[CHAPTER 12] ELECTROSTATICS 1 A Ans, 12.2 Ans, 12.3 Ans. EKO} i4y The potential is constant throughout a given region of space. Is the electrical field zero or non-zero in this region? Explain. When the potential is constant through a given region of space then electric field in this region will be zero, Reason: We know the relation between electric intensity and potential difference is p = w As potential is constant. av =0 Put in (i) eq. we get BE =0 So electric field will be zero. ‘Suppose that you follow an electric field line due to a positive point charge. Do electric field and the potential increases or decreases? If we follow an electric field line due to a positive point charge then electric field and potential both will decrease. Reason: The formula for elecitic intensity and electric potential are wa , y Lg E ~4ne4 F and 7 ~ ane, T From these formulae we see that electric intensity is inversely proportional to square of distance and electric potential is inversely proportional to the distance therefore both will decrease. How can you identify that which plate of a capacitor is positively charged? ‘There are different methods by which we can identity that which plate of a capacitor is positively charged. (i) The plate of a capacitor connected with the positive terminal of battery will be positively charged. (ii) A device called gold leaf electroscope can also be used for this purpose. We will bring a positively charged electroscope close to the plate of a capacitor, if the leaves will diverge then that plate will be positively charged (iii) Ifa positive test charge is brought near the plate and if test charge will repel then that plate will be positively charged.[CHAPTER 12) ELECTROSTATICS 2 12.4 Ans, 125 Ans. 12.6 Ans, Describe the force or forces on a positive point charge when placed between parallel plates. (a) With similar and equal charges. (>) With opposite and equal charges. (a) When a positive point charge is placed between >] > parallel plates with similar and equal charge plates 4 4 then net force will be zero. >@« +o] 4 Reason: We know that the expression of electric force is 4 a” Fo o=qE Here, |F)| = |F2| = F i.c., magnitude of force is equal but in opposite direction. Net force = Fi + (Fa) Net force = 0 (b) When a positive point charge is placed between two 4] 4] parallel plates with opposite and equal charges then 4 4 force will be double ie., 2F. +] + As |Fil = |Fo| = F 4 al Net force = Fi+F: Net force = 2F In this case both forces aré equal in magnitude and are in same direction. Electric lines of force never cross. Why? Electric lines of forces can never cross each other. Reason: As clectric intensity is a vector quantity and if two 5 electric lines of forces cross each other at a single point 5 then electric intensity will have two different direction at a P = single point which is not possible because electric intensity isa vector quantity and vector has only one direction, Ifa point charge q of mass m is released same direction pointing, will it make a rec Ifa point charge q of mass m is released in a non-uniform electric field then there are two possibilities: (i) Ifa point charge is released in a non-uniform field produced by positive and negative charges then it will move in curved path Gi) If a point charge is placed in non-uniform field produced by a positive or negative charge then it will make a rectilinear motion,[CHAPTER 12) ELECTROSTATICS 3 12.7 Ans, 128 Ans. Is E necessarily zero inside a charged rubber balloon if balloon is spherical? Assume that charge is distributed uniformly over the surface. Electric intensity inside a charged rubber balloon will be zero. Reason: Consider a Gaussian surface inside the charged rubber balloon. As there is no charge at the centre therefore q=0. According to Gauss’s law 1 b= Z, (Charge) cr be o = 0 @ But according to definition of electric flux. a & = E.R (ii) Comparing equations (i) and (ii) we get >> E.A =0 > As A #0 > E =0 So the electric intensity inside a charged rubber balloon is zero, Is it true that Gauss’s law states that the total number of lines