Topic: OVERVIEW OF COMMUNICATION

APPLICATION IN POWER SYSTEM OF

WBSETCL SYSTEM
Presented By
Hasibur Rahman (S.E.)
Howrah Communication Zone

WBSETCL
Sl no Name of the EHT Substation Voltage class SS/GS Make of the RTU Protocol Integration with SCADA Remarks
1 ARAMBAG 400/220/132 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
2 ASANSOL 220/132/33 KV SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
3 ASHOKNAGAR 132/33 kvKV SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
4 BARASAT 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
5 BISHNUPUR OLD 132 /33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
6 BONGA 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
7 DOMJUR 220/132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
8 DPL 220 /132 kv GS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
9 DURGAPUR 220/132 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
10 GOKORNA 220/132 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
11 HALDIA NEW 220/132 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
12 HALDIA OLD 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
13 HOWRAH 220/132 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
14 JEERAT 400/220/132 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
15 JOKA 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
16 KASBA 220/132 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
17 KHARAGPUR (HIZLI) 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
18 KOLAGHAT 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
19 Kolaghat TPS (KTPS) 400/220/132 kv GS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
21 LAKSHIKANTA PUR 220/132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
Reporting through Terminal server, located
22 LILUAH 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
at Howrah SLDC, Durgapur 220 kv, Jeerat,
23 MIDNAPUR 220/132 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done Arambag, NJP and Abhikshan Bhavan.

24 PURULIA PUMP STORAGE (PPSP) 400 kv GS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done

25 PURULIA 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
26 RISHRA 220/132 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
27 SALTLAKE AIS 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
28 SATGACHIA 220/132 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
29 SIANTHIA 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
30 Santaldih TPS (STPS) 220/132 kv GS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
31 TITAGARH 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
32 ALIPURDUAR 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
33 BIRPARA 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
34 CHALSA 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
35 GANGARAMPUR 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
36 Malda 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
37 NBU 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
38 NEW JALPAIGURI (NJP) 220/132 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
39 RAIGANJ 132/33 kv SS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
40 RAMAM 132 kv GS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
41 TCF-1 132/33 kv GS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
42 TCF-2 132/33 kv GS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
43 TCF-3 132/33 kv GS ALSTOM IEC-101 Done
 Name of the RTU that commissioned by WBSETCL Projects.
Sl no Name of the EHT Substation Voltage class SS/GS Make of the RTU Protocol Integration with SCADA Remarks

1 NEW ALIPURDUAR 220/132 kv SS --------- Pending

2 BARASAT 220 kv SS Siemens IEC-104 Done

3 Baruipur 220 220/132 kv SS not known --------- Pending

4 BHADRAPUR 132/33 kv SS ZIV IEC-104 Done

5 DEBRA 132/33 kv SS GE IEC-104 Done

6 Dharampur-II 220 kv SS GE ----------- Pending

7 DINHATA 132/33 kv SS not integrated ----------- Pending

8 GAZOLE1 220/132/33 kv SS Siemens IEC-104 Done

9 GOKARA400 400/220 kv SS Chemtrols IEC-104 Done

10 HARISCHANDRA 132/33 kv SS ZIV IEC-104 Done

11 Hind Motor 132 kv SS Not available --------- Pending RTU is shifted to Adisaptagram

12 INDUS 132/33 kv SS ZIV IEC-104 Done

13 JEERAT2 400 kv SS SAS IEC-104 Done

14 JHALDA 132/33 kv SS not integrated ---------- Pending

15 MOHITNAGAR 132/33 kv SS ZIV IEC-104 Done

16 NEW SAGARDIGH 220/132 kv SS Chemtrols IEC-104 Done

17 NPPSP 400 kv SS Siemens IEC-104 Done

18 PANAGARH 132/33 kv SS Chemtrols IEC-104 Done

19 REJINAGAR 220/132/33 kv SS GE IEC-104 Done

20 SADAIPUR 220/132 kv SS ABB IEC-104 Done

21 SALAR 132/33 kv SS Chemtrols IEC-104 Done

22 SALTL STADIUM 132/33 kv SS GE IEC-104 Done

23 SONAKHALI 132/33 kv SS ZIV IEC-104 Done

24 TRKSWAR 132/33 kv SS NELCO IEC-101 Done RTU is defective

 IPP/CPP

Sl no Name of the EHT Substation Voltage class SS/GS/Others Make of the RTU Protocol Integration with SCADA Remarks

