1 DC Circuits
1 DC Circuits
LEGIT
MULTIVECTOR
Review and Training Center
Ground Floor, Cuevasville Tower
F. Cayco corner Earnshaw St.
Sampaloc, Manila
Tel. No. (02) 8731-7423
LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER
DC CIRCUITS
PART I : RESISTANCE / OHM’S LAW / NETWORK THEOREMS
RESISTANCE (R) :
- The property of the material that opposes the flow of an electric current.
L L2 V
R= ρ = ρ = ρ 2 ⟶ for constant temperature only
A V A
where: L = length of the conductor in m or ft
A = cross-sectional area in m2 or circular mils (CM)
A = d2 CM; if the diameter (d) of the conductor is in mils
ρ = specific resistance or resistivity of the conductor material in Ω-m or Ω-CM/ft
= 1.77 x 10−8 Ω-m or 10.66 Ω-CM/ft for hard drawn copper (HDC) at 20ºC
= 1.72 x 10−8 Ω-m or 10.50 Ω-CM/ft for annealed copper at 20ºC
= 2.83 x 10−8 Ω-m or 17.0 Ω-CM/ft for aluminum at 20ºC
V = volume of the conductor in m3 or ft3
R1 = R 0 [1 + α0 (T1 − T0 )]
R 2 = R 0 [1 + α0 (T2 − T0 )]
R 2 = R1 [1 + α1 (T2 − T1 )]
1 1
α1 = =
T1 − T T1 + |T|
1 1
α2 = =
T2 − T T2 + |T|
DC Circuits
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LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER
DC CIRCUITS
OHM’S LAW (Ω) :
- It states that the ratio of potential difference (V) between any two points on a conductor to the
current (I) flowing through them is constant provided the physical conditions (e.g. temperature)
of the conductor does not change.
V V
= constant or = R
I I
Series Resistances : Parallel Resistances :
1 1 1 1 1
R T = R1 + R 2 + R 3 + ⋯ + R n = + + +⋯+
R T R1 R 2 R 3 Rn
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + ⋯ + Vn
VT = V1 = V2 = V3 = ⋯ = Vn
IT = I1 = I2 = I3 = ⋯ = In
1 1 1 1 1 IT = I1 + I2 + I3 + ⋯ + In
= + + + ⋯+ GT = G1 + G2 + G3 + ⋯ + Gn
GT G1 G2 G3 Gn
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + ⋯ + Pn PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + ⋯ + Pn
- If, for two resistors R1 and R2 in series, VT is - If, in a two-branched parallel circuit, R1 and R2
the total voltage, then individual voltage drops are the branch resistances, IT the total current,
are then branch currents are
R1 R2
V1 = V I1 = I
R1 + R 2 T R1 + R 2 T
R2 R1
V2 = V I2 = I
R1 + R 2 T R1 + R 2 T
- According to Joule’s Law of Electric Heating, the amount of work required to maintain a current
I amperes through a resistance R ohms for t seconds is given by:
V2 t
W = I 2 Rt = VIt = = Pt in watt‐ sec or Joules
R
W
H= in kcal or BTU
J
DC Circuits
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LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER
DC CIRCUITS
THERMAL EFFICIENCY :
- It is the ratio of the heat actually utilized to the total heat produced electrically.
BATTERY :
- a group of cells that generate electric energy from their internal chemical reaction.
- the emf (E) of a battery is the total potential difference established within the battery between
the two electrodes when the battery is not supplying any current.
- the terminal potential difference (V) is equal to the emf minus the internal voltage drop.
V = E − Ir
PERMEABILITY :
- ratio of the absolute permeability of a specific medium (µ) to the permeability of free space (µ 0)
μ
μr = or μ = μr μ0
μ0
DC Circuits
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DC CIRCUITS
LAW ON MAGNETIC FORCE :
- the magnetic force between two point magnetic poles is given by:
1 m1 m2 1 m1 m2
F= ∙ N or F= ∙ dyn
4πμ d2 μr d2
where: m1, m2 = magnetic pole strength where: m1, m2 = magnetic pole strength
m1, m2 = in Webers (Wb) m1, m2 = in unit pole
d = distance in meters (m) d = distance in centimeters (cm)
F = magnetic force F = magnetic force
F = in Newtons (N) F = in dynes (dyn)
Note:
Note: 1 Wb = 7,957,747 unit pole 1 N = 105 dynes
Note: 1 m = 100 cm µr = 1 for air or vacuum
ϕ
B=
A
B = μH
Note: 1 T = 104 G
Axial Magnetic Field of a Solenoid:
NI
H= AT/m
L
where: N = number of turns L = length (m)
I = current (A)
Magnetic Field of an Infinitely Long Straight Conductor:
I
H= A/m
2πd
where: I = current (A) d = distance (d)
DC Circuits
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LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER
DC CIRCUITS
Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor Fleming’s Left Hand Rule :
- When a current carrying conductor lies in
a magnetic field, it is subjected to a force
given by :
F = ILB sin θ N
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT :
Magnetomotive Force (mmf) :
Note: 1 AT = 1.257 Gb
- property of the magnetic material which provides opposition to flow of magnetic flux in a
magnetic circuit
1 L
Rm = ∙ AT/Wb
μ A
Self-Inductance (L) :
- induction of a voltage in a current-carrying wire when the current in the wire itself is changing
