CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Falguni Patel et. al. (2017) performed review study on Buckling Analysis of Lattice
Transmission Tower. Different types of premature failures that were observed during full-scale
testing of transmission line towers at Tower Testing and Research Station, Structural
Engineering Research Centre, Chennai (CSIR-SERC) are studied, and the results are discussed in
detail. Due to the complicated load conditions and the nonlinear interaction among the large
number of structural components, accurate structural analysis of the LTT systems has been a
challenging topic for many years. Still today there are some gaps between research and industrial
practice. This study presents a summary of research outcomes from current literature.

Hadimani et. al. (2017) Performed static and dynamic analysis of transmission line tower (X
type of bracing system). The analysis and modeling of tower is carried out using FE based
ANSYS software. The model is created in CATIA and then imported to ANSYS workbench. The
loads acting on the tower considered are dead load, live load and dynamic loads (Seismic and
wind). The existing tower has height of 40m, which includes ground clearance, maximum sag of
the conductor, vertical spacing between conductor wire. Static and dynamic analysis is carried
out in detail using FE based ANSYS software. Static, modal, response spectrum and wind
analysis is performed. The wind pressure depends on the gust response factor, which increases
with height. The behavior of existing tower (X type of bracing) is analyzed for different analysis.
The maximum deformation, combined stresses, natural frequencies and direct stress are obtained
and plotted graphically.

Vinotha Jenifer et. al. (2017) studied the efficient member cross section suitable for the
telecommunication tower by carrying out a comparative analysis of telecommunication towers
with different member cross section for different heights. The towers are modelled and modal
analysis has been carried out for various member cross sections of telecommunication towers for
four different heights using FEA package ANSYS Workbench. As a result, frequencies are
compared for different member cross section for the corresponding mode shapes. The results of
this comparative analysis demonstrate the efficiency of a particular member cross section of
tower which can be adopted for communication purposes.

Harshil Patel et. al. (2017) performed comparative analysis of circular monopole towers between
two widely used configurations straight and tapered. For this study, the authors have also applied
the latest finite element solution capability of general purpose software ANSYS Workbench with
integrated multiple simulation schematic environment to carry out static structural analysis along
with modal analysis and linear buckling analysis. At the last, the comparative advantages of
tapered configuration over straight are drawn. it can be said that tapered circular section is more
useful as compared with straight circular section. For the tapered section there is a less total
deformation as well as lesser amount of Normal Stress and Von-misses Stress.

Emil veg et. al. (2017) describes a methodology for transmission tower 3D modelling. The task
was to develop a virtual 3D model, corresponding to the real structure, which will be subjected to
structural analysis in ANSYS software. The process of 3D modelling is crucial for this kind of
computer analysis. It requires precise key point coordinates defining. Not only the important
points of the structure, but also the points of interest for the future structural analysis have to be
defined. This means that model developer should be familiar with the structural analysis so he
could form adequate key points in advance.

Zarina Itam et. al. (2016) A static analysis using STAAD Pro was conducted to indicate the
joint with the maximum stress. This joint will then be explicitly analyzed in ANSYS using the
Finite Element Method. Three approaches were used in the software which are the simple plate
model, bonded contact with no bolts, and beam element bolts. Results from the joint analysis
show that stress values increased with joint details consideration. This proves that joints and
connections play an important role in the distribution of stress within the transmission tower. As
conclusion, the consideration of joint detailing in the analysis of transmission tower is effective,
and can dramatically increase the stress produced at the members.

Shivam Panwar et. al. (2016) design and analysis of the considered power system has been
done using STAAD.ProV8i. Under the design and analysis of the system, the effect of wind and
earthquake loads were studied and the results so obtained were compared for wind zones II and
IV (seismic zone IV) for the same configuration of tower. Delhi and Panjim have same seismic
zone but there is a lot of difference in the basic wind speed as Panjim is a coastal area, so this
study plays a very important in terms of wind loading. The analysis results have been supplied to
the management of the considered system for taking appropriate decisions regarding the
improvement of power system design. The comparative analysis is carried out with respect to
axial force, deflections maximum sectional properties and critical load condition for both the
locations.
Murahari Krishna (2016) determined the static response and corresponding stress resultants of
transmission tower structure due to wind load at one static instant time on vertical and
transversely position of transmission tower using ANSYS. Also studied free vibrational or modal
analysis characteristics of the transmission tower by determine the frequencies and mode shapes
of transmission tower using ANSYS and validating the finite element based results with closed
form solution. At last elaborate study on the transient dynamic analysis of transmission tower
using ANSYS with emphasis on the evaluation of dynamic response of transmission tower due to
time varying wind load with various wind velocity like displacement and axial force.

