Regulation 2019 Academic Year 2023-2024

IFET COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
19UMEPC603- HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
UNIT: II CONVECTION
Free and Forced Convection - Hydrodynamic and Thermal Boundary Layer. Convection during
external flow and internal flow over Plates and Cylinders Continuity, momentum and energy
equations - thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layer- Forced convection cooling of electronic
devices.

PART A

Free and Forced Convection

1. Define Convection. (R)
2. Differentiate forced convection and Natural convection. (U)
3. State Newton’s law of convection. (R)
4. How is the hydrodynamic entry length defined for a tube? Is the entry length (A)
longer in laminar or turbulent flow?
5. Interpret the important of Reynolds analogy in view of heat transfer. (A)
6. How does surface roughness affect the pressure drop in a tube when flow is (A)
turbulent?
7. What is overall heat transfer coefficient? (R)
Hydrodynamic and Thermal Boundary Layer.
8. What is hydrodynamic boundary layer? (U)
9. Write about the term velocity boundary layer. (U)
10. Is viscosity acting in liquid or gases? Justify (A)
11. Indicate the concept or significance of boundary layer. (U)
12. What is the significance of Dimensional Number? (U)
13. State Buckingham π theorem. (R)
14. What are all the advantages of dimensional analysis? (U)
15. State the limitations of dimensional analysis? (U)
16. Define Reynolds number (Re). (R)
17. Under what condition does natural convection enhance to the forced convection (A)
heat transfer?
18. Sketch the boundary development of a flow. (S)
19. Will the heat flux be higher near the inlet or near the exit of the tube in a (A)
laminar forced convection?
20. What is meant by Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids? (U)
21. Write about the term about skin friction coefficient. (U)
22. Discuss about viscous sub-layer and buffer layer. (U)
Free and ForcedConvection during external flow over Plates and Cylinders and
Internal flow through tubes
23. Under what conditions velocity, thermal, and concentration boundary layers are (A)
termed analogous?
24. Draw the velocity and temperature profiles for free convection on a hot vertical (S)
Regulation 2019 Academic Year 2023-2024

plate.
25. Do we expect heat transfer to change with transition from a laminar to a (A)
turbulent boundary layer? If so, how?
26. In which mode heat transfer coefficient is higher? Justify (A)
27. What is the Effect of Surface Roughness in turbulent flow? (U)
28. Write about Combined Laminar and Turbulent Flow in convection process. (U)
29. Interpret special approximations may be made for conditions within thin (A)
velocity and thermal boundary layers?
30. How does the Prandtl number's value affect relative growth of the velocity and (A)
thermal boundary layers for laminar flow over a surface?

PART B (16 MARKS)

Free and Forced Convection
1. In a straight tube of 50 mm diameter, water is flowing at 15m/s. The (16) (A)
tube surface temperature is maintained at 60 oC and the flowing water is
heated from the inlet temperature 15 oC to an outlet temperature of 45oC.
Calculate the heat transfer coefficient from the tube surface to water
and length of the tube.
2. (A) A horizontal heated plate measuring 1.5 m x 1.1 m and at 215 oC, (06) (A)
facing upwards is placed in still air at 25 oC. Calculate the heat loss by
1/4
natural conversion. Use the relation
h=3 .05 T ( f) ,Tf = Mean film
temperature.
(B) Explain the velocity and thermal boundary layer for flow over a (10) (U)
horizontal flat plate.
3. Water at 60oC and a velocity of 2cm/sec flows over a 5m long flat plate (16) (A)
which is maintained at a temperature of 20 oC. Determine the total drag
force and the rate of heat transfer per unit width of the entire plate.
4. A horizontal pipe of 6m length and 8 cm diameter passes through a (16) (A)
large room in which the air and walls are at 18 oC and 70oC respectively.
Find the rate of heat loss from the pipe by natural convection.
5. Castor oil at 30oC flows at a velocity of 1.5m/s part a flat plate, in a (16) (A)
certain process. If the plate is 4 m long and is maintained at a uniform
temperature of 90oC, calculate the following:
 The hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thicknesses on one
side of the plate.
 The total drag force per unit width on one side of the plate’
 The local heat transfer coefficient at the trailing edge it is heart
transfer rate; properties of oil at 60oC are
ρ= 956.8 kg/m3;k =0.213 W/mK; υ= 0.6¿ 10-4 m2/s;
α =7 . 2×10−8 m 2 / s
6. (A) A vertical plate of 0.7 m wide and 1.2 m height maintained at a (08) (A)
temperature of 90oC in a room at 30 oC. Calculate the convective heat
loss.
(B) Calculate the heat transfer from 60 W incandescent bulbs at 115 oC (08) (A)
to ambient air at 25oC. Assume the bulb as a sphere of 50 mm
Regulation 2019 Academic Year 2023-2024

diameter. Also find the % of power lost by free convection.