of forces erossing any closed surface in the outward direction is proportional to the net positive charge enclosed within surface? We know that according to Gauss’s law, total flux passing through any closed surface is equal to 1 [times the total charge enclosed within the surface. ie, 6 2 (total charge) Here, = Constant So, 6 & Total charge[CHAPTER 12) ELECTROSTATICS 4 12.9 Ans, Here } = flux which is total number of lines passing through a certain area and we see that it is, directly proportional to charge enclosed within the surface therefore given statement is true that the total number of lines of forces crossing any closed surface in the outward direetion is, proportional to net positive charge enclosed within the surface. Do electrons tend to go to region of high potential or of low potenti As electrons are negatively charged particle therefore when they enter the electric field they will tend to go the region of high potential (positive terminal) from the region of low potential (negative terminal)[CHAPTER 12] ELECTROSTATICS 5 PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTION PROBLEM 12.1 Compare magnitudes of electrical and gravitational forces exerted on an object (mass = 10.0 g, charge = 20.0 uC) by an identical object that is placed 10.0 cm from the first. (G=6.67x 10°" Nm’ kg”) Data Mass of one object. =m; = 100g = Oe = 001 kg _ 100, Mass of 2 object. =m, = 100g = ogg kg = 0.01 kg Charge on one abject = q) = 20.0uC = 20x 10°C Charge on 2™ object = q2 = 20x 10°C Distance between the charges = 10.0em = 0.1m To Find Comparison of forces iE =? SOLUTIO: For electrical force Fe But kos 9x 10" x 20.0 x 10° x 20.0 10° Bg oly — 3600 10° 0.01 3600 a = Sor 10 F. = 360000% 10% 360N But G = 6.673% 10! NumKg? 6.673 x 10 '' x 0.01 x 0.01 So, Fy ly Jo! x (0.01 F x( (0.01) Fy = 6.673 x 10 UN[CHAPTER 12] ELECTROSTATICS = 53.9 10" = 54x 10 Result Comparison of Force Ee = 54x10! PROBLEM 12.2 Calculate the net electrostatic force on q as shown in the figure. Data Charge = q = 4.0nC 4.0% 10°C Charge = qi = 10pC = 10x 10°C Charge = q: = -1.0 uC = 10% 10% Distance between the charges q and qi Om Distance between the charges q and qz To Find = 1.0m 4, Electrostatic force on chargeq = Fe= ? SOLUTION, 21 aw © 4ne6° T Using F Force on q exerted by qu is -— BS Res a Lx 10% 4x 10° Fi = 9x 10" TH F, = 36x 10°N Now force on q exerted by q: is 9 4x 10% x 1x 10° 9x 10? x 2 ay 36x 10% 7 u[CHAPTER 12] ELECTROSTATICS Now using From figure F Fy cos 6 cos 6 = Fix + Fox F, cos 8 + F> cos 0 (i) 60 1 = 0.60 Putting this value in eq. (i) Also From figure K sin 0 sin® = 36% 10x 0,60 +36 x 10° 0.60 = 2x 36x 0.60% 10 = 0.043 N = Fy+ CEs) = Fisind= = 36x 10 sin @ — 36 10° sin F> sin ® 0.80 1 = 0.80 = 36x 107 (0,80) — 36x 10° (0.80) = ON ~ pis} - \R+R = \00BF = OF Voy = 0.043 N Since F, and F, both lie in I“ quadrant because F, and F, are positive. Now using tan[CHAPTER 12] ELECTROSTATICS 8 Net force on q is > ‘ F = 0.0437N Result ‘The foree acting on the charge q is 2 ‘ F 0.043 1N PROBLEM 12.3 A point charge q = -8.0 x 10° C is placed at the origin. Calculate electric field at a point 2.0 m from the origin on the z-axis, Data Point charge = q = -8.0x 10°C Distance between charge and origin = r = 2.0m To Find = E-? Electric intensity SOLUTION, ‘The magnitude of the clectric intensity at a point along z-axis is . _ _t EB ewe 1 bt But = 9% 10° Nmvs rey = 9 80x 10% 4 So, E = 9x 10!x G5 Ch -72x10°* 7K 2x 10% = Baie = -18« 10k > 6 E = -180N/iCKk 2 3A or E = -18x10KNIC Result EB = -18x 10k NIC[CHAPTER 12) ELECTROSTATICS 9 PROBLEM 12.4 Determine the electric field at the point r = (4i + 3]) m caused by a point charge q=5.0x 10 C placed at origin. Data Point charge = q = 5.0x 10°C Position vector = P= (4i+3))m To Find > Electric field intensity= E = ? SOLUTION] By formula > r- 1 But 4ne Since 2 = Gi+3j)m ‘So the magnitude of the given point from the origin is iP) = roe ros And poe Putting in equation (i) > ro- = 0.36 10° (41 +3)) = 360 (47 +3) + * E = (14401 + 1080)) NC Result > a A Electric field intensity = E = (1440i + 1080j) NIC[CHAPTER 12] ELECTROSTATICS 