MEK425

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT LABORATORY

COURSE CODE: MEK425
PROGRAM: CEEM 242

LABORATORY EXERCISE NO:

STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID

1. MUHAMMAD FARUQ HAZIM BIN ADAM 2024662418
2. MUHAMMAD FAIZ IMRAN BIN NOR RAZMAN 2024272324
3. MUHAMMAD SHAFIQ IZHAM BIN KHAIRUL 2024647572

MARKS RUBRICS

COMPONENTS MARKS COMMENTS

RESULTS /25
DISCUSSIONS /15
CONCLUSION /10
TOTAL /50

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SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL
STUDENT KIT
ENGINEERING
LAB MODULETM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

Program: CEEM242 Sem : 1

Ownership : Centre of Electronic Engineering Studies (CEES)
FKE Doc.ID : Date Issued : 2021

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT LABORATORY

COURSE CODE: MEK425

LAB 2: LADDER BRIDGE, VOLTAGE DIVIDER, CURRENT DIVIDER, AND WYE-DELTA

TRANSFORMATION USING LTSPICE

Authors

Dr. Hashimah Hashim

Prepared by : Date : 2021
Ir Anees Abdul Aziz

1st Revision : Date :

2nd Revision : Date :

Endorsement by Centre of Studies

Chair : Date :

Signature :

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MODULE OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of this virtual experiment, students should able

MO1 : To verify the voltage difference and current measured in ladder bridge circuit.

MO2 : To study the validity of the voltage and current division principles.

MO3 : To verify experimentally the principle of delta-wye and wye-delta transformation.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:

Introduction:

The ladder bridge circuit, current divider circuit and voltage divider circuit are commonly seen in circuit
problem. The theorem manipulates the Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) by
employing Ohm’s Law to solve the problem. These theorems are used to simplify the circuit and reduce the
complexity. Other, method of simplification is Wye-Delta and Delta-Wye transformation that commonly used
to solve a complex circuit connection. You can use the notes given by the lecturer for MEK425.

EXPERIMENTAL WORK:

PROCEDURE (Use LTSpice to construct the circuit. The readings for currents and voltages can be obtained
when you run the netlist. The screenshots of netlist and circuit drawn in LTSpice MUST BE ATTACHED
together in the report).

Ladder Circuit:

1. Construct Figure 2.1 using LTspice software.

Figure 2.1

2. Go to ‘Simulate’ > ‘Run’ to debug the circuit > Choose Transient Analysis. Set the ‘Stop time’, ‘Time
to start saving data’, and ‘Maximum timestep’ as shown in Figure 2.2.

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Figure 2.2

3. A pop-up window of Transient Analysis will be appeared as shown in Figure 2.3.

Figure 2.3

4. Use ‘Test Pen’ to measure voltage at VR2, VR3 and VR4 by pointing at node of those resistors.

5. Use ‘Current Cursor’ to measure current at IR1, IR4 and IR5.

6. Capture the results of transient analysis (graph) and record the measure in Table 2.1.

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Current Divider Rule (CDR):

1. Construct Figure 2.4 using LTspice software.

Figure 2.4

2. Go to ‘Simulate’ > ‘Run’ to debug the circuit > Choose Transient Analysis. Set the ‘Stop time’, ‘Time
to start saving data’, and ‘Maximum timestep’ as shown in Figure 2.2.

3. A pop-up window of Transient Analysis will be appeared as shown in Figure 2.3, hence, measure
current at IR1, IR2 and IR3.

4. Capture the results of transient analysis (graph) and record the measure in Table 2.1.

Voltage Divider Rule (VDR):

1. Construct Figure 2.5 using LTspice software.

Figure 2.5

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2. Go to ‘Simulate’ > ‘Run’ to debug the circuit > Choose Transient Analysis. Set the ‘Stop time’, ‘Time
to start saving data’, and ‘Maximum timestep’ as shown in Figure 2.2.

3. A pop-up window of Transient Analysis will be appeared as shown in Figure 2.3, hence, measure
VR1, VR2 and VR3.

4. Capture the results of transient analysis (graph) and record the measure in Table 2.1.

Wye-Delta and Delta-Wye Transformation:

1. Construct Figure 2.6 using LTspice software.

Figure 2.6

2. Go to ‘Simulate’ > ‘Run’ to debug the circuit > Choose Transient Analysis. Set the ‘Stop time’, ‘Time
to start saving data’, and ‘Maximum timestep’ as shown in Figure 2.2.

