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1. A ramjet engine operates at a flight Mach number of 1.5 with a specific heat
ratio (γ) of 1.4. Calculate the temperature and pressure at the engine's intake
if the ambient temperature is 300 K and the ambient pressure is 100 kPa.
2. Given a scramjet engine operating at Mach 7, calculate the stagnation
temperature and pressure if the ambient temperature is 250 K and the specific
heat ratio (γ) is 1.4.
3. Given the following parameters, calculate the specific impulse of a rocket:
Thrust = 1000 N, Mass flow rate = 2 kg/s. Show all steps in the calculation
and discuss the significance of specific impulse in rocket performance.
4. For a solid rocket with a propellant grain of length 1 m and diameter 0.2 m,
calculate the total propellant volume. Assume the grain has a cylindrical
shape.
5. A solid rocket motor uses a propellant with a density of 1.8 g/cm³ and a burn
rate of 0.1 cm/s. Calculate the total mass of propellant required to achieve a
burn time of 30 seconds.
6. Calculate the exit velocity of a ramjet engine operating at a Mach number of
3.0 with an exit pressure of 50 kPa and a throat area of 0.05 m². Assume an
isentropic expansion with a specific heat ratio (γ) of 1.35.
7. For a ramjet engine operating at a flight Mach number of 2.0, determine the
velocity at the throat if the intake temperature is 350 K and the throat area is
0.1 m². Assume the specific gas constant R is 287 J/(kg•K).
8. Given a rocket with a specific impulse of 300 s and a propellant mass flow
rate of 10 kg/s, calculate the thrust produced by the rocket.
9. Calculate the required chamber pressure for a rocket engine if the nozzle exit
velocity is 3,000 m/s and the specific gas constant is 287 J/(kg•K). Assume an
ideal gas with a temperature of 1,500 K.
10. For a solid rocket motor with a chamber pressure of 6 MPa, a throat area of
0.05 m², and an exit pressure of 0.1 MPa, calculate the nozzle exit area.
Assume 1.4 = .
11. Design a solid rocket motor using a propellant with the following
specifications:
● Specific Energy: 2.8 MJ/kg
● Density: 1.9 g/cm³
● Burn Rate: 0.1 cm/s
● Chamber Pressure: 7 MPa
● Exit Pressure: 0.2 MPa
● Specific Impulse: 270 s Calculate the following: i. Total Propellant Mass
required achieving the desired thrust. ii. Total Volume of Propellant Grain
 based on the given density. iii. Nozzle Exit Area using the given chamber and
exit pressures. iv. Burn Time of the rocket motor.
12. For a solid rocket propellant with a specific energy of 3 MJ/kg and a total
propellant mass of 500 kg, calculate the total energy available for thrust
generation.
13. Given a rocket with an exhaust velocity of 2,500 m/s and a total mass of
80,000 kg, calculate the required thrust to achieve an acceleration of 1.5 m/s²
at lift-off. Derivational Questions
14. Derive the expression for specific impulse in terms of thrust and mass flow
rate. How does specific impulse influence the choice of propellants?
15. Derive the chamber pressure from the ideal gas law for a rocket engine with
an exit velocity of 3,000 m/s and a specific gas constant of 287 J/(kg•K).
16. Classify rocket nozzles based on their shape and function. Provide diagrams
for each type and explain how the shape of a nozzle affects the exhaust
velocity and thrust.
17. Design a conical nozzle with a throat diameter of 0.5 m for a rocket engine. If
the exit pressure is 0.2 MPa and the throat pressure is 1.2 MPa, calculate the
exit diameter required for a nozzle expansion ratio of 60.

Let's address each question step by step.

1. Ramjet Engine Intake Conditions

To calculate the temperature and pressure at the engine's intake, we can use the
following relations for compressible flow.

