (Wb) m1, m2 = in unit pole
d = distance in meters (m) d = distance in centimeters (cm)
F = magnetic force F = magnetic force
F = in Newtons (N) F = in dynes (dyn)
Note:
Note: 1 Wb = 7,957,747 unit pole 1 N = 105 dynes
Note: 1 m = 100 cm µr = 1 for air or vacuum

Magnetic Field Strength (H) from a Point Magnetic Pole :

1 m 1 m
H= ∙ N/Wb or H= ∙ dyn/unit pole
4πμ d2 μr d2

MAGNETIC FLUX (ɸ) :

- number of magnetic field lines passing through a given closed surface

- measured in Webers (Wb) or Maxwell (max)

Note: 1 Wb = 108 max

MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY (B) :

- given by magnetic flux per unit area

- measured in Tesla (T or Wb/m2) or Gauss (G or max/cm2)

ϕ
B=
A

B = μH

Note: 1 T = 104 G
Axial Magnetic Field of a Solenoid:
NI
H= AT/m
L
where: N = number of turns L = length (m)
I = current (A)
Magnetic Field of an Infinitely Long Straight Conductor:
I
H= A/m
2πd
where: I = current (A) d = distance (d)

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DC CIRCUITS
Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor Fleming’s Left Hand Rule :
- When a current carrying conductor lies in
a magnetic field, it is subjected to a force
given by :

F = ILB sin θ N

where: I = current (A)

L = length (m)
B = magnetic flux density (T)
θ = angle between current and
θ = magnetic flux density

Force between Two Long Straight Current-Carrying Conductors

μI1 I2 L
F= N
2πd
where: µ = absolute permeability L = length (m)
I1, I2 = currents (A) d = distance (m)

MAGNETIC CIRCUIT :
Magnetomotive Force (mmf) :

- required to drive the magnetic flux in the magnetic circuit

mmf = NI ampere‐ turns (AT) or mmf = 0.4πNI Gilberts (Gb)

where: N = number of turns I = current (A)

Note: 1 AT = 1.257 Gb

Magnetic Reluctance (Rm) :

- property of the magnetic material which provides opposition to flow of magnetic flux in a
magnetic circuit

1 L
Rm = ∙ AT/Wb
μ A

where: L = length (m) A = cross-sectional area (m2)

μ = absolute permeability (H/m)
Ohm’s Law for Magnetic Circuit :
mmf μNIA
ϕ= Wb = Wb
Rm L
INDUCTANCE :

- resistance of a circuit element to changes in current

Self-Inductance (L) :

- induction of a voltage in a current-carrying wire when the current in the wire itself is changing

Nϕ μN 2 A
L= H= H
I 𝑙
where: N = number of turns µ = absolute permeability (H/m)
ϕ = magnetic flux (Wb) A = cross-sectional area (m2)
I = current (A) l = length (m)
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DC CIRCUITS
Mutual Inductance (M) :

- induction of a voltage in a wire when the current in a neighboring wire is changing

N2 ϕ12
M= H
I1

where: N2 = number of turns ϕ12 = mutual flux (Wb)

I1 = current in the neighboring coil (A) ϕ12 = flux shared by neighboring coil
Coefficient of Coupling (K) :
M ϕ12
K= =
√L1 L2 ϕ1

where: M = mutual inductance between two coils L1, L2 = self-inductances of coil 1 and
L1, L2 = coil 2 respectively
ϕ12 = mutual flux ϕ1 = total flux produced by coil 1

Note: If K = 1 or there is 100% coupling between two coils, then

μN1 I1 A μN1 N2 A
ϕ12 = ϕ1 = Wb M= 𝐻
𝑙 𝑙
Series Inductance Parallel Inductance
(neglecting Mutual Inductance) (neglecting Mutual Inductance)
1 1 1 1 1
LT = L1 + L2 + L3 + ⋯ + Ln = + + +⋯+
LT L1 L2 L3 Ln

Series Inductance with Mutual Inductance : Parallel Inductance with Mutual Inductance :

L1 L2 − M 2
LT = L1 + L2 + 2M (aiding) L= (aiding)
L1 + L2 − 2M

L1 L2 − M 2
LT = L1 + L2 − 2M (opposing) L= (opposing)
L1 + L2 + 2M

FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION :

- Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be
"induced" in the coil

dϕ di
e = −N V = −L V
dt dt

EMF induced in a Moving Conductor : Fleming’s Right Hand Rule :

