before the Christian Era and thrived almost till the 15th century.

The name ‘silk routes’ points to

the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route.
(i) Chinese pottery, textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia also travelled the same
route. In return, precious metals – gold and silver – flowed from Europe to Asia.
(ii) Trade and cultural exchange went hand in hand. Buddhism from India spread in several
directions through intersecting points on the silk routes. Early Christian missionaries travelled
this route to reach Asia and Muslim preachers took the same route a few centuries later. (any 1
illustration)

22. India with vast population and diversity represents a classic example of power sharing that
exemplifies the very spirit of democracy. Justify the statement.
Ans. Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power
with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. People have a right to
be consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where citizens,
through participation, acquire a stake in the system.

23. "Local Government is an effective way to uphold the democratic principle of decentralization."
Justify this statement with valid points.
Ans. When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to local
government, it is called decentralisation. The basic idea behind decentralisation is that there are
many problems and issues which are best settled at the local level.
(i) People have better knowledge of problems in their localities.
(ii) They also have better ideas on where to spend money and how to manage things more
efficiently.
(iii) Besides, at the local level it is possible for the people to directly participate in decision
making.
(iv) This helps to inculcate a habit of democratic participation. Local government is the best
way to realise one important principle of democracy, namely local self-government, or self-rule.
Local Government is thus an effective way to uphold the democratic principle of
decentralization. (Any two points)

24. (A) Suggest any two measures for the conservation of the forest.
Ans. (A) (i) Deforestation control: Cutting of tree should be limited and selective cutting should
be done. Young trees should not be cut down as far as possible. Harvesting should be plan and
should be optimal for the benefit of forests.
(ii) Methods of farming should be changed: Farming practices such as burn slash agriculture
should be changed because they are very harmful to the environment and forest.
(iii) Prevention from forest fire: Forest should be protected from forest fires. The dried leaves
and bark of trees must be regularly cleared out and chemicals to control fire should be available
easily.
(iv) Regulating overgrazing: Overgrazing should be regulated in order to conserve forest and
protect them from the verge of exploitation.
OR
(B) Suggest any two measures for the conservation of wildlife.
Ans. (i) Any laws that prohibit the killing or capturing of birds or animals in danger of
extinction should be passed. It must be designated as a criminal offence. These laws ought to be
upheld in their entirety and not just on paper.
(ii) Regardless of the quantity of wild birds and animals, forest authorities should not permit
their indiscriminate killing.
The natural habitats of wild animals and birds should be preserved by creating more national
parks and sanctuaries across the nation.
(iv) Every forest should regularly undergo a wildlife conservation survey by the Department of
Government. To help them during floods and famines, they should be informed about the
numbers of every wild animal and bird species.

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 (i) Cheap and affordable credit would lead to higher income.
(ii) Many people could borrow for a variety of needs
(iii) It encourages people to invest in agriculture, do business and set up small scale industries,
etc.
(iv) It enables more investment which will lead to the acceleration of economic activities.
(v) Affordable credit would also end the cycle of the debt trap. (Any three points)

SECTION – D
Questions 30 to 33 carry 5 marks each.
30. (A) Analyse the measures adopted to prevent soil erosion caused due to natural forces.
Ans. There are various measures which can be adopted to prevent soil erosion caused due to
natural forces.
(i) Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. This is
called contour ploughing.
(ii) Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion.
Western and central Himalayas have well developed terrace farming.
(iii) Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops.
This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.
(iv) Planting lines of trees to create shelter also works in a similar way. Rows of such trees are
called shelter belts. These shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilisation of sand
dunes and in stabilising the desert in western India.
(v) Natural forces like wind, glacier and water lead to soil erosion. (Any other relevant point)
OR
(B) ‘"Mohan recently bought a farm and wants to grow crops such as sugarcane, cotton, and
jowar. He is unfamiliar with the local soil types and climatic conditions.” Help him identify the
appropriate soil type and its properties for successful farming.
Ans. Black soil is ideal for growing cotton, jowar and sugarcane.
(i) This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan
plateau and is made up of lava flows.
(ii) They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh and extend in the south east direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys.
(iii) The black soils are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. They are well-known for
their capacity to hold moisture.
(iv) In addition, they are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash
and lime
(v) These soils are generally poor in phosphoric contents
(vi) They develop deep cracks during hot weather, which helps in the proper aeration of the soil.
(vii) These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the
first shower or during the pre-monsoon period. (Any five points or relevant point)

