. 2} Inversely proportional ro ~1-''"' ...........

3) Equal to the speed of the body.

4) Both (l) and (2).

. . fall the forces except gravitational pull is called
14. ')be ongut·caJO , 2) Magnetic force - ·

1) Cherru 1orce 4) Electric force

Ele•c tromagnetic force
31

Newton'• JU Law, Jaw of Conservation of Linear Momentum; Impulse

lfewton'• m Jaw:
For every action there exists equal and opposite reaction. With this Jaw it.
the force always exists in action reaction pair. Single force can never exis~'. d,
I. Let us consider a block suspended by the string. Earth exerts force on the bi
(action), the equal amount of force is exerted by the block on the earth (reacti"
Similarly_block does action on the support through string, the equal amoun~
reaction 1s exerted by support on the block (reaction).
Support

J - Actton-n,action

Earth
t
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 •TtchnoClaUWofkBook
2. Whtie •rnlklng. -a,,: pra.a the ground (action) with our reel started in the back ward
di.rectum. The ground eurts an tquol and opposilc force on us . The vertical com-
ponent of n!'act,on for«' balances our weight and the hortrontal component pro-
\":ides u~ forwrud motion

Fe Ground ,

3. The hone and the cart: Let us consider horse starts pulling the cart from rest
and gaining speed with time. Ground exerts force on the horse, whose horizontal N
component is FH. The force exerted by the horse on the cart in forward direction
is T. Cart exerts a force T on the horse in the backward direction. In addition to \
this there is frictional force on the wheels of the cart in backward direction.

Law of conservation of momentum:

According to this law, the total momentum of a system remains constant if no net
external force acts on the system.
That is, momentum of a system p = constant, if net external force acting on it is
zero (i.e. Fextemal = O).

1ifiiMl:b@Mil·l·l+ilM·IA
I
- •-a...Mwt 800k ~==========
C...11mttoa of aoanbaa trom tbJnt la• of motion:
11
VII-Physics (Vol· II)
'
a nu.mbtr of bodies collide "'i th one a.lanother the to~aJ mafomt entumlli ?f the boctie
JlUl bdo~ colluuon ,s equal to the lot momentum Just er co s1on.
tumpta: Lee a mo\'lng ball collides with another stationary baJJ lying on a gro
ObltM,, what happens al\,,r collis ion? The moving hall will slow down
w locity de-creases after colJidin~ wi~ the S~ti~nary baJJ. On the _o~er hand, ts
i.,., .
IIAbOnary ball begins to move 1.e., Its velocity rncreases after colbs1on. We kn!'
momentum of a body • mass of the body ' velocity of the body (i.e., p , .,,i:
Therefor< , the momentum of moving ba ll decreases after collision and th
momentum of the stationa ry ball in creases after collision. Thus, we find th c
When ~o balls collide with each other, then moving ball loses momentum an~
the stattonary ball gains momentum. The loss of momentum of one ball is "IUa1
the gain of momentum of oth~r-ball. However, the total momentum of these collidin: 1
balls
of before and after the coll1s1on remains the same. This is the law of conservation
momentum.

Dulfttjoa, Let _us consider two marbles A and B having masses m, and m,moVing
with 1mtial velocities , u 1 and u 2 (u 1 > u 2) m the same direction.

A B
Before collision
coA B
At the collision

A
After collision
After
say ascollision
shown inthefigure.
two bodies move with velocities v and v in the same direction
1 2

Momentum of body A before collision = m u

1 1
Momentum of body B before collision = m u
2 2
:. Total momentum of body A and B before collision = m u + m u
Similarly: 1 1 2 2

momentum of body A after collision= m v

1 1
momentum of body B after collision = m v
2 2
:. Total momentum of body A and B after collision = m v + m v
1 1 2 2
Suppose the two marbles collide with each other for 't' seconds.
The momentum of marble A before and after collision is m u and m v respectively.
1 1 1 1
Change of momentum of body A during the collision= m v - m1u1
11
:. The rate of change of momentum during the collision of body A will be

changeofmomentum m1v1- m1u1 m, (v 1 - u, )