40 PROBLEM 12.5) ‘Two point charges, q; = 1.0 x 107° C and q; 3.0 m. Find and justify the zero-field location. Data +4.0 x 10° C, are separated by a distance of Charge = qi = -1.0x 10°C Charge = q 44.0 10°C Distance between the charges = r — 3.0m To Find Distance where the electric intensity is zero = x SOLUTIO. Let P be the any point at a distance x from the charge qr. 2% Zod So the electric intensity E; due to the charge qy is a a La bk} rk et B- god ine X By = 9 107 EME x And the electric intensity due to the charge qa is i b dre, GX) Ey 4.0 10° Gry Since at point P, the two electric intensities are equal and opposite in direction therefore Ey Ox 10° E:; = 9x 10° 1 x 7 Gtx ‘Taking square root Vx > NV Gx Lo 2 x 73+ 2x = 34x =3 x = 3m Result Distance where electric intensity is zero = x = 3.0m[CHAPTER 12] ELECTROSTATICS 4 PROBLEM 12.6 Find the electric field strength required to hold suspended a particle of mass 1.0 x 10 kg and charge 1.0 1C between two plats 10.0 cm apart. Data Mass of particle = = m= = 1.0« 10 kg, Charge on particle == q = 10 uC = 10x 10°C Distance between the plates. = r = 10cm = 0.1m To Find Electric field strength = E = ? SOLUTION, By formula _F q But F = mg E E E Result Electric field strength = B = 9.8 NIC PROBLEM 12.7, A particle having a charge of 20 electrons on it falls through a potential difference of 100 volts. Calculate the energy acquired by it in electron volts (eV). Data Number of electrons = N = 20 Potential difference = AV = 100 volt To Find Energy acquired == = A(KE)[CHAPTER 12] ELECTROSTATICS 12 SOLUTION, By using the formula A(KE) = AV) But q = Ne = 20% 16x 10°C = 32x 10% = 32x 108C Therefore, A(K.E) = 3.2 10100 = 32x10) Since, 1eV = 16x 10S 2x 10" Therefore, A(K.E) = es = 2x 101 ev = 2.0% 10° eV Result Energy acquired = 2.0% 10° eV PROBLEM 12.8) In Millikan’s experiment, oil droplets are introduced into the space between two flat horizontal plates, 5.00 mm apart. The plate voltage is adjusted to exactly 780V so that the droplet is held st: ‘The plate voltage is switched off and the selected droplet is observed to fall a measured distance of 1.50 mm in 11.2 s. Given that the density of the oil used is 900kg m™, and the viscosity of air at laboratory temperature is 1.80 x 10“ Nm” s, calculate (a) the mass, and (b) the charge on the droplet (assume g = 9.8 ms) Data Distance between the plates d= 500mm = 5x 10°m Potential difference = V = 780 volt Distance covered by the droplet. = S$ = 150mm = 150% 10% m Time taken = t = 12sec. Density of oil = p = 900 kg! n= 1.80% 10° Ns/m? Viscosity of Air[CHAPTER 12] ELECTROSTATICS 13 To Find (a) (b) Mass of droplet Charge on droplet = q = (a) For mass of the droplet = 4a m = 3 nrxp nt) But p= aM 2pg _ __ Distance covered Vv, = Terminal velocity = “Tine taken x10" * 112 ve = 134« 104 mis Therefore, 9x 180% 10% x 1.34% 104 ro 2x 900% 98 > _ 21708x 10** ro 17640 qe = V1.3 10? r 1.10 10° Putting in equation (i) 4 53 m= 3 x 3.14(1.10« 10%) x 900 m $153.2 x 10° = S.15« 107 kg (b) For charge using the formula mgd v _ 5.15 x 107! x 9.8 x 5,00 x 10" a 780 0.323 x 1o"* = 3.23«10"C Result (a) Mass of droplet. = m= 5.15x 10S kg (b) Charge on droplet = q = 3.23 10°C[CHAPTER 12] ELECTROSTATICS 14 PROBLEM 12.9) A proton placed in uniform electric field of 5000 NC~ directed to right is allowed to go a istance of 10.0 em from A to B, Calculate (a) Potential difference between the two points (>) Work done (©) The change in P.E. of proton (@)_ The change in K.E. of the proton (©) _ Its velocity (mass of proton is 1.67 x 107” kg) Data Uniform electric field intensity = E = 5000N/C Distance travelled = Ar = 10.0cm = 01m To Find (a) Potential difference = AV = 2 (b) Work done =W =? (©) Change in PE of proton = AU = 2 (@ Change in K.E of proton = A(K.E) Vv =° (©) Velocity of proton SOLUTION, (a) For potential difference by using the formula (av = =FAr] 5000 x 0.1 = -500 volt = ve sign shows that potential decreases because proton is moving along E (b) For work done w= qav But qa = 16x10" So, W = 16x 10" 5003 In electron volt 6x 10 "x 500[CHAPTER 12] ELECTROSTATICS 415 (©) For change in P.E of the proton Change inP.E = = AU = -AW AU AV =1.6% 10? x 500) 1.6x 107" x $00 ~ Texto” &Y AU = ~500eV > ve sign shows that potential energy decreases because proton is moving along E (@)_— Forchange in K-E of the proton A(K.E) = Work done A(K.E) = q AV) = 1.6% 10x 500J 16x 10” wv A(KE) = 500eV ++ve sign shows that kinetic energy increases (c) For the velocity of the proton AUKE) = $m ° ve 2A) = 6T VP = 958.08 x 10°? 