SHANTADEVI SITARAM MUNDRA

MAHESHWARI PUBLIC SCHOOL

DEVELOPMENT

What Development Promises - Different People, Different Goals

→ Development promises a real growth by enhancing total income and standard of living of a

person.

→ Different people have different development goals. The development goals are varying from

people to people.

→ For example, a girl from a rich urban family gets as much freedom as her brother and is able

to decide what she wants to do in life. She is able to pursue her studies abroad.

Income and Other Goals

→ People prefer to earn more income for fulfilling their daily requirements of life. Companies

provide material thing like, money. But people also want non-material thing like, freedom,

security, and respect of others.

→ Some companies provide less salary but offer regular employment which enhances sense of

securities.

→ In other case, some companies provide high salary but offer no job securities. They reduce

sense of securities.

National Development

→ National development refers to ability of a nation to improve standard of living of its citizens.

→ Standards of living of citizens depend upon per capital income, Gross Domestic Product,

literacy rate and availability of health etc. These factors also consider as measure of

improvement.
How to Compare Different Countries or States?

→ We can compare different countries or state on the basis of per capita income.

→ We cannot take national income to compare different countries because each country has

different population rate.

→ Per capita income is calculated by dividing total income of a country to total population of

that particular country.

→ Per capita income of a country shows the standard of living of the citizens of that particular

country.

→ A country with higher per capita income is more developed than others with less per capita

income.

Income and Other Criteria

→ For achieving development goal of people, people not only want better income, they also

want non-material thing like, freedom, security, and respect of others.

→ For development of a nation average income or per capital income is needed.

Per capita income of selected States

As per table, Maharashtra had top position with 1, 01,314 per capital income. Whereas, Bihar

was in bottom position with 23,435 per capital income. It means a person in Maharashtra earned

Rs 1, 01,314 in one year. Whereas, a person in Bihar earned only Rs 23,435 in one year. So,

Maharashtra is more developed state than Bihar with 1, 01,314 per capital income.
Comparative data on Maharashtra, Kerala and Bihar

→ Development of a nation is also depended upon literacy rate.

• In this table, the first columns shows that in Kerala, out of 1000 children born, 12 died before

completing one year of age but in Maharashtra , out of 1000 children born, 25 died before

completing one year of age and in Bihar out of 1000 children born, 44 died before completing

one year of age. The last columns shows that in Kerala, 78 children out of 100 aged 14-15 are

not attending school beyond Class 8.Which is greater than Maharashtra and Bihar.

Public Facilities

→ Facilities which are provided by the government considered as public facility like schools,

hospitals, community halls, transport, electricity etc.

→ As we know that Punjab has more income than the average person in Kerala but Kerala has a

low infant Mortality Rate because of better public system like, Public Distribution System which

provide Health and nutritional status to the state.

→ We need public facility because we are not able to purchase all things by money. We cannot

able to buy a pollution free environment with the help of money.

Sustainability of Development

→ Sustainable Development refers to development of human with at the same time sustaining

the ability of natural system.

→ It is helpful to fulfils the needs of the human being without harming the ability of the future

generation.
→ For sustainable development, we have to use non-renewable resources like carbon based

originally designed fuel for the quantity how much we needed.

→ Some renewable resources like groundwater will take long time for replenished. So, we

should use that resource in finite quantity.

• Infant Mortality Ratio: Infant Mortality Ratio indicates the number of children who die

before the age of one year, as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.

• Literacy Rate: Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above

age group.

• Net Attendance Ratio: It is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years who

attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.

Question 1. Why is per capita income calculated in the US dollars?

Answer: Per capita income is calculated in the US dollars because it is the common currency in

use in the world market.

Question 2. Give any two common developmental goals of the people.

Answer: The two common developmental goals of the people are better income and quality

education.

Question 3. Suggest any one way to solve underemployment situation in rural areas.

Answer: To solve the problem of under-employment in the rural areas, the government should

help the people in opening their own business by providing bank loans at lower or no interest

rate.
Question 4. Mention any one limitation of per capita income as an indicator of

development.

Answer: Per capita income hides the disparities as it does not tell us how the income is

distributed among the people in the country.

Question 5. What is the rank of India as per HDI report of 2004?

Answer: The rank of India as per HDI report of 2004 is 126.

Question 6. Define average income.