Given:
 ● Mach number ( M = 1.5 )
● Ambient temperature ( T_0 = 300 , K )
● Ambient pressure ( P_0 = 100 , kPa )
● Specific heat ratio ( \gamma = 1.4 )

Temperature at the intake: The static temperature ( T ) can be calculated using the
formula: [ T = \frac{T_0}{1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{2} M^2} ] Substituting the values: [ T =
\frac{300}{1 + \frac{1.4 - 1}{2} \cdot (1.5)^2} = \frac{300}{1 + 0.2 \cdot 2.25} =
\frac{300}{1 + 0.45} = \frac{300}{1.45} \approx 206.9 , K ]

Pressure at the intake: The static pressure ( P ) can be calculated using: [ P = P_0
\left( \frac{1}{1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{2} M^2} \right)^{\frac{\gamma}{\gamma - 1}} ]
Substituting the values: [ P = 100 \left( \frac{1}{1 + 0.2 \cdot 2.25}
\right)^{\frac{1.4}{0.4}} = 100 \left( \frac{1}{1.45} \right)^{3.5} \approx 100 \cdot 0.487
\approx 48.7 , kPa ]

2. Scramjet Engine Stagnation Conditions

To calculate the stagnation temperature and pressure for a scramjet engine, we can
use the following relations.
Given:

● Mach number ( M = 7 )
● Ambient temperature ( T_0 = 250 , K )
● Specific heat ratio ( \gamma = 1.4 )

Stagnation temperature: The stagnation temperature ( T_0 ) is given by: [ T_0 = T

\left( 1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{2} M^2 \right) ] Substituting the values: [ T_0 = 250 \left( 1
+ 0.2 \cdot (7)^2 \right) = 250 \left( 1 + 0.2 \cdot 49 \right) = 250 \left( 1 + 9.8 \right) =
250 \cdot 10.8 = 2700 , K ]

Stagnation pressure: The stagnation pressure ( P_0 ) is given by: [ P_0 = P \left(
\frac{1}{1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{2} M^2} \right)^{\frac{\gamma}{\gamma - 1}} ]
Assuming the ambient pressure ( P ) is 100 kPa: [ P_0 = 100 \left( \frac{1}{1 + 0.2
\cdot 49} \right)^{\frac{1.4}{0.4}} = 100 \left( \frac{1}{10.8} \right)^{3.5} \approx 100
\cdot 0.008 = 0.8 , kPa ]

3. Specific Impulse Calculation

Specific impulse ( I_{sp} ) is defined as: [ I_{sp} = \frac{F}{\dot{m} g_0} ] Where:

 ● ( F ) = thrust = 1000 N
● ( \dot{m} ) = mass flow rate = 2 kg/s
● ( g_0 ) = standard gravity ( \approx 9.81 , m/s^2 )

Substituting the values: [ I_{sp} = \frac{1000}{2 \cdot 9.81} \approx \frac{1000}{19.62}

\approx 50.96 , s ]

Significance of Specific Impulse: Specific impulse is a measure of the efficiency of

rocket propellants. A higher specific impulse indicates that a rocket can produce
more thrust per unit of propellant consumed, leading to better performance and
greater payload capacity.

4. Total Propellant Volume Calculation

For a cylindrical prop ellant grain, the volume ( V ) can be calculated using the
formula for the volume of a cylinder:

[ V = \pi r^2 h ]
Given:

● Length ( h = 1 , m )
● Diameter ( d = 0.2 , m )
● Radius ( r = \frac{d}{2} = 0.1 , m )

Substituting the values:

[ V = \pi (0.1)^2 (1) = \pi (0.01) \approx 0.0314 , m^3 ]

5. Total Mass of Propellant Calculation

To calculate the total mass of propellant required, we can use the burn rate and burn
time.

Given:

● Burn rate ( r = 0.1 , cm/s = 0.001 , m/s )

 ● Burn time ( t = 30 , s )
● Density ( \rho = 1.8 , g/cm^3 = 1800 , kg/m^3 )

Volume of propellant burned: [ V = A \cdot r \cdot t ] Where ( A ) is the

cross-sectional area of the propellant grain. For a cylindrical grain:

[ A = \pi r^2 = \pi (0.1)^2 = \pi (0.01) \approx 0.0314 , m^2 ]

Now substituting:

[ V = 0.0314 \cdot 0.001 \cdot 30 \approx 0.000942 , m^3 ]

Total mass of propellant: [ m = \rho \cdot V = 1800 \cdot 0.000942 \approx 1.694 , kg
]

6. Exit Velocity of Ramjet Engine

To calculate the exit velocity ( V_e ) of a ramjet engine, we can use the isentropic
flow relations.