27 VV= (958.08 x 10° Vi = 30.9 108 V = 3.09% 10% mis Result (a) Potential difference = = AV = ~S00 volt (by Work done = W = 5000v (6) Change in P.-E of proton = AU = -S00eV (d) Change in K.E of proton = A(K.E) = S00eV (e) Velocity of proton = V_ = 3.09x 10° mis[CHAPTER 12] ELECTROSTATICS 16 PROBLEM 12.10] Using zero reference point at infinity, determine the amount by which a point charge of 4.0.x 10 C alters the electric potential at a point 1.2 m away, when (a) Chargeis positive (b)_ Charge is negative Data Point charge = q = 4.0x 10°C Distance =r = 1.2m To Find i < (a) Electric potential when the charge is positive (b) Electric potential when the charge is negative = V> SOLUTION (a) Electric potential when the charge is positive -t 4 Vi Gree 5 B 12 9x WN ut gag = 9x 10" Nan () =9x 10" x 4x 10% Veo= 12 V2 = 3S x 10! = 3.0 10° volt Result (a) Electric potential when change is positive Vi = 43.0 10° volt (b) Elec c potential when charge is negative = -3.0« 10? volt[CHAPTER 12] ELECTROSTATICS 17 PROBLEM 12.11) In Bohr’s atomic model of hydrogen atom, the electron is in an orbit around the nuclear proton at a distance of 5.29 x 10~'! m with a speed of 2.18 x 10° ms“, e = 1.6x 10°" C, mass of electron =9.1x 10"! kg, Find (a) The electric potential that a proton exerts at this distance (b) Total energy of the atom in eV (©) The ionization energy for the atom in eV. Data Distance =r = 5.29% 10" m Speed of electron = V = 2.18% 10° m/s Charge on electron= p = 1.6x 10°C Mass of electron = m= 9.10x 10“! kg To Find (a) Electric potential =Vve? (b) Total energy of the atom in eV (©) Ionization energy for the atom in eV (a) The electric potential that a proton exerts at this distance is Vo Great a on aie? But Frey 2X1 Nami o L6x 10" Vi = 9x 10x S55 cag = 2.727 19°!" = 2.727 10) Vo = 27.27 volt (b) For total energy of the atom is Total energy = Ey= P.E+KE oi) ‘Therefore for P.E of an electron PE = -qV) =1.6 x 10°? x 27.275 6x 10x 16x10” ~27.27 eV ev[CHAPTER 12] ‘And the K.E of the electron is ELECTROSTATICS my" KE i 9.10% 10 x (2.18 10°? 48 = 21.62« 10° 21.62 101 ke = OXI = 13.51eV So putting in eq (i) E, = ~27.27+13.51 E, = —13.75eV (c) For ionization energy of the electron E, = Energy of electron at outermost orbit ~ Energy of electron at ground state E, = Ex ~Eyound = 0~(- 13.75) = 13.75 eV Result (a) Electric potential that a proton exerts at this distance = V = 27.27 volt (b) Total energy of the atom = Ep= -13.75eV (c) Ionization energy for the atom = E= 13.75eV PROBLEM 12.12| ‘The electronic flash attachment for a camera contains a capacitor for storing the energy used to produce the flash. In one such unit, the potential difference between the plates of a 750 BF capacitor is 330 Y. Determine the energy that is used to produce the flash. Data Potential difference between the plates. = V = 330 Volt Capacitance of the capacitor = C= 750nF = 750% 10°F To Find Energy to produce the flash =[CHAPTER 12] ELECTROSTATICS 19 SOLUTION) By using the formula 1 aber] x 750 x 10° (330)" 40837500 x 10° = 40.831 Result Energy to produce flash = E — 40.835 PROBLEM 12.13| A capacitor has a capacitance of 2.5 x 10 F. In the charging process, electrons are removed from one plate and placed on the other one. When the potential difference between the plates is 450 V, how many electrons have been transferred? Data Capacitance of capacitor = C=.25x 10°F Potential difference between plates. = V = 450V To Find Number of electrons. = N = ? SOLUTION, By formula q Ne| n =3 @ Therefore, q cv Sx 10% 450 = 1123x 10°C Putting in eq (i) 1125 x 10% N= 6x 10" = 703.1 10"? N= 703.1 x 10"! N = 7.03 x 10" electrons Result Number of electron = 7.03 10°