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UNIT V
Basic nstruments

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Principle of instruments:

All electrical measuring instruments depend for their action on one of the many physical effects of
an electric current or potential and are generally olassified according to which of these effects is
utilized in their operation. The effects generally utilized are:
1. Magnetic effect-for ammeters and voltmeters usually.
2. Electro dynamic effect-for ammeters and voltmeters usually.
3. Electromagnetic effect-for ammeters, voltmeters ,wattmeters and watt hour meters.
4. Thermal effect-for ammeters and voltmeters.
5. Chemical effect-for d.c.ampere-hour meters.
6. Electro static effect-for voltmeter sonly

Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC): A moving coil instrument consists basicallyy of a permanent
magnet to provide a magnetic field and a small lightweight coil is wound on a rectangular soft iron core
that is free to rotate around its vertical axis. When a current is passed through the coil windings, a torque
is developed on the coil by the interaction of the magnetic field and the field set up by the current in the
coil. The aluminum pointer attached to rotating coil and the pointer moves around the calibrated scale
indicates the deflection of the coil

Scale

ScaleT
Spring
PIvor
pointer

Pointer

Balaneee
Control welgh
permanent magnet spring

rotating coil of N turns

spring )
statlonary Iron core
Permauent Magnet Moving Coll Instrument.

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Principle of operation: the interaction between the induced field and the field produced by the
permanent magnet causes a deflecting torque, which results in rotation of the coil.

Deflecting Torque:
It the coil is
carrying a current of, the force on a coil side =.i amp BilN (newton, N).
Torque due to both coil sides =2rBil Nm= Gi Nm
Controlling Torque: The value of control torque depends on the mechanical design of the control device.
For spiral springs and strip suspensions, the controlling torque is directly proportional to the
deflection of the coil.ie Control torque =Co angle of

Damping Torque:
It is
provided by the induced currents in a metal former or core on which the coil is
circuit of the coil itself. As the coil moves wound or in the
in the field of the
in the metal former or core. permanent magnet, eddy currents are set
up
The magnetic field
coil. The pointer will therefore produced by the eddy currents opposes the motion of
the
swing more slowly to its proper position and come to rest
very little oscillation. quickly with
rotates in magnetic field,
Electromagnetic damping is caused by the induced effects in the
moving coil as it
provided the coil forms part of closed electric circuit.
Moving Iron Instruments:
The deflecting torque
in any moving-iron instrument is due
to forces on a small
soft iron that is
magnetized by a coil carrying the operating current. In piece of magnetically
instrument consists of two repulsion type moving-iron
cylindrical soft iron vanes mounted within a fixed
iron vane is held fixed to the coil
frame and other is free to current-carrying coil. One
irons lie in the rotate, carying with it the pointer shaft. Two
magnetic field produced by the coil that consists of only few turns if
ammeter or of many turns if the the instrument is an
instrument is a voltmeter. Current in the coil
become magnetized and induces both vanes to
repulsion between the similarly magnetized vanes
produces
proportional to the square of the current in the coil, proportional
rotation. The deflecting torque is a

instrument reading is a true 'RMS'

quantity Rotation is opposed by a hairspring that making the
the
restoring torque. Only the fixed coil carries load current, and it is produces
transient current. Moving iron instruments constructed so as to withstand high
lower range of calibration.
having scales that are nonlinear and some what
crowded in the

Pointer

air Sprig
Scale Piston

Coll K rPointer
. Air
Fixed Cylindrical Shat Attached damplng
chamber
Coll u M o v i n g Vane
EE

Ba
we
lanc
Moving Iron
Coll Leads to
Meter Terminais control welght

Moving Fix Coil

Iron Vane Iron Vane
Attraction type
Repulsion type.

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Attraction type instrument

consists of a few soft iron discs (B) that are fixed to the n
Jeweled bearings. The spindle spinale eiht
(D) also carries a pointer (P), a balance weight (Wi), veight
(W2) and a damping
piston which moves in a curved fixed aCOn in
iron discs is for cylinder (F). The special snape
obtaining a scale of suitable form.

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