= Time taken t t

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 • Ttchno Cius Work Book
Similarly, tht rate or change of momehtum of marble B will be
rn v. - miu· m1 (\! 1 - u )
--=--...:......:..f.. ==- - - -
l l

If the force exerted by marble A on 8 is F1 and that by Bon A is F2 , then according

to Newton•, :2nd law of motion,
l'." m,(v1 - u. )
'"1 • - - - (1)
t

_ _ _ (2)

According to Newton's 3rd law of motion, the force exerted by marble A on B and
marble B on marble A are equal and opposite to each other.
: . F1=- F2

·.: . . . . ' J ; ; '

m1v1 + m2v2 = m1u1 + ~½ or, m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

i,e. total momentum before collision = total momentum after collision.

•~ffl If the two bodies stick together after collision, then they move with

common velocity v (say) then m1u1 + m u

22
= m v +m v v= m,u1 + m2u2
1 2
m1+m2
Examples to illustrate the law of conservation of momentum:
Recoil of a gun: We have already explained the recoil of a gun with the help of
Newton's third law of motion. However, the recoil of a gun can also be explained
with the help of the law of conservation of momentum.
The bullet inside the gun and the gun itself forms a system. Thus, the system is
(gun+ bullet). Before firing, the gun and the bullet are at rest, therefore, momentum
of the system before firing is zero.
When the bullet is fired, it leaves the gun in the forward direction with certain
momentum. Since no external force acts on the system, so the momentum of the
system (gun + bullet) must be zero after firing. This is possible only if the gun
moves backward with a momentum equal to the momentum of the bullet. That is
why gun recoils or moves backward.
M
m7
t
BULLET
GUN

Gun and bullet

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 VII -Physics (Vof • II) '
- Tbe ,'cloary
• • -wi th w
a...WDtfleoo,i backward after C>ring a b uJ Iet ,s
. Jo, ,.,
'
hlch the gun moves "
rtt0tJ '-"'t'lodty. I gun· 0
0
c..J.cu.l.atio.n of Recoil Velocity o • . .
of the bullet .. m ;
"'elocity of
'-«, .,... the bullet after firing = v- '. mass of the gun M
. ve I oc1' ty of the gun after fiinn
Recod
· g '"' v
S n ee the system is at rest
b:Ule~ before firing • O before firing. So momentum
. of the system (1!1,",
Total momentum o
f the system (gun + bullet) after finng
• momentum of gun + momentum of bullet = M V + m v
Acco rd mg
. to the law of conservation of momentum,

M V + m v= 0 MV = - m v or

Negative sign shows that the direction of the veloeity of the gun after firing is
opposite to the direction of the velocity of the bullet.

Action and reaction being equal and opposite and acting simuJtaneously for sain,
duration, have equal and opposite impulses. They produce equa1 and opposite
changes
of the twoof body
momentum
systeminconstant
the pair(conserved)
of bodies involved. It keeps the total momentun,

impulsive
Impulsiveforce.
Force: A large force which acts for a sma11 interva1 of time is caJl,d

Impulse: Impulse of a force is defined as the change in momentum Produced b

acts.
the g;ven force and it is equal to the product of force and the time for Which it
According to Newton's 2 nd law of motion

F ==ma== m (~J-mv-mu
t ----=-=
t -
--F-t _ m-
-
-
v - mu
Impulsive force == chan .
1
~ I I ge n momentum.
mpu se is a vector ·
unit of irnpuJ _
111111: sr . quantity, Whose direction is same as that of force.
CGs Unit of.1 se - N s or kg rn/s
Il1Pulse == dyn
li:><a"'Ples: I) Th e second or g en,; s
e force With h'
2) w Ich a h
The force With . anuner Strikes a Uail.
Which ab .
at h1ts a Cricket hall.