- when a conductor cuts through lines of
magnetic flux or when the magnetic flux field
changes in strength around a conductor,
an emf is generated (induced) in the conductor

E = BLv sin θ V

where: B = magnetic flux density (T)

L = length (m)
v = velocity (m/s)
θ = angle between the flux density
θ = and the direction of motion
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ENERGY STORED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD (WL) :

1
WL = LI 2 Joules (J)
2

ENERGY STORED PER UNIT VOLUME OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD :

B2
WL = J/m3
2μ
LIFTING/TRACTIVE FORCE OF AN ELECTROMAGNET :
B2
P= N/m2
2μ

If the face area of the pole is A m2,

B 2A
P= N
2μ

PART III : ELECTROSTATICS / CAPACITOR / ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS

PERMITTIVITY :

- the ability of a substance to store electrical energy in an electric field.

- measured in Farads per meter (F/m) or Coulomb squared per Newton-meter squared (C2/N-m2).

Permittivity of Free Space (ε0) :

ε0 = 8.854 × 10−12 F/m

Relative Permittivity (εr) or Dielectric Strength (k) :

- the ratio of the absolute permittivity of a substance (ε) to the permittivity of space or vacuum (ε0).

ε
εr = or ε = εr ε0
ε0

Coulomb’s Law :

- the electrostatic force between two point charges is given by:

1 q1 q2 1 q1 q2
F= ∙ N or F= ∙ dyn
4πε d2 εr d2

where: q1, q2 = electric charge where: q1, q2 = electric charge

q1, q2 = in Coulombs (C) q1, q2 = in statCoulombs (statC)
d = distance in meters (m) d = distance in centimeters (cm)
F = electrostatic force F = electrostatic force
F = in Newtons (N) F = in dynes (dyn)

Note: 1 C = 2,997,924,580 statC εr = 1 for air or vacuum

Electric Field Strength (E) from a Point Charge :

1 q 1 q
E= ∙ N/C or E= ∙ dyn/statC
4πε d2 εr d2

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DC CIRCUITS
ELECTRIC FLUX :

- In the rationalized M.K.S.A. system of units, a unit positive charge radiates out unit flux. Hence,
a positive charge of one coulomb radiates a unit flux. Electric flux is also measured in coulombs.
Hence, a positive charge of one coulomb radiates a flux of one coulomb. If the charge is Q
coulombs, then

Ψ = Q Coulombs (C)

ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY OR ELECTRIC DISPLACEMENT :

- given by normal flux per unit area.

Ψ Q
D= = = σ C/m2
A A
D = εE

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL :

- numerically equal to the work done (in joules) in bringing a positive charge of one coulomb from
infinity to that point.

The potential at a point is 1 volt, if work done in bringing one coulomb from infinity to that point is
one joule.

∴ 1 Volt (V) = 1 Joule (J) per Coulomb (C)

Similarly, a potential difference of one volt exists between two points if one joule of work is done
in shifting a charge of one coulomb from one point to the other.
Electric Potential at a Point :
1 q
V= ∙ V
4πε d
where:
q = electric charge (C) d = distance (m)
ε = absolute permittivity (F/m)
CAPACITANCE (C) :

- the capacitor’s ability (capacity) to store an electrical charge on its plates.

- is the charge (Q) required to create a unit potential difference (V) between its two plates.

Q
C= Farad (F)
V
Capacitance of an Isolated Sphere :

C = 4πεR F

where: ε = absolute permittivity (F/m) R = radius of the sphere (m)

Capacitance of a Spherical Capacitor :

4πε
C= F
1 1
−
a b
where: a = radius of the inner plate (m) b = radius of the outer plate (m)
ε = absolute permittivity (F/m)

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DC CIRCUITS
Capacitance of a Cylindrical Capacitor :
2πε𝑙
C= F
b
ln [a ]

where: a = radius of the inner plate (m) b = radius of the outer plate (m)
ε = absolute permittivity (F/m) l = length of the capacitor (m)

Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor :

with Uniform Dielectric Medium :
A
C=ε F
d
where: A = area of each plate (m2) d = separation distance between
ε = absolute permittivity (F/m) d = the plates (m)

with Composite Dielectric Medium :