Given:

● Mach number ( M = 3.0 )

● Exit pressure ( P_e = 50 , kPa )
● Throat area ( A_t = 0.05 , m^2 )
● Specific heat ratio ( \gamma = 1.35 )

Using the isentropic relation for exit velocity:

[ V_e = M \cdot a ] Where ( a ) is the speed of sound, calculated as:

[ a = \sqrt{\gamma R T} ]

Assuming ( T ) is the temperature at the throat, which can be calculated using the
intake conditions. For simplicity, let's assume ( T \approx 300 , K ):
[ R = 287 , J/(kg \cdot K) ] [ a = \sqrt{1.35 \cdot 287 \cdot 300} \approx \sqrt{116,145}
\approx 340.5 , m/s ]

Now substituting into the exit velocity equation:

[ V_e = 3.0 \cdot 340.5 \approx 1021.5 , m/s ]

7. Velocity at the Throat of Ramjet Engine

To determine the velocity at the throat, we can use the continuity equation and the
ideal gas law.

Given:

● Mach number ( M = 2.0 )

● Intake temperature ( T = 350 , K )
● Throat area ( A_t = 0.1 , m^2 )
● Specific gas constant ( R = 287 , J/(kg \cdot K) )
First, calculate the speed of sound at the intake:

[ a = \sqrt{\gamma R T} = \sqrt{1.4 \cdot 287 \cdot 350} \approx \sqrt{141,350}

\approx 375.5 , m/s ]

Now, the velocity ( V ) at the throat can be calculated as:

[ V = M \cdot a = 2.0 \cdot 375.5 \approx 751.0 , m/s ]

8. Thrust Produced by the Rocket

To calculate the thrust produced by the rocket, we can use the specific impulse
formula.

Given:

● Specific impulse ( I_{sp} = 300 , s )

● Propellant mass flow rate ( \dot{m} = 10 , kg/s )
Using the formula for thrust:

[ F = I_{sp} \cdot \dot{m} \cdot g_ [ F = 300 \cdot 10 \cdot 9.81 \approx 29430 , N ]

9. Required Chamber Pressure Calculation

To calculate the required chamber pressure for a rocket engine, we can use the ideal
gas law and the relationship between exit velocity, chamber pressure, and
temperature.

Given:

● Nozzle exit velocity ( V_e = 3000 , m/s )

● Specific gas constant ( R = 287 , J/(kg \cdot K) )
● Temperature ( T = 1500 , K )

Using the formula for exit velocity:

[ V_e = \sqrt{\frac{2 \cdot \gamma}{\gamma - 1} R T} ]

Rearranging to find chamber pressure ( P_c ):

[ P_c = \frac{V_e^2 \cdot (\gamma - 1)}{2 \cdot \gamma \cdot R} ]

Substituting the values:

[ P_c = \frac{3000^2 \cdot (1.4 - 1)}{2 \cdot 1.4 \cdot 287} = \frac{9000000 \cdot
0.4}{2.8 \cdot 287} \approx \frac{3600000}{803.6} \approx 4485.5 , kPa ]

10. Nozzle Exit Area Calculation

To calculate the nozzle exit area, we can use the following relation for a rocket motor.

Given:
 ● Chamber pressure ( P_c = 6 , MPa = 6000 , kPa )
● Throat area ( A_t = 0.05 , m^2 )
● Exit pressure ( P_e = 0.1 , MPa = 100 , kPa )
● Specific heat ratio ( \gamma = 1.4 )

Using the area ratio relation:

[ \frac{A_e}{A_t} = \left( \frac{P_t}{P_e} \right)^{\frac{1}{\gamma}} \cdot

\sqrt{\frac{\gamma + 1}{2}} ]

Assuming ( P_t ) can be approximated as ( P_c ):

[ \frac{A_e}{0.05} = \left( \frac{6000}{100} \right)^{\frac{1}{1.4}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1.4 +

1}{2}} = 60^{0.714} \cdot \sqrt{1.2} \approx 18.5 \cdot 1.095 \approx 20.3 ]

Thus, the exit area ( A_e ):

[ A_e = 20.3 \cdot 0.05 \approx 1.015 , m^2 ]

11. Solid Rocket Motor Design Calculations

i. Total Propellant Mass: Using specific impulse and thrust:

[ F = I_{sp} \cdot \dot{m} \cdot g_0 ] Assuming desired thrust ( F ) is known,

rearranging gives:

