READING AND WRITING SKILLS

OBJECTIVES:
1. Define reading and writing.
2. Describe written text as connected
discourse.
3. Distinguish between and among
techniques in selecting and organizing
information.

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Week 2:
✓ Introduction to Reading
and Writing
✓ Text as Connected Discourse
✓ Techniques in Selecting
and Organizing
Information
 Introduction to reading
1 and writing
 What is Reading?
⊹ Reading refers to the cognitive
process of decoding symbols to
derive meaning from a text.
⊹ Reading is an indispensable skill that
requires continuous practice,
development, and refinement.
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What is Reading?
⊹ Reading is an activity that
challenges our beliefs, inspires our
imagination, and expands our
understanding of the world.

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What is Reading?
⊹ Reading involves a complex
interaction between the text and
the reader. The reader’s
interpretation is shaped by his or
her prior knowledge, experiences,
and attitudes.
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“Read a thousand books, and your
words will flow like a river.”
― Lisa See

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What is writing?
⊹ Writing is the activity or skill of marking
coherent words on paper and composing
text.
⊹ The writing process has the following
general steps: pre-writing, writing, and
revising. These can be further broken
down into a more specific sequence.

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the writing process
o Discovering ideas by pre-writing
o Finding a thesis statement
o Developing a thesis statement with
supporting details
o Organizing the details using an outline
o Writing paragraphs in the first draft
o Revising the draft
o Editing and proofreading
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A piece of advice
Being a critical reader can help you
become a better writer, but that is not
enough. Being exposed to the writing
process and recognizing your own
practices as a writer are ways in which
you can bolster your writing skills.

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A piece of advice
Once you understand the writing
process and figure out what works for
you, you will be able to practice more
skillful writing and produce better
compositions.

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“Writing is like a sport. If you don’t
practice, you don’t get any better.”
― Rick Riordan

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 TEXT AS CONNECTED
2 DISCOURSE
Text is defined by Collins & Hollo (2000) as:
⊹ “A stretch of language” which is perceived as a
purposeful connected whole
⊹ May be spoken or written, produced by one person or
more, and is created by text-internal cohesion and
text-external coherence

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Discourse is defined by Collins & Hollo (2000) as:
⊹ Any stretch of language larger than a sentence,
whether spoken or written, and having a logically
consistent and unified structure
⊹ Follows different flows and uses patterns of
paragraph development

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 Techniques in Selecting
3 and Organizing
Information
In selecting and organizing
information, the writer can
select from the following
techniques:
1. Making a brainstorming list
2. Drawing graphic organizers
3. Writing a topic of sentence outline

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 1. BRAINSTORMING LIST
Brainstorming is a creative process where individuals or
a group collectively generates ideas to solve a problem,
address a question, or explore a topic. The purpose of a
brainstorming list is to capture a wide range of ideas
without judgment, allowing for a diverse array of
possibilities.
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 1. BRAINSTORMING LIST

A brainstorming list is a compilation of ideas,

thoughts, or concepts generated during a
brainstorming session.

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BRAINSTORMING EXAMPLE
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 WHY SHOULD YOU BRAINSTORM?
⊹ Brainstorming generates a diverse range of ideas,
fostering creativity, and encouraging collaboration
among individuals.
⊹ It promotes open and non-judgmental sharing of
thoughts, allowing for the exploration of various
perspectives and solutions to a problem.
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2. GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS

Graphic organizers may be drawn to

help a writer organize his ideas. The
choice of an appropriate graphic
organizer is dependent on the pattern
to be used in developing the paper.

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Different Kinds of
GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
1. Pie/Circle/Sector Graph - used to
present proportions and percentages; It
may be solid (consisting of sectors
bound together and differentiated by
color, shading, etc.) or exploded
(consisting of sectors shown
separately).

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Pie graph
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2. Column/Bar Graph - used to compare
quantities; It may be vertical (consisting
of standing columns) or horizontal
(consisting of lying columns).