1 BAKRESWAR TPS (BKTPS) 400/220 kv GS GE IEC-104 Done

2 Bandel TPS 132 kv GS ABB IEC-104 Done

3 DALMIA 132 kv SS SAS IEC-104 Done

4 Hiraonmoy energy LTD 220 kv GS SAS IEC-104 Done

5 JK Nagar 220/132 kv SS SAS IEC-104 Done

6 JSW 132 kv SS not known ------- pending

7 SAGARDIGHI TPS 400/220 kv GS GE IEC-104 Done

8 TLDP3 220 kv GS MB Controls IEC-104 Done

9 TLDP4 220 kv GS BHEL IEC-101 Done

10 HALCP (TATA POWER) 132 kv GS not known ---------- pending

11 RAILWAY NA Data concentrator not known IEC-104 Done Out of Order

12 URTDSM NA PDC GE IEC-104 Done

 CESC Substation
Sl no Name of the EHT Substation Voltage class SS/GS/Others Make of the RTU Protocol Integration with SCADA Remarks

1 Belur 132 kv SS ICCP Done

2 BotanicalGard 132 kv SS ICCP Done

3 BTRoad 132 kv SS ICCP Done

4 BBD Bag 132 kv SS ICCP Done

5 BudgeBudge 220/132 kv GS ICCP Done

6 Chakmir 132kv SS ICCP Done

7 CHITTPUR 132 kv SS ICCP Done

8 DumDum 132 kv SS ICCP Done

9 EastCalcutta 132 kv SS ICCP Done

10 EasternMetro 220/132 kv SS ICCP Done

11 Haldia400 400 kv GS ICCP Done

Not known
12 Jadavpaore 132 kv SS ICCP Done

13 Majherhat 132 kv SS ICCP Done

14 NewCossipore 220/132 kv GS ICCP Done

15 ParkLane 132 kv SS ICCP Done

16 Patuli 132 kv SS ICCP Done

17 PCSS 132 kv SS ICCP Done

18 PrincepStreet 132 kv SS ICCP Done

19 Southern 132 kv SS ICCP Done

20 Taratalla 132 kv SS ICCP Done

21 Titagarh 132 kv SS ICCP Done

22 WestBank 132 kv SS ICCP Done

COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENTS IN A TYPICAL EHT SUBSTATION
 48 V DC CHARGER
 24 NO CELL (VRLA OR LED ACID)
 FODP /FOTE
 OPGW
 PLCC
 SDH
 PDH
 DTPC
 RTU & LDMS
 Purpose of 48 V DC Charger
 Its generate the DC power ( - 48 volts) with input AC supply.
 Mains and Battery alarm monitoring.
 Provide potential free contacts(PFC’s)for alarm
 Class C lightning protection Inbuilt
 Battery current limit at both DG and Mains settable
 Its memory capable to store 1000 alarm log.
 Its out put voltage can be adjustable as required in between
40v to 55v.
 Eltek SMPS is Modular design with single controller for
SOLAR/Wind & Ethernet connectivity.
MAINTAINANCE:-
Battery charger units ordinarily require very routine maintenance. Occasionally the
customer may give the unit a visual inspection every six months or so to locate the
components which may be over heating.
Components located for use in chargers are of very high quality and are from genuine
sources. So they should last a very long time. There is no need for periodic replacements
of any component, Since the problem associated with infant mortality failures are likely to
be greater than the failure of components due to ageing.
The following general checks may be carried out once in three months running of the
System.
Sr. Parameter Check
No.
1 Float Voltage Check for the rated voltage. If there is any deviation, adjust the Float
Potentiometer slowly.
(54.00 VDC)

2 Boost Voltage Check for the rated voltage. If there is any deviation, adjust the Float
Potentiometer slowly.
(55.20 VDC)

3 DC Capacitor There is a Red/Black/White tab on the top surface (next to the terminal post) of
each Capacitor. This should not be popped out. If any tab is popped out then the
Bank Physical Respective Capacitor should be replaced.
Condition
 Valve Regulated Lead–acid (VRLA) Battery :- A valve regulated lead
acid (VRLA) battery, commonly known as a sealed lead–acid (SLA) battery, is a
type of lead–acid battery characterized by a limited amount of electrolyte
("starved" electrolyte) absorbed in a plate separator or formed into a gel;
proportioning of the negative and positive plates so that oxygen recombination
is facilitated within the cell; and the presence of a relief valve that retains the
battery contents independent of the position of the cells.