ε0 A ε0 A
C= = F
d d1 d2 dn
∑ ( + + ⋯ + )
εr εr1 εr2 εrn

where: A = area of each plate (m2) εr1, εr2, … , εrn = dielectric constants of
ε0 = permittivity of free space (F/m) each medium
d1, d2, … , dn = thickness of each medium

in case of Multi-plate Capacitor :

A
C = (n − 1)ε F
d
where: A = area of each plate (m2) d = thickness of each dielectric
ε = absolute permittivity (F/m) n = number of plates

Series Capacitance : Parallel Capacitance :

1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ⋯+ CT = C1 + C2 + C3 + ⋯ + Cn
CT C1 C2 C3 Cn

Series Circuit Characteristics : Parallel Circuit Characteristics :

VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + ⋯ + Vn VT = V1 = V2 = V3 = ⋯ = Vn
Q T = Q1 = Q 2 = Q 3 = ⋯ = Q n Q T = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 + ⋯ Q n

- If, for two capacitors C1 and C2 in series, VT is - If, in a two-branched parallel circuit, C1 and C2
the total voltage, then individual voltage drops are the branch resistances, QT the total charge,
are then the charge distribution is

C2 C1
V1 = V Q1 = Q
C1 + C2 T C1 + C2 T
C1 C2
V2 = V Q2 = Q
C1 + C2 T C1 + C2 T

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ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR (WC) :

1
WC = CV 2 Joules (J)
2

ENERGY STORED PER UNIT VOLUME OF A DIELECTRIC MEDIUM :

D2
WL = J/m3
2ε

FORCE OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN PLATES OF A PARALLEL-PLATE CAPACITOR

WHEN CHARGED :

D2
P= N/m2
2ε

If the plate area is A m2,

D2 A
P= N
2ε

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Part I :

REE – Sept. 2019

1. The resistance of a rod does NOT depend on .
A. the shape of its cross-sectional area C. its material
B. its length D. its temperature

REE – April 2017

2. What is the resistivity constant (in x 10−8 Ω-m) of a material with diameter of 0.70 mm and
with length of 30 m if the material resistance is 3 Ω?
A. 3.71 B. 3.63 C. 2.72 D. 3.84

REE – Sept. 2016

3. A copper wire is drawn down such that its length is doubled but the volume remains the
same, what is the new resistance of the wire?
A. R1 B. R1/2 C. 2R1 D. 4R1

REE – April 2017

4. The resistance of the copper field winding of a dc machine at 20°C is 0.2 Ω. After operating
for sometime the resistance is found to be 0.23 Ω. Find the operating temperature.
A. 38.2°C B. 58.2°C C. 68.2°C D. 48.2°C

REE – Sept. 2019

5. What is the value of the resistor with color coded Green-Blue-Red-Gold?
A. 56,000 ohm + 10% C. 5,600 ohm + 10%
B. 56,000 ohm + 5% D. 5,600 ohm + 5%

REE – Sept. 2019

6. Two wires made of the same material have the same lengths but different diameters. They
are connected in SERIES to a battery. Which of the following quantity is the same for the
two wires?
A. current C. voltage
B. current density D. end-to-end potential difference

REE – Sept. 2019

7. A coil of wire having a resistance of 3.75 ohm and carrying a current of 0.3 A is in parallel
with an unknown resistance through which there a current of 1.5 A. Determine the total
equivalent resistance.
A. 0.625 ohm B. 0.865 ohm C. 0.489 ohm D. 0.549 ohm

REE – Sept. 2019

8. A 3 Ω and a 1.5 Ω resistor are wired in parallel and the combination is wired in SERIES to a
4 Ω resistor and a 10-V emf device. What is the current in the 3 Ω resistor?
A. 6.7 A B. 0.67 A C. 0.33 A D. 3.3 A

REE – Sept. 2017 / April 2019

9. A voltage divider of two resistors is designed with a total resistance of the two resistors
equal to 50 ohm. If the output voltage is 10% of the input voltage, what are the values of the
two resistors in the circuit?
A. 49.5 and 0.50 ohms C. 42.5 and 7.5 ohms
B. 40 and 10 ohms D. 45 and 5 ohms

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REE – Sept. 2018
10. The voltage applied across an electric press was reduced by 50%. The power consumed by
the press will be reduced to
A. 25% B. 50% C. 60% D. 75%