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bar graph
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bar graph
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3. Line Graph - used to show progress or
development; It may be single-line
(consisting of only one line) or multiple
line (consisting of many lines
differentiated by color form, or
thickness).

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line graph
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4. Surface Graph - used to show
proportions and quantities; lt may be
single-surface (consisting of only one
layer or Stratum) or multiple-surface
(consisting of several layers or strata;
also called strata, belt, or band chart).

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surface graph
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5. Map Chart - used to show geographical
data and how things are put together; It
may be a geographical map, an
economic map, a road map, a political
map, or another kind

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Map chart
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6. Pictograph - used to represent data
using icons and images relevant to the
data

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pictograph
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7. Drawing/Illustration - used to show
details not available in a photograph
(e.g., parts of a machine)

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Illustration
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8. Organizational Chart - used to present
the lines of responsibility and
accountability in an organization

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Organizational
chart
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9. Table - used to present a large body of
numerical and other data; It may be
formal (consisting of titles or headings,
subheadings, legends, etc.; usually in
grid form) or informal (lacking some
items found in a formal table)

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table
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10.Venn Diagram - overlapping circles
used to compare and contrast two or
more sets of items

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venn diagram
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11. Flow Chart - used to show chronology
of events in a narrative or stages in a
process-It may be a strip chart (having
strips of paper to cover the items
presented) or a nonstrip chart (having
no strips of paper)

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FLOW CHART
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12.Tree Chart/Tree Diagram - used to
present a classification or an analysis

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tree diagram
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WHY SHOULD YOU USE A GRAPHIC
ORGANIZER?

Graphic organizers are crucial for

organizing and selecting information
from a text as they visually represent
relationships and structures, aiding in
comprehension and retention of key
concepts.
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These help learners identify main ideas,
supporting details, and connections
between different pieces of information,
fostering a deeper understanding of the
text. Additionally, graphic organizers
provide a framework for effective note-
taking, enhancing study skills and
promoting more organized and efficient
learning.
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 3. OUTLINING

Outlining involves listing down all ideas relevant to the

topic, sorting them all into major and minor ones, and
creating an outline out of them. A good writer, whether
technical or not, uses an outline to serve as a skeletal
framework for his composition.
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OUTLINING SYSTEMS:

1. Alphanumeric System - Makes use of

Roman and Hindu-Arabic numbers as well as
uppercase and lowercase letters
2. Decimal System - Makes use of whole
numbers for main ideas and decimal
extensions for subpoints

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TYPES OF OUTLINE BASED ON STRUCTURE:

1. Topic Outline
2. Sentence Outline
3. Paragraph Outline

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TOPIC OUTLINE

Organizes information into topics, subtopics,

and details, providing a general overview of
the structure

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TOPIC OUTLINE SAMPLE

LINGUISTICS
I. Language
A. Characteristics of language
B. Studies on language
II. Phonology
A. Speech mechanism
B. Phonetics
1. Articulatory phonetics
2. Acoustic phonetics
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C. Phonemics
1. Phonemes
a. Segmental phonemes
1) Vowel sounds (Vocoids)
2) Consonant sounds (Contoids)
b. Suprasegmental sounds
1) Stress
2) Pitch
3) Juncture
4) Intonation pattern
2. Phonemic analysis
D. Transcription
1. Systems of notation
2. Transcription exercises
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III. Morphology
A. Morphemes
1. Identification of morphemes
2. Classification of morphemes
a. Free morphemes
b. Bound morphemes
1) Affixes
2) Combining forms
B. Morphophonemic changes
1. Loss of phoneme
2. Addition of Phoneme
3. Simple consonant change
4. Assimilation
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SENTENCE OUTLINE

Provides a more detailed version of the topic

outline, where each entry is a complete
sentence or statement; This type of outline
expands on the key points with full sentences,
offering a clearer picture of the content and
the relationships between ideas.