31. (A) Political parties are a necessary condition for a democracy.’ Analyse the statement with
relevant points.
Ans. In a democratic set-up, political parties are required because without political parties:
(i) Every candidate in the elections will be independent. No promises could be made, and the
utility of the government formed will remain uncertain.
(ii) No one will be responsible for running the country. Elected representatives will only be
accountable to their constituency.
(iii) There will be no agency to gather and present different views on various issues to the
government.
(iv) No one will be responsible for bringing various representatives together to form a
responsible government.
(v) There will be no mechanism to support the government, make policies and justify or oppose
them.
(Any other relevant point)
OR
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 the other side of the world instantly. This quick and easy communication helps businesses make
deals, friends stay in touch and people learn about different cultures.
(ii) Transportation: Imagine trying to send a package to another country a hundred years ago.
It would take weeks or even months! But now, with airplanes, cargo ships and high–speed
trains, we can move goods and people from one place to another in no time. This fast
transportation makes global trade possible. For example, you can order products online from
halfway around the world and they’ll arrive at your doorstep within days.
(iii) Information Access: The internet is like a giant library filled with information from all
over the world. You can learn about different cultures, languages and customs with just a few
clicks.
This easy access to information helps break down barriers between countries and promotes
understanding and cooperation.
(iv) Automation: Technology has also made production processes more efficient through
automation.
Robots and machines can do tasks faster and more accurately than humans. This helps
companies produce goods at lower costs, making them more competitive in the global market.
For instance, factories can use robots to assemble products, reducing the need for manual
labour.
(v) E–commerce: Online shopping has revolutionised the way we buy and sell goods. With e–
commerce platforms like Amazon and Alibaba, businesses can reach customers worldwide
without needing physical stores in every country. This opens up new markets and opportunities
for both sellers and buyers.
So, technology has made the world smaller by making communication faster, transportation
easier, information more accessible and production more efficient. These advancements have
fuelled the globalisation process, bringing people and countries closer together than ever before.

33. (A) How did the ideology of ‘liberalism’ affect the Europe in early nineteenth century? Explain.
Ans. (A) The ideology of liberalism allied with nationalism in the following ways:
(i) Liberalism stood for freedom for individual and equality of all before law.
(ii) It emphasised on the concept of government by consent.
(iii) It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
(iv) It believed in a constitution and representative government through Parliament.
(v) The coming of the railways further linked harnessing economic interests to national
unification as it helped stimulate mobility.
OR
Ans. (B) Explain the process of formation of ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’.
Ans. (i) Different Kingdoms: A long time ago, England, Scotland and Wales were separate
kingdoms with their own rulers and ways of doing things.
(ii) One King for Two Kingdoms: In 1603, a guy named James VI of Scotland also became
James I of England. So, he was the king of both countries, but they were still separate.
(iii) Joining Parliaments: In 1707, England and Scotland decided to join their parliaments (the
people who make the laws) together. This made them one country called Great Britain.
(iv) Wales and Ireland: Wales had already been part of England for a while and in 1801, Ireland
joined the mix. So, it became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
(v) Ireland’s Split: Later on, in 1922, Ireland split from the United Kingdom and became its own
country (except for Northern Ireland, which stayed part of the UK).
So, the United Kingdom of Great Britain formed when England and Scotland joined forces, later
adding Wales and Ireland into the mix.