REE – Sept. 2017

11. In a 12-V battery supplies 10 A, find the amount of energy in kJ delivered in one hour.
A. 120 B. 216 C. 324 D. 432

REE – Sept. 2017

12. The terminal voltage of a battery is 11.8 v when delivering 20 w of power to an external load
resistor R. If the battery has an emf of 15 v, find the internal resistance of the battery.
A. 1.96 ohm B. 1.89 ohm C. 1.68 ohm D. 1.75 ohm

Part II :

REE – Sept. 2019

13. The tesla is a unit of .
A. inductance C. capacitance
B. magnetic flux density D. permittivity

REE – Sept. 2019

14. A flux of 13.6 mWb penetrates a coil of wire 240 mm in diameter. Find the magnitude of the
magnetic flux density in Tesla if the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the field.
A. 0.3 B. 0.8 C. 0.4 D. 0.5

REE – Sept. 2017 / Sept. 2018

15. A straight conductor 100 cm long and carrying a current of 40 A lies perpendicular to a
magnetic field of 1.5 Wb/m2. What is the mechanical power in watts required to move the
conductor at a uniform speed of 5 m/s?
A. 390 W B. 300 W C. 330 W D. 360 W

REE – Sept. 2013

16. What is the counterpart of magnetic flux in an electric circuit?
A. voltage B. current C. resistance D. conductance

REE – Sept. 2009

17. An iron core has a cross-sectional area of 10-3 square meter and mean circumference of
1 meter. The relative permeability of the material is 500 and the number of turns is 200.
Determine the current required to set up a flux of 0.001 weber.
A. 7.54 A B. 7.96 A C. 8.19 A D. 8.47 A

REE – April 2017

18. A 3-henry inductor has 2,000 turns. How many turns must be added to raise its inductance
to 5 henry?
A. 1,333 B. 3,333 C. 2,582 D. 582

REE – Sept. 2019

19. The current in a coil decreases from 30 A to 10 A in 0.2 sec. If the self-inductance of coil is
4 H, what is the induced emf in V?
A. 400 B. 450 C. 350 D. 300

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REE – April 2016 / April 2017
20. A 50 cm long conductor is moved in a field of density 1 Wb/m2 at a velocity of 30 m/s. What
is the emf induced if the motion is perpendicular to the field?
A. 150 v B. 1.5 v C. 15 v D. 0.15 v

REE – April 2017

21. Two inductances of L1 = 5 H and L2 = 4 H are connected in series. What is the total
inductance when mutual inductance is zero?
A. 1 H B. 9 H C. 2.2 H D. 18 H

Part III :

REE – April 2017 / Sept. 2019

22. The coulomb force F, acts on two charges a distance, r, apart. What is F proportional to?
A. r B. 1/r^2 C. r^2 D. 1/r^3

REE – April 2018

23. An equal number of electrons is placed on two metal spheres 3 cm apart in air. How many
electrons are on each sphere if the resultant force is 4 kN?
A. 1.47 x 1014 electrons C. 1.25 x 1014 electrons
B. 1.33 x 1014 electrons D. 1.40 x 1014 electrons

REE – April 2017

24. The area of one plate of a two-plate glass capacitor is 0.07 m2 and the capacitance is
0.01 μF. If the dielectric constant of glass is 7.5, what is the separation between plates?
A. 6.4 mm B. 4.6 mm C. 0.46 mm D. 0.64 mm

REE – Sept. 2019

25. A capacitor C is connected in parallel with a series combination of capacitors of 8 and 4
microF. The voltage drop across capacitor C is 12 V. The 3 capacitors have been connected
for sometime and have reached their present value. Find the voltage across the capacitor
with 8 microF.
A. 4 V B. 9 V C. 3 V D. 8 V

REE – Sept. 2002

26. What extends the range of a dc ammeter?
A. inductance B. capacitor C. current transformer D. shunt resistance

27. To increase the range of a dc voltmeter, a ___________.

A. low resistance is connected in series C. high resistance is connected in series
B. low resistance is connected in parallel D. high resistance is connected in parallel

REE – April 2018

28. A dc ammeter has an internal resistance of 0.1 Ω. A shunt of 1.01 x 10 −3 Ω is connected to
the ammeter. What is the multiplier of the set up?
A. 10 B. 50 C. 80 D. 100

REE – Sept. 2019

29. A certain galvanometer has resistance of 100 Ω and requires 1 mA for full scale deflection.
To make this into a voltmeter reading 1 V of full scale, connect a resistance of .
A. 1000 Ω in parallel B. 1000 Ω in series C. 900 Ω in series D. 900 Ω in parallel

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