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Microbiology Genus - Homo

CLASSIFICATION AND Family- Hominade

TAXONOMY
Order - Primates
What is taxonomy
Class - Mammalia
Classification of organisms
Phylum - Chordata
into taxa (categories)
Kingdom- Animalia
Three structure and
Domain- Eukarya
interrelated categories
TRADITIONAL PLACEMENT
• Classification or taxonomy
TO A HUMAN CLAN
• Nomenclature
Family - similar to human
• Identification
clan
Similarities and differences
Human: Hemsworth Clan
in GENOTYPE AND
Organism: Enterobacteria
PHENOTYPE
Genus - Equivalent to human
Most specific level - Species
last name
Lowest to highest
Human: Hemsworth Clan
Species - Homo Sapiens
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Organism: Escherichia TERMINOLOGIES RELATED
TO TAXONOMY
Species - Epithet
Biovars- Variant prokaryotic
Humans: sapiens
strains characterized by
Organism: Coli
biochemical or physiological
Occasionally, TAXOMIX difference
SUBGROUPS within a
Epithet - proper word for the
species, called SUBSPECIES,
name of the spp
are recognized
Morphovars - Variant
Designations such as
prokaryotic strains which
BIOTYPE(biochemical
differ morphologically
difference)SEROTYPE(ani
Serovars - Strains with
genic differences), or
distinctive antigenic
GENOTYPE(genetic
properties
differences) may be given to
groups below the subspecies Strain - Population of
level that share specifi but organism that is
relatively minor differentiated from
characteristics populations within a

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particular taxonomic Streptococci - chain liked
category patter

NOMENCLATURE GENOTYPIC
STANDARD RULES CHARACTERISTICS

Family Name - capitalized Relate to and organism's

and has an 'aceae' ending genetic make up, including
the nature's organism's
Enterobacteriaceae
genes and constituent
Micrococcaceae
DNA base composition ratio
Genus is capitalized followed
Nucleic acid (RNA and DNA )
by the species epithet;
base sequence analysis
italicized in print, but
underlined when written in Average nucleotide identity
script
Genome to genome distance
Escherichia coli PHENOTYPIC
Escherichia coli (writing) CHARACTERISTICS

Staphylococci - clustered Based on features beyond

like grapes the genetic level and include
readily observable
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characteristics (dependent on host)

•Macroscopic morphology Prions - Neither - abnormal

infectious protein
•Microscopic morphology
What do you call to the virus
•Staining characteristics
that infects and destroys
•Environmental
bacterial cell -bacteriophage
requirements\
(phage means eat)
•Nutritional requirements
BACTERIA
•Resistance requirements
Unicellular organisms
•Antigenic properties
Lack a nuclear membrane
•Subcellular properties and Tru nucleus

BACTERIAL CELL ANATOMY Classified as prokaryotes\

Bacteria - Prokaryotes Lack mitochondria

Protozoa - eukaryotes No ER or golgi bodies

Tapeworms - eukaryotes Ave size: 0.5 - 2um; 2-8um;

Fungi - eukaryotes 0.25um to 1um in width and

1-3 um in length
Viruses - neither
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BINARY FISSION anaerobic
methanogens(bacteria
Duplicates its genetic
capable of producing
material , or DNA and then
methane gas))
divides into two parts
(cytokinesis) Not encountered in clinical
microbiology
BACTERIAL DOMAINS
EUBACTERIA
Archaebacteria
Includes pathogenic bacteria
Lack peptidoglycan (murein)
Has tropism to eukaryotic
Extremophiles (bacteria na
cell
Makita sa extreme conditions
of environment like Classify into two groups
volcano)(halophiles,(bacteria
PROTEOBACTERIA - thin
na ilophilic they love sodium
gram negative cell wall,
chloride mga asin)
includes photosynthetic,
thermophiles(bacteria na
anaerobic photosynthetic
Makita sa lake, fresh water
bacteria and cyanobacteria
mga places na gama ug
FIRMICUTES - thick gram
concentration sa oxygen)
positive cell wall, includes

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rods, cocci, actinomycetes 'S' stands for 'Svedberg'
and mycoplasma (wall less sedimentation rate or unit of
bacteria) time it is named after
THEODOR SVEDBERG
Note: FIRMICUTES ka DILI
inventor of ultra centrifuge
limited sa thick gram
positive naay mycoplasma The larger the particle the
na walay cell wall AMEN higher the Svedberg' unit

CYTOPLASMIC Pag ibind si 30S ug 50S

STRUCTURES there would be a loss of
surface area resulting
- Do not contain membrane
complex to 70S naay nawala
bound nucleus
na 10 Svedberg' unit
- has single circular
Circular chromosome - ag
chromosome
genome satong bacteria is
- has ribosomes that consist
single circular chromosome
of RNA and protein
- appears as a diffuser
- size - 70S (dissociat into
nucleoid or chromatin body
50s and 30s subunits)
that is attached to a
Unit of our ribosome is letter mesosome(murag cleavage)
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CYTOPLASMIC (not of reproduction)
GRANULES/INCLUSIONS
- contains CALCIUM
- storage deposits and DIPICOLINATE found within
consist of polysaccharides th core and maintains the
such as glycogen or lipids as spores dormant stage (make
poly-b-hydroxybutyrate or up 10-20% of the spore's dry
polyphosphate s weight)

1. Much Granules - - Produced by BACILLUS

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and CLOSTRIDIUM SPP.