SECTION – E (Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 34 to 36 carry 4 marks each.
34. Case Study – 1
Read the source given below and answer the question that follows:

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 (xi) Any other relevant point. • Don’t allow children to play in or near flood waters.
(Any five points to be explained) • Stay away from sewerage line, gutters, drains, culverts etc.
• Be careful of snakes; snakebites are common during floods.
SECTION – E (Case Study Based Questions) • Stay away from electric poles and fallen powerlines to avoid electrocution.
Questions 34 to 36 carry 4 marks each. • Don’t use wet electrical appliances-get them checked before use.
• Eat freshly cooked and dry food. Always keep your food covered.
34. Read the source given below and answer the question that follows: • Use boiled and filtered drinking water.
Print and Censorship • Keep all drains, gutters near your house clean.
The power of the printed word is most often seen in the way governments seek to regulate and • Stagnation of water can breed vector/waterborne diseases. In case of sickness, seek medical
suppress print. The colonial government kept continuous track of all books and newspapers assistance.
published in India and passed numerous laws to control the press. • Use bleaching powder and lime to disinfect the surroundings.
During the First World War, under the Defense of India Rules, 22 newspapers had to furnish (i) Mention any two essential items that should be included in a ‘family emergency kit’. (1)
securities. Of these, 18 shut down rather than comply with government orders. The Sedition (ii) Why are the items of family emergency kit important during flood situation? (1)
Committee Report under Rowlatt in 1919 further strengthened controls that led to imposition of (iii) In case of a flood, what are the recommended actions to ensure the safety of your family
penalties on various newspapers. At the outbreak of the Second World War, the Defense of and belongings? Describe any two. (2)
India Act was passed, allowing censoring of reports of war-related topics. All reports about the Ans. (i) A family emergency kit should include; a portable radio/transistor, torch, spare
Quit India Movement came under its purview. In August 1942, about 90 newspapers were batteries, a first aid box along with essential medicines, ORS, dry food items, drinking water,
suppressed. matchboxes, candles and other essential items. (any two)
(a) What method did the colonial government employ to keep track of Indian newspapers ? (1) (ii) Emergency kits typically contain items such as flashlights, batteries, first aid supplies and
(b) How did the colonial government's laws affect the press ? (1) essential medications. These supplies are crucial during a flood situation when power outages,
(c) Analyse the impact of 'Sedition Committee' on Newspapers. (2) injuries and medical emergencies may occur.
Ans. (a) (i) Colonial Government passed Vernacular Press Act and other rules to control the (iii) (a) Don’t enter into flood waters; it could be dangerous.
press. (b) Don’t allow children to play in or near flood waters.
(ii) Imposition of penalties. (c) Stay away from sewerage line, gutters, drains, culverts, etc.
(iii) Government kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers. (d) Be careful of snakes; snakebites are common during floods.
(iv) Censoring of reports of war related topics. (e) Stay away from electric poles and fallen power-lines to avoid electrocution.
(v) Any other relevant point. (f) Don’t use wet electrical appliances– get them checked before use.
(Any one point to be mentioned) (g) Eat freshly cooked and dry food. Always keep your food covered.
(b) (i) During the First World War, under the Defence of India Rules 22 newspapers had to (h) Use boiled and filtered drinking water.
furnish securities and 18 of these shut down. (i) Keep all drains, gutters near your house clean.
(ii) There were strong protest by Indians. (j) Stagnation of water can breed vector/water— borne diseases. In case of sickness, seek
(iii) Liberty of Press was lost. medical assistance.
(iv) Many people were imprisoned when they broke these laws. (k) Use bleaching powder and lime to disinfect the surroundings.
(v) Any other relevant point.
(Any one point to be mentioned) 36. Case Study – 3
(c) (i) When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned. Read the given extract and answer following questions
(ii) If the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery to HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
be confiscated. Once it is realised that even though the level of income is important, yet it is an inadequate
(iii) Any other relevant point. measure of the level of development, we begin to think of other criterion. There could be a long
list of such criterion but then it would not be so useful. What we need is a small number of the
35. Read the given extract and answer following questions most important things. Health and education indicators, such as the ones we used in comparison
Linguistic diversity of India of Kerala and Punjab, are among them. Over the past decade or so, health and education
How many languages do we have in India ? The answer depends on how one counts it. The indicators have come to be widely used along with income as a measure of development. For
latest information that we have is from the Census of India held in 2011. This census recorded instance, Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based on the
more than 1300 distinct languages which people mentioned as their mother tongues. These educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income. It would be
languages were grouped together under some major languages. For example, langu ages like interesting to look at certain relevant data regarding India and its neighbours from Human
Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Bund elkhandi, Development Report 2006.
Chhattisgarhi, Rajasthani and many others were grouped together under 'Hindi'- Even after this (i) On what basis the UNDP compares countries on Human Development? (1)
grouping, the Census found 121 major languages. Of these, 22 languages are now included in (ii) Explain Human development briefly. (2)
the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution and are therefore called 'Scheduled Languages'- (iii) Mention other aspects that should be considered in measuring human development. (1)
Others are called 'Non-Scheduled Languages'. In terms of languages, India is perhaps the most Ans. (i) Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based on the
diverse country in the world. educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
(a) How many languages were recorded as mother tongues in the 2011 Census of India ? (1) (ii) Human development is a process of enhancing the range of people’s choices, increasing
(b) How were the languages grouped together in the Census report ? (1) their opportunities for education, health care, income, and empowerment. It also covers the full
range of human choices from a sound physical environment to economic, political, and social
freedom. (Any other relevant points)
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 (vi)Democratic governments accommodate various social divisions. (ii) A coal mine in Jharkhand. --Bokaro
(vii)Equal political rights, freedom of speech and expression enhance dignity of citizens and (iii) The tallest dam in India. --Tehri Dam.
transform them from the status of subject into that of a citizens. (iv) A seaport located in West Bengal --.Haldia
(viii)Any other relevant point.
(Any five points to be analyzed)
OR
(b) Democracy accommodates social diversities. Analyse.
Ans. Democracy can better accommodate various social divisions
(i) Accommodation of social diversity in democracy helps the citizens to lead a peaceful and
harmonious life. For example, Belgium successfully negotiated differences among ethnic
populations.
(ii) Democracies usually develop a procedure to accommodate competition amongst various
social groups.
(iii) Democracies are better able to evolve mechanism to handle and negotiate the social
differences, divisions and conflicts.
(iv) Majority works with minority so that governments function to represent general view.
(v) It is tried that rule of majority doesn’t become rule of majority community in terms of
religion, race or language etc.
(vi) Every citizen gets a chance of being in majority at some point of time.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
(Any five points to be analyzed)

