Solved Exercises from textbook edition 5, Chapter 2

Problem 2-1(Similar to Problem 2-16 Edition 8 of the Textbook): The mean breaking strength of a
fiber is required to be at least 150 psi.

Given: б=3 psi, n=4 and Ῡ=148.75

a)- State the hypotheses that you think should be tested?

Ho: μ=150, H1: μ<150

b)- Test these hypotheses using α=0.05. What are your conclusions?

Zo= (Ῡ-μo)/(б/√n)= (148.75 -150)/(3/2)=-0.83

From standard normal distribution table we read Zα=1.65.
As a rule, we should reject Ho if Zo < -Zα
Therefore, we fail to reject Ho. This implies the mean breaking strength of the fiber is at least 150 psi.

d)- Construct a 95% Confidence Interval on the mean breaking strength of the fiber?

Ῡ ± Zα/2 *(б/√n) Therefore: 148.75 ± (1.96*3)/2 →

145.81 ≤ μ ≤ 151.69 .

Problem 2-2(Similar to Problem 2-17 Edition 8 of the Textbook): The viscosity of a liquid
detergent is supposed to average 800 centistokes at 25oC. A random sample of 16 batches of
detergent is collected, and the average viscosity is 812. Suppose we know that the standard
deviation of viscosity is 25 centistrokes.

Therefore; n=16, Ῡ=812, б=25

a)- State the hypotheses that should be tested?
Ho: μ=800, H1: μ≠800

b)- Test these hypotheses using α=0.05. What are your conclusions?

Given α=0.05 → Zo= (Ῡ-μo)/(б/√n)= (812 -800)/(25/4)=1.92

From standard normal distribution table we read Zα/2=1.96.
Since -Zα/2=-1.96<Zo=1.92< Zα/2=1.96→
We fail to reject Ho. This implies the viscosity of a liquid detergent can be 800 centistokes at 25o C.

d)- Construct a 95% Confidence Interval on the mean viscosity of the liquid detergent?

Ῡ ± Zα/2 *(б/√n) → Therefore: 812 ± (1.96*25)/4 →

799.75 ≤ μ ≤ 824.25

Problem 2-3(Similar to Problem 2-19 Edition 8 of the Textbook): The diameters of steel shafts
produced by a certain manufacturing process should have a mean diameter of 0.255 inches. The
diameter is known to have a standard deviation of 0.0001 inches. A random sample of 10 shafts has
an average diameter of 0.2545 inch.

Therefore: μo = 0.255 inches, б = 0.0001 inches, n = 2410 and Ῡ = 0.2545 inches.

a)- Set up appropriate hypotheses on the mean μ.

Ho: μ=0.255, H1: μ≠0.255

b)- Test these hypotheses using α=0.05. What are your conclusions?

Zo= (Ῡ-μo)/(б/√n)= (0.2545 -0.255)/(0.0001/√10)= -15.81

From standard normal distribution table we read Zα/2=1.96.
As a rule, we should reject Ho if lZol > Zα/2.
Therefore, we reject Ho. This implies the mean diameter of steel shafts is different than 0.255 inches.

d)- Construct a 95% Confidence Interval on the mean diameter of steel shafts?

Ῡ ± Zα/2 *(б/√n) Therefore: 0.2545 ± (1.96*0.0001)/ √10 →

0.2544 ≤ μ ≤ 0.2546

Problem 2-5(Similar to Problem 2-20 Edition 8 of the Textbook): The shelf life of a carbonated
beverage is of interest. Ten bottles are randomly selected and tested, and the following results are
obtained:

Days: 108, 124, 124, 106, 115, 138, 163, 159, 134, 139.

Therefore; n=10, S=19.54, Ῡ=131

a)- We would like to demonstrate that the mean shelf life exceeds 120 days. Set up appropriate
hypotheses for investigating this claim.

Ho: μ = 120 and H1: μ > 120

b)- Test these hypotheses using α=0.01. What are your conclusions?

Since б is unknown→ to= (Ῡ-μo)/(S/√n)= (131 - 120)/(19.54/√10)= 1.78

From t-distribution table we read tα, n-1 = t0.01,9 = 2.821

Since to=1.78< t0.01,9=2.821→ We fail to reject Ho. → We could not prove the mean shelf life to be
larger than 120 days.

d)- Construct a 99% Confidence Interval on the mean shelf life?

Ῡ ± tα/2, n-1 *(S/√n); Therefore: 131 ± (3.25*19.54)/ √10 → 110.91 ≤ μ ≤ 151.09

Problem 2-7(Similar to Problem 2-22 Edition 8 of the Textbook): The time to repair an electronic
instrument is a normally distributed random variable in hours. The repair times for 16 such
instruments chosen at random are as follows:

Hours: 159, 224, 222, 149, 280, 379, 362, 260, 101, 179, 168, 485, 212, 264, 250, 170

Therefore; Ῡ =241.5 and S=98.7259

a)- You wish to know if the mean repair time exceeds 225 hours. Set up appropriate hypotheses for
investigating this issue.
Ho: μ = 225 and H1: μ > 225

b)- Test the hypotheses you formulated in part (a). What are your conclusions? Use α=0.05.