 Lead Acid Batteries:- There are two types for vented or flooded lead acid
batteries namely tubular and Plante. The difference between the two is the
construction. For tubular battery normal life is 8-10 years. The Plante battery is
both mechanically and electrically more durable. The normal life for Plante
batteries is 15-20 years.
Modular design: ensures all the panels and associated parts are interchangeable. This
reduces installation and maintenance costs, enabling for quick and easy installation of
structured cabling.
Scalability: After installing a distribution panel, you can easily add new devices on demand,
without the costly hassle of replacing cables end-to-end.
Reduction Cable Congestion: Less cable clutter means less confusion and an easily organized
network infrastructure.
Cost Effectiveness: With a low initial investment, distribution panels provide easy
maintenance for a high-density network. You only need to purchase the device currently
needed, and still leave room for future expansion.
Space Savings: By managing various connections in a single high-density network, you can
save valuable rack space.
Ease of maintenance: The distribution panel allows for monitoring, testing, switching,
routing, and other maintenance to be handled quickly. Cables can be configured so that
changes are quick when needed.
An optical ground wire (also known as an OPGW or, in the IEEE standard, an optical fiber
composite overhead ground wire) is a type of cable that is used in overhead power lines.
Such cable combines the functions of grounding and communications. An OPGW cable
contains a tubular structure with one or more optical fibers in it, surrounded by layers
of steel and aluminium wire. The OPGW cable is run between the tops of high-
voltage electricity pylons. The conductive part of the cable serves to bond adjacent towers
to earth ground, and shields the high-voltage conductors from lightning strikes. The optical
fibers within the cable can be used for high-speed transmission of data, either for the
electrical utility's own purposes of protection and control of the transmission line, for the
utility's own voice and data communication, or may be leased or sold to third parties to
serve as a high-speed fiber interconnection between cities.
The optical fiber itself is an insulator and is immune to power transmission line and
lightning induction, external electrical noise and crosstalk. Typically OPGW cables
contain single-mode optical fibers with low transmission loss, allowing long distance
transmission at high speeds. The outer appearance of OPGW is similar to aluminium-
conductor steel-reinforced cable (ACSR) usually used for shield wires.
Optical Fiber Cable
 SPLICING
In fusion splicing, two fibers are
literally welded (fused) together
by an electric arc. Fusion splicing
is the most widely used method
of splicing as it provides for the
lowest insertion loss and virtually
no back reflection. Fusion
splicing provides the most
reliable joint between two fibers.
Fusion splicing is done by an
automatic machine called fusion
splicer
The SDH Equipment is considered to be divided in three parts i.e. Optical interface/SFP,
Tributary Cards ( Electrical tributaries such as E1 & Ethernet 10/100 Mbps) and Base
Equipment (Consisting of Common Cards, Control Cards, Optical base card, Power
supply cards, sub-rack, cabinet, other hardware and accessories required for installation
of equipment i.e. everything besides optical interface/SFP and tributary cards). If
bidder is offering equipment with multifunction cards such as cross-connect or control
card with optical interface/SFP or tributary interface, such type of multifunction card
shall be considered as Common control card and shall be the part of base equipment.
In case optical interface/SFP is embedded with control card, the adequate number of
optical interface/SFPs shall be offered to meet the redundancy requirements of the
specifications. Further, control card shall not be equipped with more than one optical
interface/SFP and optical base card shall not be equipped with more than two optical
interface/SFPs.
The equipment shall be configurable either as Terminal Multiplexer (TM) as well as ADM
with software settings only.
Electrical and Optical I/O Characteristics and General Parameters

Optical Wavelength - NOTE (1) 1310/1550nm

Optical Source - NOTE (2) Laser
Optical Source Lifespan Better than 5 X105 hours
Optical Fibre Type G.652 D
Optical Connectors Type FC-PC
Transmission Quality Per ITU-T G.821, G.823, G.826
Source Primary Power -48 Vdc
Equipment Specifications Per ITU-T G.783
Tributary, Electrical Interface Per ITU-T G.703, 75 Ω
Ethernet Interface 10/100 Mbps
SDH Bit Rates Per ITU-T G.703
Optical Interfaces Per ITU-T G.957, G.958
Frame and Multiplexing Structure for SDH Per ITU-T G.707
Synchronization ITU-T G.813
Management Functions Per ITU-T G.774, G.784
Protection Architectures Per ITU-T G.841
Built In Testing and Alarms Per ITU-T G.774, G.783, G.784
SYSTEM LAYERS

DWDM &
STM- 16
SDH Network Backbone Layer
Management
System

STM- 1/4 Transport Layer

PDH Network Primary Access Layer

Management (< 2Mbit/s)
System
Voice Circuits &
Data Circuits

FIBER OPTIC CABLE

SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY

Approx. Transport True Data Rate Transport Voice Chan.

Data Rate Unit Type Equiv.

2 Mbit/s E1 2.048 Mbit/s PDH 30

155 Mbit/s STM-1 155.520 Mbit/s SDH 1,890 (63 * 2Mbit/s)

622 Mbit/s STM-4 622.080 Mbit/s SDH 7,560 (252 * 2Mbit/s)

2.5G bit/s STM-16 2.488 Gbit/s SDH 30,240 (1008 * 2Mbit/s)

10 Gbit/s STM-64 9.953 Gbit/s SDH 120,960 (4032 * 2Mbit/s)

Notes: STM-1 / 155Mb = 63 * 2Mb mapped into SDH with additional overhead bits
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY

SDH SDH
STM-16 STM-16
System System

SDH STM- SDH STM-

4 System 4 System

SDH SDH
STM-1 STM-1
System System

2 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
MUX
MUX
FEATURES:

 It is a MSPP with add/drop, Terminal and

Cross-connect functionality at all network levels.
 Single sub-rack equipment and full cross-connectivity
between all interfaces.
 Capable of transporting data using GFP & LCAS technologies with the reliability and
robustness of SDH networks.