32. (a) Explain the rising importance of the tertiary sector in India.
Ans. (i) In any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and
telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations,
defense, transport, banks, insurance companies, etc. are required. These can be considered as
basic services.
(ii) In a developing country the government has to take responsibility for the provision of these
services.
(iii) The development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services such as
transport, trade, storage and the like.
(iv) Greater the development of the primary and secondary sectors, more would be the demand
for such services.
(v) As income levels rise, certain sections of people start demanding many more services like
eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc.
(vi) Over the past decade or so, certain new services such as those based on information and
communication technology have become important and essential. The production of these
services has been rising rapidly.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
(Any five points to be explained)
OR
(b) Explain the difference between organized and unorganized sectors.
Ans.
Organised Unorganised
(i) Covers those enterprises or places of work (i) The unorganised sector is characterised by
where the terms of employment are regular. small and scattered units which are largely
Therefore people have assured work outside the control of the government.
(ii) They have to follow some rules and (ii) There are rules and regulations but they are
regulations which are given in various laws not followed
such as Factory Act, Minimum Wages Act,
Payment of Gratuity Act, Shops and
Establishments Act etc
(iii) It is called organised because it has some (iii) This sector includes a large number of
formal processes and procedures. people who are employed on their own doing
small jobs such as selling on the street or