Since б is unknown→ to= (Ῡ-μo)/(S/√n)= (241.5 - 225)/(98.7259/√16)= 0.6685

From t-distribution table we read tα, n-1 = t0.05,15 = 1.753.
Since; to=0.6685< t0.05,15=1.753→ We fail to reject Ho. → Mean repair time does not exceeds 225
hours.

d)- Construct a 95% Confidence Interval on the mean shelf life?

Ῡ ± tα/2, n-1 *(S/√n) → therefore: 241.5 ± (2.131*98.7259)/ √16 →
188.9 ≤ μ ≤ 294.1

Problem 2-9(Similar to Problem 2-24 Edition 8 of the Textbook): Two machines are used for filling
plastic bottles with a net volume of 16.0 ounces. The filling processes can be assumed to be normal,
with standard deviations of б1 = 0.015 ounces and б2 = 0.018 ounces. The quality engineering
department suspects that both machines fill to the same net volume, whether or not this volume is
16.0 ounces. An experiment is performed by taking a random sample from the output of each
machine.

Machine 1 Machine 2
16.03 16.01 16.02 16.03
16.04 15.96 15.97 16.04
16.05 15.98 15.96 16.02
16.05 16.02 16.01 16.01
16.02 15.99 15.99 16.00

Therefore: б1 = 0.015, б2 = 0.018 and μo= 16.0 Ounces.

a) State the hypotheses that should be tested in this experiment?

Ho: μ1= μ2, H1: μ1≠ μ2

b)- Test the hypotheses using α=0.05. What are your conclusions?

α=0.05, Ῡ1 = 16.015, Ῡ2 = 16.005, S1= 0.03 and S2 = 0.025

Zo= (Ῡ1- Ῡ2 )/√ ((б12/n1)+ ( б22/n2))= (16.02-16.01)/√ ((0.015)2/10)+ (0.018)2/10))= 1.35

Z0.025=1.96 From Standard Normal Distribution Table.

Since -Z0.025=-1.96<Zo=1.35< Z0.025=1.96→ So, we fail to reject Ho Therefore; both machines can fill to
the same net volume.

d)- Find a 95 % Confidence Interval on the difference in mean fill volume for the two machines.

(Ῡ1- Ῡ2 )± Zα/2 √ ((б12/n1)+ ( б22/n2)) →

-0.005 ≤ μ1-μ2≤0.025
Problem 2-10(Similar to Problem 2-26 Edition 8 of the Textbook):

Two types of plastics are suitable for use by an electronic calculator manufacturer. The breaking
strength of this plastic is important. It is known б1= б2= 1.0 psi. From random samples of n1=10
and n2=12 we obtain Ῡ1=162.5 and Ῡ2=155.0. The company will not adopt plastic-1 unless its
breaking strength exceeds that of plastic-2 by at least 10 psi. Based on the sample
information, should they use plastic 1? In answering this question, set up and test
appropriate hypotheses using α=0.01. Construct a 99 percent confidence interval on the true
mean difference in breaking strength.

Ho: μ1= μ2+ 10 and H1: μ1< μ2+10

Zo= (Ῡ1- (Ῡ2+10) )/б√ ((1/n1)+ ( 1/n2))= (162.5-(155+10)/1*√ ((1/10)+ (1/12))= -5.8387
Z0.01= 2.33 From Standard Normal Distribution Table.
Since Zo=-5.83874< -Z0.01=-2.33→ we reject Ho Therefore; they cannot adopt plastic-1.

A 99 % Confidence Interval on the mean difference: Given Zα/2=2.58 →

(Ῡ1- Ῡ2 )± Zα/2 √ ((б12/n1)+ ( б22/n2)) →
6.395 ≤ μ1-μ2≤ 8.605

Problem 2-11(Similar to Problem 2-25 Edition 8 of the Textbook):

The following are the burning times of chemical flares of two different formulations. The design
engineers are interested in both the mean and variance of the burning times.

Type 1 Type 2
65 82 64 56
81 67 71 69
57 59 83 74
66 75 59 82
82 70 65 79

(a)- Test the hypothesis that the two variances are equal. Use α=0.05.

Ho: б21=б22 and H1: б21 ≠ б22

Fo = S21/S22 = 85.82/87.73= 0.98

Since; F0.025,9,9 = 4.03 and F0.975,9,9 = 1 / F0.025,9,9 = 1 / 4.03 = 0.248; Therefore, we failed to
reject Ho

(b)- Using the results of (a), test the hypothesis that the mean burning times are equal.