Varakavi et. al. (2016) studied transmission line towers should be designed considering both
structural and electrical requirements for a safe and economical design. Modeling of
transmission tower by using finite element method. Further determine the static response and
corresponding stress resultants of transmission tower structure due to wind load at one static
instant time on vertically and transversely position of transmission tower using ANSYS. Also
studied free vibrational or modal analysis characteristics of the transmission tower by
determining the frequencies and mode shapes of transmission tower using ANSYS and
validating the finite element based results with closed form solution. At last elaborate study on
the transient dynamic analysis of transmission tower using ANSYS with emphasis on the
evaluation of dynamic response of transmission tower due to time varying wind load with
various wind velocity.

Wang et. al. (2016) a structural optimization model for wind turbine towers has been developed
based on a combined parametric FEA (finite element analysis) and GA (genetic algorithm)
model. The top diameter, bottom diameter and thickness distributions of the tower are taken as
design variables. The optimization model minimizes the tower mass with six constraint
conditions, i.e. deformation, ultimate stress, fatigue, buckling, vibration and design variable
constraints. After validation, the model has been applied to the structural optimization of a 5MW
wind turbine tower. The results demonstrate that the proposed structural optimization model is

capable of accurately and effectively achieving an optimal structural design of wind turbine
towers, which significantly improves the efficiency of structural optimization of wind turbine
towers. The developed framework is generic in nature and can be employed for a series of
related problems, when advanced numerical models are required to predict structural responses
and to optimize the structure.

Boshra Eltaly et. al. (2014) Two FE models were developed in the current research to study the
nonlinear behavior of electrical transmission towers under static load. The tower was modeled by
the 2-node three-dimensional L-section beam finite elements and both of the geometrical and
material nonlinearities were considered in the current FE simulations. Model 1 did not consider
the eccentricity of connections for the tower members and the joint slippage. In model 2, both of
the eccentricity of connections for the tower members and the joint slippage were modeled. The
FE simulations results were compared with the previous published results of the full-scale
experimental tests and the numerical solutions that were carried out on two different towers.

Li-Jeng et. al. (2014) studied dynamic analysis of self-supporting power transmission tower
using ANSYS. Based on the finite element method (FEM), we employ Beam-4 element to build
the numerical model of the tower. Then typical numerical example is considered and the first
leading six fundamental frequencies and periods of the tower crane obtained by ANSYS are
obtained and checked by the use of SAP2000. The associated mode shapes obtained from these
two softwares are also presented and compared. Furthermore, the time histories of transmission
tower frame subjected to 1940 El Centro and 1995 Kobe earthquake are conducted, respectively.
Maximal displacements, velocities and accelerations are reported.

Magalhaes Junior et. al. (2016) studied the self-supporting truss towers used to support large
wind turbines. The goal is to evaluate and validate numerically by finite element method the
structural analysis when the lattice structures of the towers of wind turbines are subjected to
static loads and these from common usage. The results obtained for freestanding lattice tower are
compared with the information of a tubular one designed to support the generator with the same
characteristics. At the end of this work it was possible to observe the feasibility of using lattice
towers that proved better as its structural performance but with caveats about its dynamic
performance since the appearance of several other modes natural frequency thus reducing the
intervals between them in low frequency and theoretically increase the risk of resonance.

Xiangzan Xie et. al. (2014) studied about the finite element method to establish a large-scale
three-dimensional model of the transmission tower space, computational analysis of the
transmission tower structure first six buckling modes and critical load, examined the order
buckling mode characteristics. Research on the structural stability of large power transmission
tower design has some theoretical significance and application value. through the high-voltage
transmission tower buckling analysis to study the high-voltage transmission tower each order
buckling mode and the corresponding critical load. The results show that the transmission tower
structure design, can meet the strength, stiffness and stability design requirements, safe and
reliable.

Renju Chandran et. al. (2013) the structural strength of microwave transmission tower with
different steel section (I, C and circular) were analyzed under seismic loading conditions using
ANSYS and the best stable steel section was found out. From model analysis frequency and
deformation for different sections (I, Circular and C) were obtained and further seismic analysis
was based on these results. From seismic analysis the displacement diagram and stress
distribution diagram of microwave tower was obtained. Maximum deformation and maximum
stress obtained for circular section was less. Therefore, it was concluded that circular section is
the most stable steel section The second stable section observed was channel section. Finally,
concluded that circular section is the most stable section and channel section is the stable section.

Li Tian et. al. (2013) Studied progressive collapse analysis of power transmission tower under
earth quake excitation. Using international finite element software ABAQUS, the three-
dimensional finite element model of the power transmission tower is created based on a practical
engineering. Three typical seismic records are selected. The progress collapse processes of the
power transmission tower under different seismic excitations are simulated using the nonlinear
time history method. The collapse paths and failure positions of the power transmission tower
are obtained under different seismic excitations. The results can provide reference for seismic
design of power transmission tower which can prevent the collapse of the power transmission
tower.
Veena N et. al. (2013) This study deals with the study of cooling towers of 124.8m high above
ground level. The cooling towers have been analyzed for wind loads using Finite Element
Analysis by assuming fixity at the shell base. The wind loads on these cooling towers have been
calculated in the form of pressures by using the design wind pressure coefficients as given in IS:
11504-1985 code along with the design wind pressures at different levels as per IS: 875 (Part 3) -
1987 code. The seismic load will be carried out for 0.1g, 0.2g & 0.3g in accordance with IS:
1893 by modal analysis. For the purpose of comparison an existing tower of a thermal power
plant is considered. For other models of cooling tower, H frame column support varied with
respect to the reference tower. The results of the analysis include the stress and strain contours.
And also the stress and strain contours are plotted and modes of deflection are mapped.