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 Questions 25 to 29 carry 3 marks each. (iv) Activities in the private sector are guided by the motive to earn profits while public sector is
25. "People can have different developmental goals." Explain the statement with examples. not just to earn profits.
Ans. (i) Social and cultural needs of every person are different and so are goals. (v) Railways, post office are examples of public sector while Tata Steel and Reliance are
(ii) A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother and that he also shares in the examples of private sector. (Any two points)
household work but her brother may not like this.
(iii) Industrialists may want more dams to get more electricity. 24. “Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand”. Justify
(iv) The people around those water bodies -like tribals, may prefer small check dams or tanks to your answer with examples
irrigate their lands. Ans. Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand. For
(v) Any other relevant point. instance, the agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its
(Any three points to be explained.) productivity. They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products such as
irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools,
26. How is planning a widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources? Explain with etc. to the farmers.
examples.
Ans. (i) Planning helps in identifying the available resources and allocating them efficiently SECTION – C
across various sectors. Questions 25 to 29 carry 3 marks each.
(ii) It ensures maximising their utility and minimising wastage during activities. 25. Over the forty years between 1973-74 and 2013-14, while production in all the three sectors has
(iii) Planning allows for a balanced development of different egions and sectors within the increased, it has increased the most in the tertiary sector. As a result, in the year 2013-14, the
country. tertiary sector has emerged as the largest producing sector in India replacing the primary sector.
(iv) By prioritizing areas that need development the most, planning ensures that resources are Why do you think tertiary sector has become so popular in India? Support your answer giving
distributed equitably. For instance, the planned development during the Green Revolution any 3 reasons
focused on enhancing agricultural productivity in regions that were lagging behind. Ans. (i) In any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and
(v) Planning involves setting long-term goals and creating strategies to achieve them. telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations,
(vi) Planning facilitates the development of infrastructure such as roads, railways, ports, and defence, transport, banks, insurance companies, etc. are required, these can be considered as
communication networks. This infrastructure supports economic activities and enhances basic services. In a developing country the government must take responsibility for the
connectivity, leading to overall development. provision of these services.
(vii) Any other relevant point (ii) The development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services such as
(Any three points to be explained) transport, trade, storage and the like, as we have already seen. Greater the development of the
primary and secondary sectors, more would be the demand for such services.
27. Why should Indian farmers practice crop rotation ? Explain any three reasons. (iii) As income levels rise, certain sections of people start demanding many more services like
Ans. (i) To increase crop yield. eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc. You
(ii) To protect fertility of soil. can see this change quite sharply in cities, especially in big cities.
(iii) To diversify their crop. (iv) Over the past decade or so, certain new services such as those based on information and
(iv) To increase their income. communication technology have become important and essential. The production of these
(v) Any other relevant point services has been rising rapidly.
(Any three points to be explained.) Nevertheless, the service sector in India employs many different kinds of people. At one end
(Any other view of the candidates may also be considered related to crop rotation.) there are a limited number of services that employ highly skilled and educated workers. At the
other end, there are a very large number of workers engaged in services such as small
28. Explain any three responsibilities carried out by the political parties in a democracy. shopkeepers, repair persons, transport persons, etc. These people barely manage to earn a living
Ans. (i) Political Parties contest elections. and yet they perform these services because no alternative opportunities for work are available
(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. to them. Hence, only a part of this sector is growing in importance.
(iii) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. ( Any THREE points)
(iv) Parties form and run the government.
(v) Parties recruit and train the leaders. 26. Women empowerment has greatly improved their status in society over the years. Give any
(vi) Parties play the role of opposition. three examples to prove the statement.
(vii) Parties shape public opinion. Ans. Women empowerment has taken leaps and bounds from yesteryears to the present. We can
(viii) Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented see the following developments:
by governments. (i) Passing of Women Reservation Bill, 2023