2. Babes- ernst-granules: - Produced in response to

Corynebacterium diptheriae harsh environmental
conditions
3. Sulfur Granules: Nocardia
spp. - has thick protein coat
highly resistant to chemical
ENDOSPORES (very
agents, temp change,
resistant to boiling)
starvation, dehydration, UV
- Small, dormant, asexual
and gamma radiation and
spores that develop inside
desiccation
the cell as a mean of survival

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VEGETATIVE CELL - ACTIVE SPOROGENESIS OR
AND CAPABLE OF SPORULATION
GROWING AND DIVIDING
ENDOSPORE TO
THEY ARE ALSO CAPABLE
VEGETATVE CELL =
OF PRODUCING ANOTHER
GERMINATION
ENDOSPORES
Ethanol Shock Spore
REMEMBER ang endospore
Tes/Heat shock spore tes
kay DORMANT or inactive
- Recover and identify
mag undergo sya ug
CLOSTRIDIUM species from
SPOROGENESIS or
mixed population of
SPORULATION : process of
organisms
spore formation
- test para mag induced,
GERMINATION: last stage sa
conditions para maka create
pagiging dormant ni
ug endospore DBA dpt ma
endospores, the spore
expose sya into chemical
begins to grow as
agent such as ETHANOL
VEGETATIVE cell

VEGETATIVE TO
ENDOSPORE = GRAM STAIN (most common

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method microbiology, can as counterstain
differentiate pos or neg)
- if ma stain si enderspores
- Endospores are colourless sa schaffer Fulton it will
(endospore wall is appear as color green
impermeable to the stain
PLASMIDS
and dyes)
- Extrachromosomal, closed,
- not all bacteria are
circular, double stranded
colourless under the
element of DNA that is
microscope pag Igram stain
associated with virulence.
ka enderspores non specific
- Serve as a site for the
si gram staining kay
genes to encode for
enderspores
antibiotic resistance,
SCHAEFFER FULTON OR
metabolic process, and
WIRTZ AND CONKLIN
plasmid replication and
- Most commonly used for transr between cells.
enderspores
- DILI TANAN BACTERIA
- Uses malachite green as NAAY PLASMIDS
primary stain; safranine red
- Self replicating cellular

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structure that may be - Composed of an outer
transferred to daughter cell membrane (gram neg only),
(vertical transfer) or may be cell wall composed of the
transferred asexually peptidoglycan/murein,
through conjugation periplasm (in gram-neg
(horizontal tansfer) bacteria only); cell/plasma
membrane
- not essential for growth; a
cell may not or may contain PLASMA MEMBRANE
a plasmid
- Deepest layer of the cell
EXTRACHROMOSOME - envelope
murag chromosomal na
- consist of a phospholipid
added, mura syag
bilayer that surrounds the
chromosome, functions like
cytoplasm, and the layer is
a chromosome pero dli sya
embedded with lipoproteins
chromosome. MURAG
(no sterols contain)
IGSOON SA CHROMOSOME
- Hydrophilic head (attracted
CELL ENVELOPE
to water)
- Outermost structure of the
- 2 Hydrophobic tail
bacterial cell
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(repelled by water) - Housing of molecular
sensors that monitor
- consist of various proteins
chemical and physical
(enzymes) vital to cellular
changes.
metabolism
CELL WALL
- act as an osmotic barrier
- Referred to as the
- Functionally similar to
PEPTIDOGLYCAN or murein
mitochondria, Golgi
layer
Complexes, lysosomes
- Rigid structure that
Other functions:
maintains the shape of the
- Transport of solutes into
cell
and out of the cell
Functions:
- housing of enzymes
- Prevents bacterial cells
- generation of ATP
from rupturing when the
- Cell motility osmotic pressure inside the

- Mediation of chromosomal cell is greater than the

segregation during pressure outside the cell

replication (osmotic barrier)

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- Serves as a point of layer
anchorage for flagella
- has teichoic acid (anchored
- determines the staining by the peptidoglycan) and
characteristics of a species lipoteichoic acid (anchored
to the plasma membrane)
Composed of three parts:
- TECHOIC AND
1. A glycan backbone -
LIPOTECHOIC ACID
alternating N-
contributes to the negative
acetyglucosamine (NAG) and
charge of the cell surface
N-acetylmuramic acid
connected by beta 1 -> 4 GRAM NEGATIVE CELL
linkages WALL