Nϕ μN 2 A
L= H= H
I 𝑙
where: N = number of turns µ = absolute permeability (H/m)
ϕ = magnetic flux (Wb) A = cross-sectional area (m2)
I = current (A) l = length (m)
DC Circuits
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DC CIRCUITS
Mutual Inductance (M) :
N2 ϕ12
M= H
I1
where: M = mutual inductance between two coils L1, L2 = self-inductances of coil 1 and
L1, L2 = coil 2 respectively
ϕ12 = mutual flux ϕ1 = total flux produced by coil 1
μN1 I1 A μN1 N2 A
ϕ12 = ϕ1 = Wb M= 𝐻
𝑙 𝑙
Series Inductance Parallel Inductance
(neglecting Mutual Inductance) (neglecting Mutual Inductance)
1 1 1 1 1
LT = L1 + L2 + L3 + ⋯ + Ln = + + +⋯+
LT L1 L2 L3 Ln
Series Inductance with Mutual Inductance : Parallel Inductance with Mutual Inductance :
L1 L2 − M 2
LT = L1 + L2 + 2M (aiding) L= (aiding)
L1 + L2 − 2M
L1 L2 − M 2
LT = L1 + L2 − 2M (opposing) L= (opposing)
L1 + L2 + 2M
- Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be
"induced" in the coil
dϕ di
e = −N V = −L V
dt dt
E = BLv sin θ V
1
WL = LI 2 Joules (J)
2
B 2A
P= N
2μ
PERMITTIVITY :
- the ratio of the absolute permittivity of a substance (ε) to the permittivity of space or vacuum (ε0).
ε
εr = or ε = εr ε0
ε0
Coulomb’s Law :
1 q1 q2 1 q1 q2
F= ∙ N or F= ∙ dyn
4πε d2 εr d2
1 q 1 q
E= ∙ N/C or E= ∙ dyn/statC
4πε d2 εr d2
DC Circuits
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LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER
DC CIRCUITS
ELECTRIC FLUX :
- In the rationalized M.K.S.A. system of units, a unit positive charge radiates out unit flux. Hence,
a positive charge of one coulomb radiates a unit flux. Electric flux is also measured in coulombs.
Hence, a positive charge of one coulomb radiates a flux of one coulomb. If the charge is Q
coulombs, then
Ψ = Q Coulombs (C)
Ψ Q
D= = = σ C/m2
A A
D = εE
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL :
- numerically equal to the work done (in joules) in bringing a positive charge of one coulomb from
infinity to that point.
The potential at a point is 1 volt, if work done in bringing one coulomb from infinity to that point is
one joule.
Similarly, a potential difference of one volt exists between two points if one joule of work is done
in shifting a charge of one coulomb from one point to the other.
Electric Potential at a Point :
1 q
V= ∙ V
4πε d
where:
q = electric charge (C) d = distance (m)
ε = absolute permittivity (F/m)
CAPACITANCE (C) :
Q
C= Farad (F)
V
Capacitance of an Isolated Sphere :
C = 4πεR F
DC Circuits
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DC CIRCUITS
Capacitance of a Cylindrical Capacitor :
2πε𝑙
C= F
b
ln [a ]
where: a = radius of the inner plate (m) b = radius of the outer plate (m)
ε = absolute permittivity (F/m) l = length of the capacitor (m)
where: A = area of each plate (m2) εr1, εr2, … , εrn = dielectric constants of
ε0 = permittivity of free space (F/m) each medium
d1, d2, … , dn = thickness of each medium
1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ⋯+ CT = C1 + C2 + C3 + ⋯ + Cn
CT C1 C2 C3 Cn
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + ⋯ + Vn VT = V1 = V2 = V3 = ⋯ = Vn
Q T = Q1 = Q 2 = Q 3 = ⋯ = Q n Q T = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 + ⋯ Q n
- If, for two capacitors C1 and C2 in series, VT is - If, in a two-branched parallel circuit, C1 and C2
the total voltage, then individual voltage drops are the branch resistances, QT the total charge,
are then the charge distribution is
C2 C1
V1 = V Q1 = Q
C1 + C2 T C1 + C2 T
C1 C2
V2 = V Q2 = Q
C1 + C2 T C1 + C2 T
DC Circuits
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LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER
DC CIRCUITS
ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR (WC) :
1
WC = CV 2 Joules (J)
2
D2
WL = J/m3
2ε
D2
P= N/m2
2ε
D2 A
P= N
2ε
DC Circuits
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LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER
DC CIRCUITS
Part I :
DC Circuits
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LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER
DC CIRCUITS
REE – Sept. 2018
10. The voltage applied across an electric press was reduced by 50%. The power consumed by
the press will be reduced to
A. 25% B. 50% C. 60% D. 75%
Part II :
DC Circuits
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LEGIT MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER
DC CIRCUITS
REE – April 2016 / April 2017
20. A 50 cm long conductor is moved in a field of density 1 Wb/m2 at a velocity of 30 m/s. What
is the emf induced if the motion is perpendicular to the field?
A. 150 v B. 1.5 v C. 15 v D. 0.15 v
Part III :
DC Circuits
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