 Two different capacity Switch fabric available according to the customer need.
 L2 Ethernet services.
 SDH/PDH interfaces, 2Mbit/s, 34/45Mbit/s, STM-1 (Optical/Electrical), STM- 4 and
STM-16.
VCL-MX Version 6 - 80 E1 Multiplexer may be used for inter-connecting legacy voice and
data networks, provisioning and managing bandwidth on a E1 channelized level as well
as 64Kbps, DS-0 time-slot level and as a digital access cross-connect equipment. Due to
the changing traffic patterns, there is a need to support multiple services from the same
equipment like integrated data transport, better network management etc. E1
Multiplexer family provides the unique advantage of carrying both voice and data over
PDH. In addition to being affordable, these products have built-in modularity, which
allow easy upgradeability. This upgradeability feature allows the customer to evolve in a
“build-as-you-grow” concept. Along with the as Network Management solution the E1
Multiplexer family provides the following features:
both voice and Valiant Communications

Valiant Communications VCL-MX Version 6 - E1 Multiplexer provides the advanced

features and capabilities, listed below:
 Easy network manageability
 Lower cost per line
 Easy upgradeability
 Carrying both data and voice over PDH
 Easy integration to SDH network
 Higher reliability.
 160Mbps, 80 E1 fully non-blocking cross-connect at 64Kbps (DS-0) level (2480 DS-0 any to
 any time-slot cross-connect)
 Multi-service platform may be used to provide a wide variety of voice and data services
 from single chassis
 1+1 E1 Link Protection / E1 Port Redundancy
 1+1 Control Card Processor Redundancy
 1+1 Cross-Connect Redundancy.
 1+1 Timing (Synchronization Clock) Redundancy. User selectable synchronization priority
 1+1 input DC (-48V) Power Supply Redundancy
 1+1 Dual Power Input Redundancy – allows the equipment to be powered from two
separate
 sources
 Up to 144 FXO or 144 FXS channels per unit
 Up to 72 E&M 2-wire / 4-wire channels per unit
 Any “ mix” of data and voice channels in a single unit
 Universal Slots, slot independent system so that any type of interface card may be inserted
 and used in any card slot
 Supports R2 CAS, ITU-T Q.421 and ITU-T Q.422 signaling
 Supports CAS Custom / User Programmable ABCD Signaling
 Bit Error Rate (BER) monitoring BER thresholds to generate BER alarms automatically
 whenever alarm limits are exceeded
 Supports Long Loops of up to 1200 Ohms
Management and Monitoring:-
 RS232 Serial Port, USB serial interfaces for local terminal access
 10/100BaseT Ethernet Interface for remote access over an IP network
 Encrypted Password Protection
 Telnet – Remote access over IP links
 SSH – Secured remote access using Secure Shell Protocol over IP links
 SNMP Traps and NMS for real time remote monitoring and management over an IP network
 Automatic Link Test feature link testing at user programmable periodical intervals.

Security and Protection:-

 Secured Access via SSH V2
 Password Protection in compliance with the mandatory clauses of
 the GR-815-CORE-2 specifications for secured access control
 Maintains a log of all successful and un-successful attempts. Logged information
 includes the ID and the IP address of the accessing entities. Alerts the administrator if the un
 -successful logging attempts exceed 3.
 All access logs for up to 30 days are maintained for security audit purposes.
 Security log entry of any request or activity including that user-ID (including IP address, if
 applicable), to establish user accountability
 Report Generation / Audit Trail
 Security Administration.
PDH RACK DETAILS
 PLCC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Basic concept of the PLCC (Power Line Carrier Communication) is to utilize the EHT network as a media
of communication for both speech and data. It plays a major role in maintaining the system stability
by providing carrier aided protection of EHT lines. A pair of RF frequency within the bandwidth of
50KHz to 500KHz is selected to set up a PLCC link between any two sub-stations. These two
frequencies are assigned for transmitter & receiver frequency of the carrier terminal . Since PLCC
links operate on duplex mode, it is possible to transmit and receive at the same time in PLCC.
With the help of PLCC, it is possible to establish transmission of real time data from any sub-station to
the Central Control Station for monitoring. It also helps to establish Carrier Aided Protection System
for any segment of EHT line between two sub-stations.
Depending on the use, PLCC equipment can be divided into two categories:

Out-Door PLCC Equipment: In- Door PLCC Equipment:

•Line Trap •Carrier Terminal.
•Coupling Capacitor (CC/CVT) •48 V Battery Charger along with
•Line Matching Unit battery.
•3 Element Protective Device •E-Pax.
•Co-axial feeder cable •Protection Coupler for Carrier
Aided Protection System.
Block dig. Of PLCC
 LINE/WAVE TRAP
The purpose of Line Trap is to impart high impedance to the carrier
frequency current i.e. available in the EHT Line. It thus prevents carrier
frequency fed from the local carrier terminal to station bus. The
equipment consists of a Main coil having adequate size of conductor
suitable to carry the rated normal and short circuit power line current . It
has a tuned circuit connected in parallel with the main coil.
Wave Trap offers negligible impedance to power frequency currents and
high impedance to R>F carrier current.
 Coupling Capacitor/ Coupling Voltage
Transformer [ cvt ]
Coupling Capacitor offers
low impedance to R.F Signal
and high impedance to
power frequency current.
Thus it filters out the power
frequency voltage and
allows only R.F signal
voltage to enter the carrier
communication terminal.
Function of CVT is identical
to that of Coupling
Capacitor, excepting that a
CVT has also a potential
device to measure power
frequency voltage.
 LINE MATCHING UNIT [ LMU ]
The Line matching unit
basically consists of an
impedance transformer,
the primary and secondary
windings of which are
insulated from each other.
It has suitable capacitors
connected in series/
parallel mode to primary &
secondary windings to
form tuned circuits for
proper impedance
matching for a given
frequency band.
 3 ELEMENT PROTECTIVE DEVICE
This device is associated with the Line
Matching Unit, in conjunction with the
Coupling Capacitor. It serves the purpose of
protecting the equipment and the attending
personnel from danger through leakage of
power frequency high voltage under all
circumstances.

Basic 3-Elements of the protective device are:

•Drainage Coil
•Lightning Arrestor
•Earth Switch
 CO – AXIAL CABLE
Co- Axial Cable serves as inter connecting
wire between the LMU and the PLCC
terminal for conveying the transmitter and
receiver energy from the carrier set to the
LMU and thereby to the high voltage line
with minimum losses.
It has got a centrally laid copper conductor
with overall screening throughout the
length of the cable. At present , a co-axial
cable having impedance of 75ohm is
mainly used. It is therefore necessary to see
that cable is terminated either in the carrier
terminal or in the matching unit at the
same level of impedance to ensure
maximum transfer of RF power.
 CARRIER TERMINAL
In order to establish a PLCC link between two sub-
stations over a transmission line, 2 nos. of Carrier
terminals are required. For each terminal 1 pair of
frequency within the band of 50KHz-500KHz, are
selected as transmitter and receiver frequency of the
link of each end and vice-versa. The minimum
separation between the Tx and Rx frequency is 4KHz
or 8KHz depending on whether it is a Single Channel
or a Double Channel set.

During operation 4 KHz Bandwidth is utilized for

transmission of Speech, Data & Protection signals.

In this phenomenon of transmission, there is one

parameter called Pilot Frequency, which plays a very
vital role in transmission of pulses and AGC control
of the entire link. Pulses are transmitted from one end
to other end by means of Frequency Shift Keying [FSK]
of the pilot frequency.
DIGITAL PROTECTION COUPLER
Digital Protection Coupler is used for protection signaling through Optical Fiber Cable.
.
The Digital Protection Signaling equipment is required to transfer the trip commands from one end of the line to
the other end in the shortest possible time with adequate security and dependability.

During normal operation, protection signaling equipment shall transmit a guard signal. In case it gets actuated
by protective relays for transmission of commands, the DPC interrupts the guard signal and transmit the
command code to the remote end. The receiver then recognizes the Command code and thus generates the
command to the Protective relays of the remote end.
 Substation Automation Systems
(SAS)
The technological developments that led to the present availability
of fast, powerful microprocessors and communication systems give
us the possibility to build Substation Automation Systems (SAS).

The substation secondary equipment evolved from electro-

mechanical devices to microprocessor based numerical devices
with built in communication features.

This in turn provided the possibility of implementing SAS using

several intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) to perform the required
functions (protection, local and remote monitoring, control, etc.).