Ho: μ1= μ2 and H1: μ1≠ μ2

to= (Ῡ1- (Ῡ2) )/Sp * √ ((1/n1)+ ( 1/n2)), Where S2p= 86.78→ to = 0.048
t0.025, 18 = 2.101
Therefore, we failed to reject Ho.
Problem 2-12(Similar to Problem 2-27 Edition 8 of the Textbook):

An article in Solid State Technology, “Orthogonal Design for Process Optimization and Its Application
to Plasma Etching” by G. Z. Yin and D. W. Jillie (May, 1987) describes an experiment to determine the
effect of the C2F6 flow rate on the uniformity of the etch on a silicon wafer used in integrated circuit
manufacturing. Data for two flow rates are as follows:

C2F6 Flow Uniformity Observation

(SCCM) 1 2 3 4 5 6
125 2.7 4.6 2.6 3 3.2 3.8
200 4.6 3.4 2.9 3.5 4.1 5.1

a)Does the C2F6 flow rate affect average etch uniformity? Use α=0.05.

Ho: μ1= μ2 H1: μ1≠ μ2

Since; б12 & б22 are unknown, so we should first test б12 = б22 ?

Ho: б12 = б22 and H1: б12 ≠ б22

Fo= S12/S22= 0.5777/0.6747=0.856

As a rule we should reject Ho if Fo > Fα/2, n1-1,n2-1 or Fo < F1-α/2, n1-1,n2-1.
As a hint; F1-α/2, n1-1,n2-1= 1/ Fα/2, n2-1,n1-1.
Since F0.975, 5,5=0.14< Fo=0.856 < F0.025, 5,5=7.15→ Variances can be equal.

Then: Ho: μ1= μ2 H1: μ1 ≠ μ2

to= (Ῡ1- (Ῡ2) )/Sp * √ ((1/n1)+ ( 1/n2)), Where Sp2= 0.6262→
to= -1.3498
Since ltol= 1.3498 < t0.025,10= 2.228
So, we fail to reject Ho.

Problem 2-13(Similar to Problem 2-29 Edition 8 of the Textbook):

A new filtering device is installed in a chemical unit. Before its installation, a random sample yielded
the following information about the percentage of imourity: Ӯ1= 12.5, S21=101.17 and n1=8. After
installation, a random sample yielded Ӯ2= 10.2, S22=94.73 and n2=9.

a)- Can you conclude that the two variances are equal? Use α=0.05.

Ho: б21=б22 and H1: б21 ≠ б22

Fo = S21/S22 = 101.17/94.73= 1.068

Since; F0.025,7,8 = 4.53 and F0.975,7,8 = 1 / F0.025,8,7 = 1 / 4.9 = 0.204; Therefore, we failed to reject Ho.

b)- Has the filtering device reduced the percentage of impurity significantly? Use α=0.05.

Ho: μ1= μ2 and H1: μ1 > μ2

to= (Ῡ1- (Ῡ2) )/Sp * √ ((1/n1)+ ( 1/n2))= 0.47, Where S2p= 97.74→ Sp= 9.89
t0.05, 15 = 1.753,
Therefore, we failed to reject Ho.
Therefore, the filtering device does not reduce the impurity significantly.

Problem 2-14(Similar to Problem 2-30 Edition 8 of the Textbook):

Twenty observations on etch uniformity on silicon wafers are taken during qualification experiment
for a plasma etcher. The data are as follows:

5.34, 6.65, 4.76, 5.98, 7.25, 6.00, 7.55, 5.54, 5.62, 6.21, 5.97, 7.35, 5.44, 4.39, 4.98, 5.25, 6.35,

4.61, 6.00, 5.32

Therefore; Ӯ= 5.83, S2=0.79 and S=0.889

a)- Construct a 95 percent confidence interval estimate of б2.

χ2α/2, n-1= χ20.025/2, 19 =32.85 and χ21-α/2, n-1= χ20.975,19=8.91

[(n-1) S2 ]/ χ2α/2, n-1 ≤ б2 ≤ [(n-1) S2 ]/ χ21-α/2, n-1 → (19x0.79)/32.85 ≤ б2 ≤ (19x0.79)/8.91 →

0.46≤ б2 ≤1.68

b)- Test the hypothesis that б2=1.0. Use α=0.05. What are your conclusions?

Ho: б2=1.0 and H1: б2≠1.0

χ20= [(n-1) S2 ]/ χ20=(19x0.79)/1= 15.01 Since it is not larger than 32.85 and not smaller than 8.91, we
would fail to reject Ho.

c)- Discuss the normality assumption and its role in the problem.

The test on Variances is very sensitive to normality assumption.