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SENTENCE OUTLINE SAMPLE

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANALYZING

AND REASONING STRATEGIES OF AB
ENGLISH SCHOLARS OF CENTRAL COLLEGES
OF THE PHILIPPINES

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1. Language learning strategies differ from one learner to another.
1. Some language learners have the facility in learning a language because they
employ both direct and indirect learning strategies; others have difficulty
because their language learning strategies are limited.
2. This study aims to determine the kind and frequency of analyzing and
reasoning strategies employed by AB English scholars of CCP.
3. This study is significant in letting the students realize the importance of
employing analyzing and reasoning strategies in learning a language. This
study is limited to AB English scholars enrolled in the second semester of
school year 2003-2004.
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2. Good language learners use logical thinking to understand and use the grammar
rules and vocabulary of the new language;therefore, they resort to the following
analyzing and reasoning strategies in learning a language.
1. Reasoning deductively involves deriving hypotheses about the meaning of
what is heard or read by means of general rules the learner already knows.
2. Analyzing expressions involves breaking down a new word,phrase,
sentence, or even paragraph into its component parts.
3. Analyzing contrastively involves analyzing elements(sounds, words, syntax)
of the new language to determine likenesses and differences in comparison
with one's own native language.
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3. The following steps are involved in the conduct of this research.
1. The AB English scholars are selected in this research.
2. They are asked to accomplish a questionnaire.
3. They are interviewed.
4. They are observed.
4. The data gathered from the interview, observation,questionnaires, and field
notes are analyzed and interpreted.
5. The following conclusions are drawn.
1. The subjects employ the five analyzing and reasoning strategies.
2. The frequency of use of the five analyzing and reasoning.
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PARAGRAPH OUTLINE

Takes the detailing process further by expanding

each outline entry into a full paragraph; This type
of outline provides even more depth and
specificity, allowing the writer to flesh out ideas
and develop a comprehensive understanding of the
content; It is particularly useful for planning and
organizing the actual writing process, providing a
roadmap for each section or paragraph of the final
document.
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TYPES OF OUTLINE BASED ON PURPOSE:

1. Reading Outline
2. Writing Outline

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Reading Outline Writing Outline
A structured overview A systematic plan that
of the content of a text writers use to organize
that helps readers and structure their
grasp the main ideas, thoughts before
key points, and composing a
organizational structure document, essay, or
of the material other written work

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 PURPOSE
Reading Outline Writing Outline
Serves as a guide for Helps writers clarify
readers to navigate their ideas, establish a
through a document logical flow of
or chapter, providing a information, and ensure
roadmap of the that their content is
author's main well-organized and
arguments, supporting coherent; Also serves as
details, and the overall a roadmap for the
flow of information writing process 67
THANK YOU!
Hazel Marie Rabano, LPT
Senior High School Department
Our Lady of Fatima University

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REFERENCES
TEXTBOOK
Menoy, J. & Constantino, G. (2016). Reading and Writing
Skills. (pp. 1-24). Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.

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REFERENCES
ONLINE
https://thirdspacelearning.com/wp-
content/uploads/2023/07/Pie-Chart-image-6-US-1.png
https://help.anaplan.com/bar-and-column-charts-ce775cf5-
1ed3-4681-8e50-bffaf2369d1f
https://www.mapchart.net/
https://www.storytellingwithdata.com/blog/2020/3/24/what-
is-a-line-graph
https://microbenotes.com/parts-of-a-microscope/

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REFERENCES
ONLINE
https://free-printable-paper.com/compare-contrast-
graphic-organizer/
https://the-teacher-next-door.com/compare-and-contrast-
activities/
https://broadly.com/blog/small-business-organizational-
charts/
https://venngage.com/templates/diagrams/covid-19-
testing-flow-chart-94404e41-84f4-46b1-9aa2-e66716eddac4
https://writers.com/prose-vs-poetry/prose-vs-poetry-venn-
diagram
https://clark.libguides.com/brainstorming

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