Thus, the need arose for efficient communication among the IEDs
using appropriate protocols.
 Why Automation?
To manage
• Hazardous operation
• Repetitive operation
• Complex operation

To have
• Faster response
• Quicker decisions
• Faster restoration after breakdown
Benefits

• Sequential control with interlocks

• Increased safety of personnel and of equipment
• Increased security, availability, reliability, and efficiency
• Reduced start up and shut down time
• Reduced configuration time
• Less or nil dependence on human beings
• Lower operational cost
Data Exchange in a SAS
Monitored Information:
1. Single Bit indications (alarms, events)
2. Double Bit indications (on/off status of devices)
3. Step position indication (Transformer tap position)
4. Analog measurements (voltages, currents, power, etc.,)
5. Pulse counter data (kWH, kVARH, etc.,)
6. Protection Events,
7. Sequence of event records,
8. Disturbance records,
9. IED configuration data.

Control Information:
1. Close or trip commands
2. Set point (analog output) commands
3. Regulating step command
4. Time synchronization
5. Parameter setting commands
 Connection of Digital Protection Devices
IEC 61850 - Protection / Bay Device Profile
GPS

Station controller
Control Centre SICAM PAS

IEC60870-5-101

Operator
SICAM PAS CC
Ethernet IEC 61850
IEC60870-5-101

RS8000T
SICAM miniRTU
Station bus LWL IEC 61850

RS8000T RS8000T

Ethernet IEC 61850 Ethernet IEC 61850

7SA63 7SA63 7SA63 7SA63 7SA63 6MD63 7SA63 7SA63

 WHAT IS RTU:
Remote Terminal Unit(RTU) is Microprocessor controlled electronic device.
RTU provide interface between physical world to a SCADA / Master system.
It is more suitable for wide geographical area.

Master
C&R FIELD SIGNAL PLCC/OFC Control
Panel RTU Center

LAN CABLE

LDMS
 SCADA EQPT IN SS/PH (FIELD) RTU

CTs P S UNIT
POWER
HOUSE / TRANSDUCERS AI - CARD
S.S (I, KV, MW, MVAR, PF, Hz)
YARD
PTs MEMORY

CBs CMRs DI - CARD

/ PF CONTACTORS
ISOLATORS (STATUS OF CBs, ISOLATORS)

TC INTERPOSING DO - CARD
CB RELAYS
CC
(TRIPPING , CLOSING OF CBs)
CPU
REDUNDENT COMMUNICATIN CHANNEL
(PLCC, OFC, DEDICATED BSNL
MICROWAVE, VSAT)

MASTER CONTROL CENTRE FEP / SERVER / MMI

 TRANSDUCERS

• TYPES
–Self powered ( 0 to 5 m amps)
–Auxiliary Powered ( 4 to 20 m
amps)
• Convert inputs into low power signals
( milli amps) that can be accepted by the
RTU.
. MFT(Multi function Transducer).
 Basic Data Acquisition
CT CB

PT
Potential
Field Free Contact

TRANSDUCER

DAS

RTU Ang In RTU Dig In

CMR WIRING
MFT connected with new RTU
FIELD
PH/SS DATA input
yard NC NO
RTU

C.B
SCADA

TO
FEP
POTENTIAL
FREE
&
ON OFF CONTACTS MASTER
COMPUTER
 RELAYS MANUAL
MANUAL
TC FAULT PROTECTION (AUTO)
CONTROL SCADA
ROOM T
RELAY AUTO
OFF LOGICAL
CHECKING

C.B L/R RTU

ON SWITCH
C FEP
LOCAL
M BOX
RELAY
INTER POSING
MANUAL CC RELAYS

MMI
ON OFF
COMPUTER
 Role of RTU in Electrical S/S Automation

1.Collecting, Processing and Transmitting digital signal to master.

2.Collection, Processing and Transmitting analog values to master.
3.Receiving digital commands from master and processing on that
commands.
RTU Panel:
1.It is a complete wired panel in which all CPU, different kinds of card,
power supply and other accessories installed i.e.Power Supply Unit
Distribution TBs, DI TBs, DO TBs,AI TBs,LAN Switch, PLCC Modem(For
IEC-101), HDR etc.
2.MFT: It is a multifunction transducer, which collect data from field
and report to RTU on Modbus serial protocol (RS-485).
3.OLTC: It is a transducer, which read online tap changer position and
report to master on Modbus serial protocol(RS-485).
4. PLCC Modem: It is a modem, which is use for communication
between RTU and master station control center over “Power Line
Carrier Communication “ using Frequency Shift Key(FSK) Modulation
technique.
54
 Functionality of RTU:
• Collect Digital status input & Analog inputs from physical world via
physical connection, Processing and transmitting to Master station
control center with different communication channel and protocol.

• Receiving and processing digital commands from master station.

• Accepting polling from master and report data to master

accordingly.