Answer: It can be defined as the total income of the country divided by the total population.

Question 7. Study the data given below and answer the questions that follow:

Some comparative data on Punjab, Kerala and Bihar

Which state appears the most developed?

Answer: Kerala appears the most developed as it is on the top among other criteria of

comparison.

Question 8.Which countries are known as rich countries on the basis of per capita income?

Answer: Countries with PCI more than US$ 12,236 per annum are known as rich countries on

the basis of per capita income.

three examples.

Answer: Development, at present, without harming the environment and also keep it safe for the

future generation is termed as sustainable development.

(i) Groundwater, which is a renewable resource, is getting depleted because of its overuse.

People are facing problem of water crisis due to its indiscrimate use.

(ii) The development emerged from the fast industrialization leads to the cutting of forest and its

result is the polluted environment for the present as well as for the future generations.

(iii) The crude oil which is a non-renewable resource with limited stock is depleting gradually.

So we need to use it wisely.

Question 11. “People have conflicting development goals”. Support the statement with

examples.

Answer: Sometimes the developmental goals of people may be conflicting in nature and prove

destructive for others.

For example – (i) construction of dam could be a development goal for the industrialist but it is a

conflicting goal as it would affect the lives of the people living in that area as the local people

may get displaced and their livelihood may get disrupted.

(ii) If there is slum near the high rise buildings then the people of that high rise building will

have the developmental goal to remove the slum from that locality which will be a conflicting

goal as it would displace the slum people.

Answer: The three possible development goals of landless rural laborers are:

(a) Have basic facilities and more days of work.

(b) Better wages.

(c) Quality education to their children in the nearby government school.

Question 13. “Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well”. Do

you agree with this statement? Justify your answer with any three suitable arguments.

Answer: It is true to say that money in our pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that we

need to live well because:

(a) Money cannot give us a pollution-free environment.

(b) It cannot ensure unadulterated medicines to the people.

(c) It cannot protect us from the infectious diseases.

Question 14. Differentiate between the Human Development Report and the World

Development Report.

Answer: The Human Development Report and the World Development Report can be

differentiated on the following grounds:

(a) Human Development Report is published b y the UNDP whereas the World Development

Report is published by the World Bank.

(b) Human Development Report is published on the basis of PCI, health status and educational

levels whereas the World Development Report classify the countries on the basis of just PCI.
(c) Human Development Report gives the real picture of development as it uses both the material

and non-material criteria whereas the World Bank just uses the material criteria for the

classification.

Question 15. Why does Kerala have a better Human Development Index ranking in

comparison to Punjab? Explain with three reasons.

Answer: Kerala has a better Human Development Index ranking in comparison to Punjab. The

three reasons are:

(a) Kerala has better provisions of health facilities and therefore the IMR in Kerala is very low.

(b) Kerala has better educational facilities. Therefore, literacy rate is high there and net

attendance ratio is also high.

(c) Kerala has better provisions of PDS.

Question 16. What is the main norm used by the World Bank in classifying different

countries as rich and poor countries? What are the restrictions of such norms?

Answer: The main norm used by the World Bank in classifying different countries as rich and

poor countries is per capita income.

(a) Average income hides the disparity.

(b) Average income does not tell us the distribution of income among the people.

(c) It is just a material criteria for the comparison.

Question 17. Besides income, what are the six other things people may look for growth and

development?
Answer: Besides income, freedom, security, respect, equal treatment, friendship and pollution-

free environment are the six other things people may look for growth and development.

Question 18. State any three factors other than human income, which are important in life.

Answer: The three factors other than human income, which are important in life are:

(a) Freedom

(b) Respect

(c) Equal treatment.

Question 19. Explain the importance of sustainable development with reference to ground

water by giving example.

Answer: Suitable development means development of the present generation by using the

earth’s resources as well as the ability to meet the needs of future generation also. For example,

ground water is a renewable resources but we are overusing it as compare to its replenish time.

Now people face water crisis due to its indiscriminate use.

Question 20. Average income is important but it has limitations while using it. Explain.

Answer: Income is also an important criterion for comparing the countries because it helps in

fulfilling the greater demands of the people. Higher income countries are more developed than

the lower income countries. But it has limitation too.

(a) Average income hides the disparity.

(b) Average income does not tell us the distribution of income among the people.

(c) It is just a material criteria for the comparison.