3. A pop-up window of Transient Analysis will be appeared as shown in Figure 2.3, hence, measure
current and voltage at IR6, IR1, IR2, IR5, VR1, VR2, VR6 and VR5.

4. Capture the results of transient analysis (graph) and record the measure in Table 2.1.

5. Calculate the value of current IR6 manually and compare your results.

RESULTS:

Table 2.1: Simulation Results

Ladder Circuit
VR2 12.76 V IR1 -7.24 mA
VR3 12.76 V IR4 1.18 mA
VR4 8.03 V IR5 -251.13 μA
Transient Analysis (Graph)

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Current Divider Rule

IR1 1.25 A VR1 2.5 kV
IR2 2.5 A VR2 2.5 kV
IR3 1.25 A VR3 2.5 kV
Transient Analysis (Graph)

Voltage Divider Rule

VR1 30 V IR1 6 mA
VR2 18 V IR2 6 mA
VR3 6V IR3 6 mA
Transient Analysis (Graph)

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Wye-Delta, Delta-Wye
IR1 1.28 mA VR1 4.11 V
IR2 679.25 μA VR2 4.11 V
IR5 1.4 mA VR6 8V
IR6 -1.96 mA VR5 1.4 mA
IR6 (calculation) 1.96 mA
Transient Analysis (Graph)

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DISCUSSIONS:

1. In Figure 2.1, if R4 was accidentally opened would this change the equivalent
resistance value by looking at 20V? How about the measurement of total current for
the circuit? Why?
In Figure 2.1, if R4 is accidentally opened it will change the value and affect both the equivalent
resistance and the total current in the circuit and the overall resistance of the circuit will increase.This
is happened because there are fewer paths for the current to flow through. Since the equivalent
resistance is higher, the total current drawn from the 20V source will decrease. This is because the
higher resistance the lower current flows.
2. In Figure 2.1, does R4 and R5 share the same current? Why? If another resistor is
connected across R5, does it have the same voltage as R5?
No, R4 and R5 do not share the same current. The reason is that the current in R4 is split between two
Node.

Yes, it will have the same voltage as R5. This is because resistors connected in parallel
share the same pair of nodes, which means they experience the same voltage difference.

3. In Figure 2.4 and 2.5, what are the advantages of using current divider rule (CDR)
and voltage divider rule (VDR)?
Advantages of Voltage Divider Rule (VDR) Advantages of Current Divider Rule (CDR)

Quick Voltage Calculation Quick Current Calculation

Simplifies Circuit Analysis Simplifies Parallel Circuits

Useful for Circuit Design Useful for Load Sharing

4. In Figure 2.6, what is the advantages of wye-delta and delta-wye transform?

Are there any limitations when use this transform?
Wye-Delta and Delta-Wye transformations simplify complex circuits by converting between
wye (Y) and delta (Δ) configurations. They are commonly used in power systems and three-
phase networks to make analysis easier. These transformations work for resistive or
impedance networks in both DC and AC circuits but cannot be used for nonlinear
components like diodes. While effective for small networks, they can become tedious for
larger ones, and errors in calculations may affect results. Despite this, they are essential
tools for simplifying linear circuits.

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CONCLUSION:

Write the conclusion for the experiment.

In conclusion, the experiment successfully demonstrated the application of fundamental circuit

analysis techniques, such as Wye-Delta transformations, Current Divider Rule (CDR), and Voltage
Divider Rule (VDR), to simplify and analyze complex circuits. Key results include verifying
theoretical predictions of voltage and current distribution in resistive networks and highlighting the
practical advantages and limitations of these methods. The experiment also reinforced the
importance of accurate calculations and logical problem-solving in circuit analysis.

What has been achieved/obtained regarding to the experiments?

Overall, the objectives of the experiment were achieved, providing valuable insights into the design
and analysis of linear electrical networks.

REFERENCES:

1. Alexander C. K. & Sadiku M. N. O., Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 6th Edition,

McG0raw-Hill, 2016 (eBook – Textbook)

2. John Bird, Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017, ISBN
9781138673496

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