• RTU support different kind of protocols i.e. IEC 60870-5-101,IEC

60870-5-104 etc.
Types of Signal:

1. Hardwired signal & soft signal.

2. Hardwired signal: DI,DO & AI physical
wired terminated on RTU.
3. Soft signal: DI,DO & AI report to RTU on different
protocol standard and working on client server concept. i.e
Modbus, IEC 60870-5-101,IEC 60870-5-104, IEC 61850
& DNP 3.0.
Analog Input:
• In a substation many analog signals needs to be
monitored for all the feeders.
• MFTs are connected to each feeders and all the analog
signals are sent to the RTU by MFTs through Modbus
protocol.
• Other Transducers like weather and OLTC transducer
also send the data to the RTU as DC analog inputs in
the form of 4 to 20 mA signals.
 Digital Status Input:

• In Substation many kind of contact status need to be monitor like

Circuit breaker status, isolator status, SOEs and many more.
• Types:
Single point: Single contact two state status(1Bits)
Double point: Dual contact two state status(2 Bits)
Pulse accumulator: It is integrated total value and count pulse
high and low state
 Digital Control output:
• Master can trigger a relay in the RTU which will operate the circuit
breaker, Tap position etc.
• Types:
Two State Device: Open and Close
Variable Output Device: Multiple state i.e. Raise/Lower ( 1 to N state)
 Communication:
Master Station Communication Protocol:

•In Substation automation standard protocols use for communication

between master station.
• Standard Protocol:
IEC 60870-5-101
IEC 60870-5-104
DNP 3.0
IEC 61850
Here we will explain IEC 60870-5-101/104 protocol.
 Master Station Communication Interface:

• For communication between RTU and Master station need a

communication channel through that data is transmit.
• Types of channel:
Serial Channel
Ethernet Channel
Wireless Channel
 Introduction of Protocols:

• Modbus Serial:
• Interface: RS 485 (Serial) using differential signaling for long range.
• Type of Register: Read Input Registers and Read Holding Registers.
• Data Type: 16 Bits, 32 Bits, Integer, Floating Point, Scaled.
• Communication Settings: Register Address, Slave ID, Data Bits, stop
Bit and Parity Bit.
• IEC 60870-5-101:
• Interface : RS-232(Serial)
• Communication settings : Size of address, Data bits, Stop Bit, Parity,
Link address, ASDU address and I/O address.
• General Interrogation Group & counter Interrogation Group.
• Concepts of data reporting.
 Introduction of Protocols:

• IEC 60870-5-104:
• Interface : TCP/IP(LAN)
• Communication settings : IP address, ASDU address and IO address.
• General Interrogation Group & counter Interrogation Group.
• Concepts of data reporting.
Data Reporting concept to master station:

• Periodic Reporting
• Spontaneous Reporting
• Counter Reporting
 Scan Group:

• IEC 60870-5-101/104 have 16 periodic scan groups and 5 counter

groups.
• Periodic groups: Group 1 to Group 16.
• Counter Groups: Default , Group 1 to Group 4.
RTU make ALSTOM , Model-S900 installed under ULDC projects in
the year 2005.
Terminal server installed for dual reporting
Why S900 model RTU is required for up gradation.

• SPARE NON AVAILABILITY.

• IEC 60870-5-101 PROTOCOL.
• LDMS SYSTEM NOT AVAILABLE.
• LOW BANDWITH.
• DUAL REPORTING (MCC &BCC)FACILITY
NOT AVAILABLE.
RTU MAKE REMSDAK INSTALLED UNDER ULDC PROJECTS
REPORTING THROUGH IEC-104 PROTOCOL.
• Analog Input : KV, I, MW, MVAR, Freq ,
Temp, Pressure, energy, Tr Tap
no etc..
• Digital Input : Status Indication of CBs,
Isolators, Relays,
SOEs with time stamp

SUPERVISORY CONTROL

Digital Output : Close / open operation of

CBs, Isolators etc.,
 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF SCADA SYSTEM
Server
Server
HOT
Active Standby

LAN 1

LAN 2

MMI MMI MMI

FEP1 FEP2

COMMUNICATION LINK (PLCC, FOC,

DEDICATED BSNL ETC)

RTU RTU RTU RTU

POWER HOUSE / SUBSTATION
 Master Control Centre
Servers/Workstations / High end PCs
Redundant Servers, MMIs, LAN,
Data Storage, Commn

Communication SCADA
Protocols Field(PH/SS)
IEC, TCP/IP, ICCP
Remote Terminal Units(RTU)
Communication Media,
Transducers, CTs/PT
Leased Lines,PLCC,OFC
Pot Free Contacts
Radio ,Microwave, VSAT
Cnt Multprs, IP Relays
Hardware architecture of existing SCADA.
Server & Network Rack Layout.
 Gathers all data from field
Communication interface between several
RTU channels and the host Master Station
computer

76
 SERVER NAME
SERVER O.S SERVER O.S

SCADA RHEL 6.5 DRS Win 2K8

ICCP RHEL 6.5 WEB Win 2K8

ISR RHEL 6.5 DOMAIN Win 2K8

APPLICATION RHEL 6.5 NMS Win 2K8

DTS RHEL 6.5 SAN/BACKUP Win 2K8

77
 Process the raw data received
 Display Real Time Engg data on MMIs
 Stores Data for future usage
 Report Generation etc.,
 DATA UPLOADED IN WEB.
 HISTORICAL PLAY BACK.