2. Tetrapeptide side chains - - Composed of thin murein

attached to NAM layer

3. A set of identical peptide - composed of outer

cross bridges membrane and
LIPOPOYSACCHARIDE (LPS)
TYPES OF CELL WALL
- LPS - has three regions
Gram Positive Cell Wall
- OUTER MEMBRANE -
- composed of thick murein
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contributes the negative membrane
charge

Two layers of gram neg cell

LPS
wall
(LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE)
Outer membrane
Consist of Three Regions
- composed of proteins,
- Antigenic Specific
phospholipids, and LPS
Polysaccharide
- act as a barrier to
- Core Polysaccharide (outer
hydrophobic compounds and
and inner)
harmful substances
- Inner Lipid A (AKA
- Act as a sieve, allowing
endotoxin)
water soluble molecules to
- Responsible for fever,
enter through protein lined
shock and DIC conditions
called porins
PERIPLASMIC SPACE
- provide attachment site tha
enhance attachment to host - located between the outer
cells. membrane and inner
membrane
- Inner membrane: plasma

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- encompasses the then ACID FAST CELL WALL
peptidoglycan layer
- Generally gram positive
- Gel like matrix containing cell wall
nutrient binding proteins and
- more than 60% of cell wall
degerative and detoxifying
is lipid
enzymes
- Contains MYCOLIC ACID
- include BINDING
- Waxy layer of
PROTEINS for specific
glycolipids an fatty acids
substrates (amino acid,
bound to the exterior of the
sugars, vitamins, and ions)
cell wall
- HYDROLYTIC
- Strong HYDROPHOBIC
ENZYMES (alkaline
molecule that forms a lipid
phosphotase and 5'
shell around the organism.
nucleotidase)
- Renders these
- DETOXIFYING
bacteria resistant to many
ENZYMES (b lactamase, and
harsh chemicals, including
amino glycoside
detergents and strong acids.
phosphorylase)
- THEY ARE CALLED

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ACID FAST GLYCOCALYX

-Present in - network of polusaccharide

MYCOBACTERIUM that project from the cellular
SPP.(FAINT BLUE) AND surfaces of bacteria
NOCARDIA SPP(DARK BLUE)
- found external to th cell
ABSENCES OF CELL WALL wall of the organism

- Prokaryotes that do not - covers surfaces like a film

have a cell wall and allows th bacteria to
adhere to various structures.
- Lack rigidity
(Skin, heart, valves,
- seen in various shapes
prosthetic joints,)
microscopically -> Referred
- its production can be th
to as PLEOMORPHIC
first step in the formation of
- contains sterols in their cell
biofilm
membrane
TWO TYPES
- Example - Acholeplasma
Slime layer
(cell defficient), Mycoplasma
and Ureaplasma - Unorganized material that
s loosely attached

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- Either inhibit phagocytosis - Hiss and Anthony
or aid in the adherence

CAPSULE
MECHANISM OF
- Organized material that is PHAGOCYTE EVASION
firmly attached to th cell wall
- difference in the nature of
- evade phagocytosis and the phagocytes membrane
desiccation the bacterial capsule.
Bacteria must be more
- High molecular weight
hydrophobic than the
polysaccharides, except in B
phagocytes bacterial
anthracis (D glutamic acid, a
capsules are hydrophilic
polypeptide)
MNEMONICS TO
- Anti Phagocytic
REMEMBER
Stains:
S-treptococcus pneumoniae
- gram stain - appears as
(and group B step)
clear halo
K-lebsiella pneumoniae
- India Ink (negative staining)
H-aemophilus influenza
- unstained halo
P-seudomonas aeruginosa
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Neisseria meningitis - Stains for flagella: contains
TANNIC ACID to precipitate
C-ryptococcus neoformans
and coat flagella
(NOT A BACTERIUM)
- Leifson
FLAGELLA (ORGAN OF
LOCOMOTION) - Gray

- exterior protein filament - Fisher and Conn

(flagellin) that rotates and
PILUS/PILI AND
causes the bacteria to be
FIMBRIAE/FIMBRIAE
motile
- Nonflagellar, proteinaceous,
- act as a rotary motor
hairlike appendages that
containing a complex set of
adhere some bacterial cells
rings that act as bushings to
to one another and to host
control cellular movement.
cells
- Important In survivability
- FIMBRIAE - serve as
and pathogenic ability of the
adhesins for attachment to
bacteria
host cells (establishment or
- motility Is best seen at 25 infection)
degree celcius
- PILI - contains structural

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protein subunits (pilins) and
proteins located at the tips
(adhesins)

- ORDINARY PILI -
adherence

- SEX PILI/CONJUGATION
PILI - serves as the conduit
for the passage of DNA from
the donor to the recipient
during conjugation (mediate
DNA exchange containing
AMR genes)

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