[ \dot{m} = \frac{F}{I_{sp} \cdot g_0} ]

ii. Total Volume of Propellant Grain: Using density:

[ V = \frac{m}{\rho} ]

iii. Nozzle Exit Area: Using the previously derived relations.

iv. Burn Time: Using burn rate and total propellant mass.
12. Total Energy Available for Thrust Generation

To calculate the total energy available:

[ E = \text{Specific Energy} \cdot \text{Total Mass} ]

Given:

● Specific energy = 3 MJ/kg

● Total mass = 500 kg

[ E = 3 \cdot 10^6 \cdot 500 = 1.5 \cdot 10^9 , J ]

13. Required Thrust Calculation

To calculate the required thrust:

[ F = m \cdot a ]

Given:

● Exhaust velocity = 2500 m/s

● Total mass = 80000 kg
● Acceleration = 1.5 m/s²

[ F = 80000 \cdot 1.5 = 120000 , N ]

Derivational Questions

1. Specific Impulse Derivation: [ I_{sp} = \frac{F}{\dot{m} g_0} ] Specific impulse

influences the choice of propellants by indicating their efficiency; higher
specific impulse values suggest that a propellant can produce more thrust for
a given mass flow rate, making it more desirable for rocket applications.
2. Chamber Pressure Derivation: Using the ideal gas law, we can express
chamber pressure ( P_c ) as: [ P_c = \frac{m}{V} R T ] Where ( m ) is the
mass of the gas, ( V ) is the volume, ( R ) is the specific gas constant, and ( T
) is the temperature. For a rocket engine with an exit velocity of 3000 m/s, we
can relate this to the chamber conditions using the isentropic relations.
3. Classification of Rocket Nozzles: Rocket nozzles can be classified into:
○ Converging Nozzles: These nozzles accelerate the flow to subsonic
speeds.
 ○ Converging-Diverging Nozzles: These nozzles can accelerate the flow
to supersonic speeds and are commonly used in rocket engines.
○ Aerospike Nozzles: These maintain efficiency over a range of altitudes
and are designed to adapt to varying atmospheric pressures.

Diagrams would illustrate the shape and flow characteristics of each type, showing
how the nozzle shape affects the exhaust velocity and thrust.

4. Conical Nozzle Design Calculation: For a conical nozzle with a throat

diameter of 0.5 m and an expansion ratio of 60, the exit diameter can be
calculated using the area ratio: [ \frac{A_e}{A_t} = \text{Expansion Ratio} ]
Where ( A_t = \frac{\pi}{4} (0.5)^2 ) and ( A_e = \text{Expansion Ratio} \cdot
A_t ). The exit diameter can then be derived from the exit area.

These calculations and derivations provide a comprehensive understanding of the

principles governing rocket propulsion and the design of propulsion systems. ### 1.
Ramjet Engine Intake Conditions To calculate the temperature and pressure at the
engine's intake, we can use the following relations for compressible flow.

Given:
 ● Mach number ( M = 1.5 )
● Ambient temperature ( T_0 = 300 , K )
● Ambient pressure ( P_0 = 100 , kPa )
● Specific heat ratio ( \gamma = 1.4 )

Temperature at the intake: The static temperature ( T ) can be calculated using the
formula: [ T = \frac{T_0}{1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{2} M^2} ] Substituting the values: [ T =
\frac{300}{1 + \frac{1.4 - 1}{2} \cdot (1.5)^2} = \frac{300}{1 + 0.2 \cdot 2.25} =
\frac{300}{1 + 0.45} = \frac{300}{1.45} \approx 206.9 , K ]

Pressure at the intake: The static pressure ( P ) can be calculated using: [ P = P_0
\left( \frac{1}{1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{2} M^2} \right)^{\frac{\gamma}{\gamma - 1}} ]
Substituting the values: [ P = 100 \left( \frac{1}{1 + 0.2 \cdot 2.25}
\right)^{\frac{1.4}{0.4}} = 100 \left( \frac{1}{1.45} \right)^{3.5} \approx 100 \cdot 0.487
\approx 48.7 , kPa ]

2. Scramjet Engine Stagnation Conditions

To calculate the stagnation temperature and pressure for a scramjet engine, we can
use the following relations.
Given:

● Mach number ( M = 7 )
● Ambient temperature ( T_0 = 250 , K )
● Specific heat ratio ( \gamma = 1.4 )