COMPUTER USED BY THE SHIFT ENGINEER

1) To view Real time data in different forms
2) To execute control operations
3) To generate instant / periodical reports
4) To make modifications in pictures, data base (Programmer’s console)

78
SLD OF BIGHATI 132/33 KV S/S
TABLE2 DISPLAY
ALDC DISPLAY
ER SUMMARY
400 & 220 KV N/W Diagram
RTU STATUS SUMMARY
SYSTEM FREQUENCY GRAPH
TRENDING OF BUS VOLTAGE
TRENDING OF STATE DEMAND.
HISTORICAL REPORT GENERATION:
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
HISTORICAL PLAY BACK
ADMS IN SCADA SYSTEMS
POWER SYSTEM:
Consists of
1. Generating Stations (Govt & Pvt) (DCS)
2. Transmission (EHT Lines & SS)
(RTU/SAS)
3. Distribution (HT & LT Lines & SS) (DA)
4. LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE (ULDC)
POWER GENERATION
TRANSMISSION
DISTRIBUTION
SLDC
NEED FOR LOAD DESPATCH CENTRES

• Electricity cannot be stored ( bulk power)

• Power Generation & Utilisation have to be
simultaneous
• Hence a Centralised Organisation to Co-
ordinate the activities of Generation,
Transmission and Distribution is needed to
achieve reliability and optimum efficiency
and to derive maximum benefit from the
available sources of power.
• This Coordinating Centralised agency is
called the Load Despatch Centre.
 FUNCTIONS
• The functions and responsibilities of the
Load Despatch Department include:
1. Operation Planning (Pre-despatching)

2. Real - time System Operation

(Despacthing)
3. Review of system operation.

(Post-Despatch Activities
FUNCTIONS OF SLDC:
1. Short Term Load forecasting.
2. Generation Scheduling.
3. Real Time Operation.
a) Load Generation Balance.
b) Active Power control and reactive
Power management
c) Determination and maintaining adequate
spinning reserve in the system.
FUNCTIONS OF SLDC Contd.,

d) Monitoring Power transactions with

generating companies (State, Central,
Private) and on line trading under ABT
regime.
e) Guide Switching operations.
f) Take Steps to restore normalcy after a
system emergency.
g) Disturbance Monitoring.
FUNCTIONS OF SLDC Contd.,

Report Generation.
• Daily Generation Report.
•Hourly Generation log sheet.
•Reservoir levels and storage
• Disturbance Reports
• Violations report etc.,
FUNCTIONS OF RLDC

Data acquisition and monitoring of all transmission

system at 220KV and above and all inter state lines and all
Gen stations of above 30 MW
•.Supervisory control of inter-state lines and PGCL
400KV lines and CGS units
•Load Frequency control of entire region
•Control of Monitoring of inter-state exchange of power
•Monitoring of ABT
•Preperation and implementation of oppurtunity and
emergency power transfer between states based on
preagreed tarrif and operation guide lines
 SCADA & EMS under ULDC
• In order to overcome the said Grid problems and
effectively manage the GRID
with proper coordination among generators, Transmission
companies and Distribution companies,
• each State Load dispatch center is established with a SCADA
system
• strengthened with EMS functions .
• Implementation of ADMS systems.
 INTEGRATED OPERATION OF INDIAN POWER
SYSTEM
ALDCs: Specific Area or Zonal loads in a State are managed by
the respective Area or Sub Load Despatch Centres in a State

SLDCs: State Grids are Operated by the

respective State Load Despatch Centres.

RLDCs: The Regional grids (covering 4 or 5 states)

are operated by RLDCs
NLDC: The five Regional grids of India are monitored
and operated by National Load Despatch Centre NLDC New
Delhi
 INTEGRATED ULDC in NATIONAL GRID

NLDC

RLDCs

NRLDC ERLDC SRLDC WRLDC NERLDC

SLDCs
W.B BIHAR JHARKHAND ORISSA
DVC

SAS /RTU SAS//RTU

SAS/RTU SAS /RTU
RTUs
Configuration of Regional Grids and State Grids.
 Northern Region: Delhi, U.P, Uttaranchal, Rajastan, Punjab,
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir.

Southern Region: Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka,

Kerala and Pondicherry.

 Eastern Region: Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal &

sikkim

 Western Region: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,

Chattisgarh, Goa.

 North Eastern Region: All North Eastern States

These Regional grids are interconnected through
HVDC links.
THANK YOU