(ix) Any other relevant point. (ii) Improved literacy rates
(Any three points to be explained) (iii) Women have equal rights as men on their father’s property.
(iv) Women could be seen in all the fields of development- science, economy, education, media,
29. (a) Analyse the economic impacts of the Non-Cooperation Movement. corporate etc. (Any other point can be considered)
Ans. (i) Boycott of Foreign Goods
(ii) Development of Indigenous Industries 27. ‘Manufacturing industries are considered the backbone of economic development.’ Justify the
(iii) Decline in Revenue for British Companies statement.
(iv) Adverse impact on Government Revenue
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 secure. People can be asked to leave without any reason. When there is less work, such as
19. Refer to the following countries with federal political system and choose the correct option : during some seasons, some people may be asked to leave.
I. United States of America II. China III. Japan IV. India (iii) A lot also depends on the whims of the employer. This sector includes many people who
Options: are employed on their own doing small jobs such as selling on the street or doing repair work.
(a) Only I and II are correct. (b) Only II and III are correct.
(c) Only III and IV are correct. (d) Only I and IV are correct. SECTION – D
Ans. (d) Only I and IV are correct. (United States of America and India) Questions 30 to 33 carry 5 marks each.
Explanation: The United States and India are both federal systems, where powers are divided
between central and state governments. China and Japan have unitary systems of government. 30. (a) Miss X wants to start a savoury food store in her village. She wants to supplement her
income to raise the standard of living of her family. How, do you think, self-help groups can
20. Which one of the following is a fundamental principle of democracy ? help, support your answer with reasons?
(a) Rule of single individual Ans. Self Help Groups help the poor to become self-reliant in terms of savings and generating
(b) Rule with hereditary norms income.
(c) Rule of people with freedom (i) Can avail the facilities of loans from formal sources like banks at a low rate of interest.
(d) Rule of military chiefs (ii) They do not demand collateral and so she can easily access.
Ans. (c) Rule of people with freedom (iii) Self-help groups are exclusively meant for rural women like Miss X to make them
Explanation: A democratic system is based on the rule of the people, where citizens have the economically independent through self-employment opportunities.
freedom to make choices and participate in decision-making processes. (iv) This will help her to start and expand her business and thus improving the standard of
living.
(v) Skill development: SHGs in India have also been successful in providing skill development
SECTION – B and training opportunities to women. Through training programs, she can be equipped with the
Questions 21 to 24 carry 2 marks each.
necessary skills to start and run a successful business.
21. Analyse the role of Information and Communication Technology in making globalization (vi) Social empowerment. By providing a platform for women to come together, share their
possible. experiences, and support each other, SHGs have empowered women to take charge of their lives
Ans. (i) In recent times, technology in the areas of telecommunications, computers, Internet has and become active participants in their communities.
been changing rapidly. (Any other relevant points)
(ii) Telecommunication facilities (telegraph, telephone including mobile phones, fax) are used OR
to contact one another around the world, to access information instantly, and to communicate (b) Money by providing the crucial intermediate step eliminates the need for double coincidence
from remote areas. of wants. Justify the statement highlighting the significance of the modern form of money in
(iii) This has been facilitated by satellite communication devices. India.
(iv) Computers have now entered almost every field of activity. Ans. (i) In a barter system where goods are directly exchanged without the use of money,
(v) With the help of Internet, information can be obtained and shared double coincidence of wants is an essential feature. In contrast, in an economy where money is
(vi) Internet also allows us to send instant electronic mail (e-mail) and talk (voice-mail) across in use, money by providing the crucial intermediate step eliminates the need for double
the world at negligible costs. coincidence of wants.
(vii) Any other relevant point. (ii) People with the help of money can purchase whatever he needs. No goods or other items are
(Any two points to be analysed.) needed for exchange anymore. Since money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process, it
is called a medium of exchange.
22. (a) Differentiate between Primitive Subsistence and Commercial Farming. (iii) Modern forms of money include currency — paper notes and coins. Unlike the things that
Ans. Primitive subsistence: were used as money earlier, modern currency is not made of precious metals such as gold, silver
(i) Primitive subsistence agriculture is practiced on small patches of land with the help of and copper. And unlike grain and cattle, they are neither of everyday use. The modern currency
primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks and family/ community labour. is without any use of its own.
(ii) This type of farming depends upon monsoons, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of (iv) It is accepted as a medium of exchange because the currency is authorised by the