Stagnation temperature: The stagnation temperature ( T_0 ) is given by: [ T_0 = T

\left( 1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{2} M^2 \right) ] Substituting the values: [ T_0 = 250 \left( 1
+ 0.2 \cdot (7)^2 \right) = 250 \left( 1 + 0.2 \cdot 49 \right) = 250 \left( 1 + 9.8 \right) =
250 \cdot 10.8 = 2700 , K ]

Stagnation pressure: The stagnation pressure ( P_0 ) is given by: [ P_0 = P \left(
\frac{1}{1 + \frac{\gamma - 1}{2} M^2} \right)^{\frac{\gamma}{\gamma - 1}} ]
Assuming the ambient pressure ( P ) is 100 kPa: [ P_0 = 100 \left( \frac{1}{1 + 0.2
\cdot 49} \right)^{\frac{1.4}{0.4}} = 100 \left( \frac{1}{10.8} \right)^{3.5} \approx 100
\cdot 0.008 = 0.8 , kPa ]

3. Specific Impulse Calculation

Specific impulse ( I_{sp} ) is defined as: [ I_{sp} = \frac{F}{\dot{m} g_0} ] Where:

 ● ( F ) = thrust = 1000 N
● ( \dot{m} ) = mass flow rate = 2 kg/s
● ( g_0 ) = standard gravity ( \approx 9.81 , m/s^2 )

Substituting the values: [ I_{sp} = \frac{1000}{2 \cdot 9.81} \approx \frac{1000}{19.62}

\approx 50.96 , s ]

Significance of Specific Impulse: Specific impulse is a measure of the efficiency of

rocket propellants. A higher specific impulse indicates that a rocket can produce
more thrust per unit of propellant consumed, leading to better performance and
greater payload capacity.

4. Total Propellant Volume Calculation

For a cylindrical propellant grain, the volume ( V ) can be calculated using the
formula for the volume of a cylinder:

[ V = \pi r^2 h ]
Given:

● Length ( h = 1 , m )
● Diameter ( d = 0.2 , m )
● Radius ( r = \frac{d}{2} = 0.1 , m )

Substituting the values:

[ V = \pi (0.1)^2 (1) = \pi (0.01) \approx 0.0314 , m^3 ]

5. Total Mass of Propellant Calculation

To calculate the total mass of propellant required, we can use the burn rate and burn
time.

Given:

● Burn rate ( r = 0.1 , cm/s = 0.001 , m/s )

 ● Burn time ( t = 30 , s )
● Density ( \rho = 1.8 , g/cm^3 = 1800 , kg/m^3 )

Volume of propellant burned: [ V = A \cdot r \cdot t ] Where ( A ) is the

cross-sectional area of the propellant grain. For a cylindrical grain:

[ A = \pi r^2 = \pi (0.1)^2 = \pi (0.01) \approx 0.0314 , m^2 ]

Now substituting:

[ V = 0.0314 \cdot 0.001 \cdot 30 \approx 0.000942 , m^3 ]

Total mass of propellant: [ m = \rho \cdot V = 1800 \cdot 0.000942 \approx 1.694 , kg
]

6. Exit Velocity of Ramjet Engine

To calculate the exit velocity ( V_e ) of a ramjet engine, we can use the isentropic
flow relations.

Given:

● Mach number ( M = 3.0 )

● Exit pressure ( P_e = 50 , kPa )
● Throat area ( A_t = 0.05 , m^2 )
● Specific heat ratio ( \gamma = 1.35 )

Using the isentropic relation for exit velocity:

[ V_e = M \cdot a ] Where ( a ) is the speed of sound, calculated as:

[ a = \sqrt{\gamma R T} ]

Assuming ( T ) is the temperature at the throat, which can be calculated using the
intake conditions. For simplicity, let's assume ( T \approx 300 , K ):
[ R = 287 , J/(kg \cdot K) ] [ a = \sqrt{1.35 \cdot 287 \cdot 300} \approx \sqrt{116,145}
\approx 340.5 , m/s ]

Now substituting into the exit velocity equation:

[ V_e = 3.0 \cdot 340.5 \approx 1021.5 , m/s ]

7. Velocity at the Throat of Ramjet Engine

To determine the velocity at the throat, we can use the continuity equation and the
ideal gas law.