Li Pengyun et. al. (2012) describes a method for evaluation on dynamic characteristics of power
transmission towers coupled with power lines under wind load. The evaluation criteria of
dynamic responses are developed and applied to the finite element analysis of a power
transmission tower-line system under wind load. The numerical results indicate that the proposed
energy evaluation criteria can be effectively utilized in the examination on structural dynamic
performance. A coupled system with two power transmission tower and three lines is taken as an
example to examine the feasibility and reliability of the proposed approach. The developed
energy criteria are effective in the performance assessment of structural dynamic responses.

Raghavendra et. al. (2012) The tower is modeled and analyzed using STAAD-PRO and
ANSYS software’s. The basic model of the tower considered is analyzed in STAAD-PRO and
the results with respect to the member axial forces are validated in ANSYS. A number of
experimental configurations of the tower are obtained by increasing the base width of the tower
and also by decreasing the bracing patterns below the waist of the tower. This work has focused
on techno – economic analysis and design of transmission line tower structure. Also, the focus is
on saving time and cost when optimization of tower for different configurations and materials are
considered.

Liyu XIE et. al. (2012) they studied the seismic capacity assessment of the transmission tower is
performed within a probabilistic frame, through a nonlinear buckling analysis and nonlinear
dynamic analysis, considering the internal uncertainty of the tower and the randomness of
ground motion. The performance limits of different damage states of transmission towers are
determined. Presented a numerical method to obtain a seismic fragility curve of the transmission
tower, which is very important to evaluation of the integrity and reliability of transmission
towers. Considering the internal uncertainty of the tower, the randomness of ground motion and
the variation of its seismic performance, seismic performance is analyzed by using nonlinear
buckling analysis method and nonlinear dynamic analysis. And the performance limits of
different damage states are determined.

Jia Yu-Zhuo et. al. (2012) The analysis of overhead transmission line initial shape is premise of
the dynamics analysis of the transmission tower-line system. The principles and methods of
form-finding of cable structures are used in the initial form-finding of overhead transmission
line. Form-finding system for overhead transmission line was developed by Visual Basic 6.0.
This system can complete form-finding for overhead transmission line of continuous spans and
differ-height hang point by setting parameters. APDL parametric design language applied to
ANSYS is automatically generated and improve the form-finding for overhead transmission line
based on ANSYS efficiently. A form-finding system for overhead transmission line based on
ANSYS using Visual Basic 6.0 was derived and improved the form-finding work efficiently. An
example was taken to check the practicability and reliability of the system.

Baskaran et. al. (2011) performed this study to conducting data survey on failed towers in Sri
Lanka and identifying causes, analyzing failed electric transmission towers using finite element
analysis and finding the causes for the failures and developing simple methods to check tower
capacity based on available simplified models. Four telecommunication towers and a
transmission tower were considered to identify the failure reasons. Structural analysis of a
transmission tower was done using a finite element analysis package, SAP2000.

Yang Fengli et. al. (2010) the dynamic responses of ice shedding under different cases were
analyzed for a transmission tower-line system. The computed jumping heights are in excellent
agreement with the experimental values of a two span conductors model. Many variables were
considered in the ice-shedding simulations that include tower-line coupled erect, phase
combination of the ice shedding conductors, thickness of the accreted ice, length of the ice-
shedding span as well as elevation deference. Influence of all the variables on the dynamic
responses of jumping heights, loads at the end of insulators and the forces of transmission tower
were studied.

F. Albermani et. al. (2009) A nonlinear analysis technique for transmission tower structures has
been presented in this investigation. The proposed technique can be used to accurately predict
structural failure, with our predictions confirmed by the results of an expensive full-scale test.
Given this accuracy, the technique can be used for failure analysis and prediction, and for design
upgrades and modifications. Use of the technique will result in tremendous savings in resources,
and will reduce the need for the full-scale testing that is customary in the transmission industry.

2.2 Outcomes from Literature Review

Although, there are several researches have been made to correlate the behavior of transmission
line tower structure, it is at just research level or educational level. There is absence of user
friendly guidelines for which a particular analysis of a typical real world problem should be
made with X and K type bracings structure & systems which will use guidelines for civil
engineers to avoid time consuming calculation or to develop quick decision making system for
problems related to analysis and design of Electric transmission line tower design structure.