other environmental conditions to the crops grown. government of the country. In India, the Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf
(iii) It is ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and produce crops. When of the central government. As per Indian law, no other individual or organisation is allowed to
soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. issue currency. Moreover, the law legalises the use of rupee as a medium of payment that cannot
(iv) Crops are produced to sustain the family. be refused in settling transactions in India. No individual in India can legally refuse a payment
(v) It is labour intensive farming, since most of the activities are done by human labour. made in rupees. Hence, the rupee is widely accepted as a medium of exchange.
(vi) Land fertility is low as fertilizers are not used. (Any other relevant point)
(vii) This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of soil through natural process.
Commercial Farming: 31. (A) How is energy a basic requirement for economic development? Explain.
(i) In this type of farming higher dose of modern inputs is used. Ans. (A) (i) Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.
(ii) High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides etc. are (ii) Every sector of the national economy needs the input of energy.
used obtain higher productivity. (iii) Energy is a necessity for economic progress. Agriculture, industrial, transportation,
(iii) The degree of commercialization of agriculture varies from one region to another. For commercial and residential sectors require energy inputs.
example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab and it is a subsistence crop in (iv) Economic development plans launched since independence have necessitated growing
Odisha. amount of energy to keep them running
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 (ii) Romantics such as the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) claimed
that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people – das volk. It was
through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation (volksgeist) was
popularised. So collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the project
of nation-building.
(iii) The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was not just to
recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message to large
audiences who were mostly illiterate. This was especially so in the case of Poland, which had
been partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers – Russia, Prussia and
Austria.
(iv) Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, national feelings were
kept alive through music and language. Karol Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national
struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into
nationalist symbols.
(v) Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After the
Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language
was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which
was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use
language as a weapon of national resistance. Polish was used for Church gatherings and all
religious instruction. As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to
Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. The use
of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.
OR
(b) ‘The Treaty of Vienna depicted the spirit of conservatism.’ Substantiate the statement with
key features of the treaty.
Ans. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of
conservatism. The representatives of the four great European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia
and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for
Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The result was
the Treaty of Vienna of 1815.
(i) Its object was to undo the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic
wars and to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and create a new
conservative order in Europe. Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of
Ans. (i) (A) Dandi state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property, and the family –
(B) Madras should be preserved.
(ii) (a) Odisha (ii) The Bourbon dynasty, (deposed during the French Revolution) was restored to power.
(b) Mumbai France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
(c) Amritsar (iii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent it from expansion in
(d) Uttar Pradesh future. For example, kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the
north. Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
(iv) Prussia was given territories on its western frontiers. Austria was given control of northern
Italy. The German confederation of 39 states set up by Napoleon was left untouched.
(v) In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and
create a new conservative order in Europe.

SECTION – E (Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 34 to 36 carry 4 marks each.
34. Case Study – 1
Read the source given below and answer the question that follows:
Printed Words
This is how Mercier describes the impact of the printed word and the power of reading in
one of his books:
‘Anyone who had seen me reading would have compared me to a man dying of thirst who was
gulping down some fresh, pure water.... Lighting my lamp with extraordinary caution, I threw

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