Given:

● Mach number ( M = 2.0 )

● Intake temperature ( T = 350 , K )
● Throat area ( A_t = 0.1 , m^2 )
● Specific gas constant ( R = 287 , J/(kg \cdot K) )
First, calculate the speed of sound at the intake:

[ a = \sqrt{\gamma R T} = \sqrt{1.4 \cdot 287 \cdot 350} \approx \sqrt{141,350}

\approx 375.5 , m/s ]

Now, the velocity ( V ) at the throat can be calculated as:

[ V = M \cdot a = 2.0 \cdot 375.5 \approx 751.0 , m/s ]

8. Thrust Produced by the Rocket

To calculate the thrust produced by the rocket, we can use the specific impulse
formula.

Given:

● Specific impulse ( I_{sp} = 300 , s )

● Propellant mass flow rate ( \dot{m} = 10 , kg/s )
Using the formula for thrust:

[ F = I [ F = I_{sp} \cdot \dot{m} \cdot g_0 ] Substituting the values: [ F = 300 \cdot 10
\cdot 9.81 \approx 29430 , N ]

9. Required Chamber Pressure Calculation

To calculate the required chamber pressure for a rocket engine, we can use the ideal
gas law and the relationship between exit velocity, chamber pressure, and
temperature.

Given:

● Nozzle exit velocity ( V_e = 3000 , m/s )

● Specific gas constant ( R = 287 , J/(kg \cdot K) )
● Temperature ( T = 1500 , K )

Using the formula for exit velocity: [ V_e = \sqrt{\frac{2 \cdot \gamma}{\gamma - 1} R
T} ] Rearranging to find chamber pressure ( P_c ): [ P_c = \frac{V_e^2 \cdot (\gamma
- 1)}{2 \cdot \gamma \cdot R} ] Substituting the values: [ P_c = \frac{3000^2 \cdot
(1.4 - 1)}{2 \cdot 1.4 \cdot 287} = \frac{9000000 \cdot 0.4}{2.8 \cdot 287} \approx
\frac{3600000}{803.6} \approx 4485.5 , kPa ]

10. Nozzle Exit Area Calculation

To calculate the nozzle exit area, we can use the following relation for a rocket motor.

Given:

● Chamber pressure ( P_c = 6 , MPa = 6000 , kPa )

● Throat area ( A_t = 0.05 , m^2 )
● Exit pressure ( P_e = 0.1 , MPa = 100 , kPa )
● Specific heat ratio ( \gamma = 1.4 )

Using the area ratio relation: [ \frac{A_e}{A_t} = \left( \frac{P_t}{P_e}

\right)^{\frac{1}{\gamma}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{\gamma + 1}{2}} ] Assuming ( P_t ) can be
approximated as ( P_c ): [ \frac{A_e}{0.05} = \left( \frac{6000}{100}
\right)^{\frac{1}{1.4}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1.4 + 1}{2}} = 60^{0.714} \cdot \sqrt{1.2} \approx
18.5 \cdot 1.095 \approx 20.3 ] Thus, the exit area ( A_e ): [ A_e = 20.3 \cdot 0.05
\approx 1.015 , m^2 ]
11. Solid Rocket Motor Design Calculations

i. Total Propellant Mass: Using specific impulse and thrust: [ F = I_{sp} \cdot \dot{m}
\cdot g_0 ] Assuming desired thrust ( F ) is known, rearranging gives: [ \dot{m} =
\frac{F}{I_{sp} \cdot g_0} ]

ii. Total Volume of Propellant Grain: Using density: [ V = \frac{m}{\rho} ]

iii. Nozzle Exit Area: Using the previously derived relations.

iv. Burn Time: Using burn rate and total propellant mass.

12. Total Energy Available for Thrust Generation

To calculate the total energy available: [ E = \text{Specific Energy} \cdot \text{Total

Mass} ] Given:
 ● Specific energy = 3 MJ/kg
● Total mass = 500 kg [ E = 3 \cdot 10^6 \cdot 500 = 1.5 \cdot 10^9 , J ]

13. Required Thrust Calculation

To calculate the required thrust: [ F = m \cdot a ] Given:

● Exhaust velocity = 2500 m/s

● Total mass = 80000 kg
● Acceleration = 1.5 m/s² [ F = 80000 \cdot 1.5 = 120000 , N ]