Hydrodynamic and Thermal Boundary Layer
7. Atmospheric air at 30oC flows with a velocity of 4 m/s over a 1.5 m (16) (A)
long flat plate whose temperature is 130oC. Determine the average heat
transfer coefficient and the rate of heat transfer for plate width of 1m.
8. A steam pipe 80 mm in diameter is covered with 30 mm thick layer of (16) (A)
insulation which has a surface emissivity of 0.94. The insulation surface
temperature is 85oC and the pipe is placed in atmospheric air at 15 oC. If
the heat is lost both by radiation and free convection, find
(i) The heat loss from 5 m length of the pipe.
(ii) The overall heat transfer coefficient.
(iii)Heat transfer coefficient due to radiation
9. Air at 30oC flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 2 m/s. The plate is 2m (16) (A)
long and 1.5 m wide. Calculate the following:
(i) Hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thickness at the trailing
edge of the plate
(ii) Total drag force,
(iii) Total mass flow rate through the boundary layer between
x=40 cm and x= 85 cm.
10. Air at atmospheric pressure and 200°C flows over a plate with velocity (16) (A)
of 5 m/s. The plate is 15 mm wide and is maintained at a temperature of
120°C. Calculate the thickness of hydrodynamic and thermal boundary
layers and the local heat transfer co-efficient at a distance of 0.5 m from
the leading edge. Assume that the flow is on one side of the plate. ρ =
0.815 kg/m3 ; µ= 24.5x 10-6 Ns/m2 : Pr= 0.7 K=0.0364W/mK
11. Air at 20oC at atmospheric pressure flows over a flat plate at avelocity (16) (A)
of 3.5 m/s. Ifthe plate is 0.5 m wide and at 60 oC, calculate the following
at x=0.400 m.
a) Boundary layer thickness.
b) Local friction coefficient.
c) Average friction coefficient.
d) Shearing stress due to friction.
e) Thermal boundary layer thickness.
f) Local convective heat transfer coefficient.
g) Average convective heat transfer coefficient.
h) Rate of heat transfer by convection.
i) Total drag force on the plate.
j) Total mass flow rate through the boundary.
Free and Forced Convection during external flow over Plates and Cylinders and
Internal flow through tubes.
12. A vertical pipe of 12 cm outer diameter, 2.5 m long, at a surface (16) (A)
temperature of 120oC is in a room where the air is at 20 oC. Calculate
the heat loss per metre length of the pipe.
13. Atmospheric air at 275 K and a free stream velocity of 20 m/s flows (16) (A)
over flat plate 1.5 m long that is maintained at a uniform temperature
of 325 K. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient over a region
Regulation 2019 Academic Year 2023-2024

where the boundary layer is laminar, the average heat transfer

coefficient over the entire length of the plate and the total heat transfer
rate from the plate to the air over the length 1.5 m width 1 m. Assume
transition occurs at Rec=2X 105.
14. (A) 2 cm diameter tube having a relative roughness of 0.001 is (08) (A)
maintained at constant wall temperature of 90 oC. Water enters the
tube at 40oC and leaves at 60oC. If the entering velocity is 3 m/s,
calculate the length of the tube necessary to accomplish the heating.
(B) A fine wire having a diameter of 0.02 mm is maintained at a (08) (A)
constant temperature of 54oC by electric current. The wire is exposed
to air at 1 bar and 0oC. Calculate the electric power necessary to
maintain the wire temperature if the length is 50 cm.
15. (A) A 6 m long section of 8 cm diameter horizontal hot water pipe (12) (A)
passes through a large room whose temperature is 20°C. If the outer
surface temperature and emissivity of the pipe are 70°C and 0.8
respectively, determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe by
i. Natural convection
ii. Radiation
(B) Considering a heated vertical plate in quiescent fluid, draw the (04) (U)
velocity and temperature profile.
16. (A) A long 10 cm diameter steam pipe whose external surface (08) (A)
temperature is 110°C passes through some area that is not protected
against the winds. Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe per
unit length when air is at 1 atm and 10°C and the wind is blowing
across the pipe at a velocity of 8 m/s.
(B). An air stream at 0°C is flowing along a heated plate at 90°C at a (08) (A)
speed of 75 m/s. The plate is 45 cm long and 60cm wide. Calculate the
average values of friction coefficient for the full length of the plate.
Also calculate the rate of energy dissipation from the plate.