Question 1: State one basic difference between a physical change and a

chemical change.

Answer: In physical change, no new substance is formed, whereas in a chemical

change, new substance(s) is/are formed.

Question 2: What is meant by a chemical reaction?

Answer: The reaction representing a chemical change is called a chemical

reaction.

For example:
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s)4↓ + NaNO3(aq)
FeS + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2S↑

↑ shows the gas is evolved whereas ↓ shows insoluble substance (precipitate) is

formed.

Question 3: Hydrogen being a highly inflammable gas and oxygen being a

supporter of combustion, yet water which is a compound made up of hydrogen
and oxygen is used to extinguish fire. Why?

Answer: It is because properties of compound (H 2O) are different from

properties of its constituting elements, i.e. H 2 and O2.

Question 4: What happens chemically when quicklime is added to water filled in

a bucket?

Answer: Quicklime reacts with water to form slaked lime (calcium hydroxide)
and produces a lot of heat and hissing sound.

Question 5: On what basis is a chemical equation balanced?

Answer: A chemical reaction is balanced on the basis of law of conservation of

mass.

Question 6: What change in colour is observed when white silver chloride is left
exposed to sunlight? State the type of chemical reaction in this change.

Answer: Silver chloride becomes grey. It is a photochemical decomposition

reaction.
Question 7: Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between
sodium chloride and silver nitrate indicating the physical state of the reactants
and the products.

Answer: AgNO3 (aq) + Nacl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3 (aq)

Question 8: In electrolysis of water, why is the volume of gas collected over one
electrode double that of gas collected over the other electrode?

Answer: It is because water contains hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 2:1.

Question 8: “We need to balance a skeletal chemical equation.” Give reason to

justify the statement.

Answer: Skeletal chemical equations are unbalanced. We need to balance

chemical equation because of law of conservation of mass. It states that ‘matter
can neither be created nor be destroyed’. Therefore, chemical equation must be
balanced in each and every chemical reaction.

Question 9: (i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the process of

photosynthesis.

(ii)When do desert plants take up carbon dioxide and perform photosynthesis?

Answer:

(ii) In desert plants the stomata are open at night. They take CO 2 at night and is
stored in the form of acid and is used during day time for photosynthesis.

Question 10: What is observed when a solution of potassium iodide solution is

added to a solution of lead nitrate? Name the type of reaction. Write a balanced
chemical equation to represent the above chemical reaction.

Answer: Yellow precipitate of lead iodide is formed. It is precipitation reaction.

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) → Pbl2 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)

It is also called double displacement reaction.

Question 11: Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions.

(i) Silver bromide on exposure to sunlight decomposes into silver and bromine,

(ii) Sodium metal reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Question 12: Identify the type of reaction(s) in the following equations.

(i) CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

(ii) Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → Pbl2 + 2KNOs
(iii) CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
(iv) CuSO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + Cu

Answer: (i) Combustion reaction and oxidation reaction.

(ii) Double displacement reaction and precipitation reaction.
(iii) Combination reaction.
(iv) Displacement reaction.

Question 13: Write balanced equation for the reaction between magnesium and
hydrochloric acid. Name the product obtained, identify the type of reaction.

Answer: Mg(s) + 2HCl(dil.) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

The product formed is magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas. It is a

displacement reaction.

Question 14: What is the colour of ferrous sulphate crystals? How does this
colour change after heating?

Answer: The colour of ferrous sulphate is pale green. The colour changes to
reddish brown on heating due to formation of iron (III) oxide.

Question 14: Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an
iron nail is dipped in it? Write two observations.

Answer: It is because displacement reaction takes place. Iron displaces copper

from copper sulphate solution and forms pale green coloured solution of
FeSO4 and reddish brown copper metal gets deposited.

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Question 15: Translate the following statement into chemical equation and then
balance it Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium
chloride and a precipitate of barium sulphate. State the two types in which this
reaction can be classified.

Answer: 3BaCl2(aq) + Al2(SO4)3(aq) → 3BaSO4(s) + 2AlCl3(aq)

It can be classified as double displacement as well as precipitation reaction.

Question 16: Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of

combination reactions? Write equations for these reactions.

Answer: In decomposition reaction, a compound is broken down into simpler

compounds or elements, e.g.

Combination reaction is a reaction in which two or more elements or compounds

combine to form a new compound, e.g.

N2 (g) + 3H2(g) → CuO(s) + CO2 (g)

Thus, decomposition and combination reactions are opposite to each other.

Question 17: (a) A solution of substance ‘X’ is used for white washing. What is
the substance ‘X’? State the chemical reaction of ‘X’ with water.

(b) Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is
dipped in it?

Answer: (a) ‘X’ is calcium oxide (CaO).

CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + heat

(b) It is because iron displaces copper from CuSO 4 to form FeSO4 which is pale
green.

Question 18: A zinc plate was put into a solution of copper sulphate kept in a
glass container. It was found that blue colour of the solution gets fader and fader
with the passage of time. After few days, when zinc plate was taken out of the
solution, a number of holes were observed on it.

(i) State the reason for changes observed on the zinc plate.
(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved.

Answer: (i) It is because zinc has displaced copper from CuSO 4. Zinc metal has
been used to form zinc sulphate, therefore, number of holes were observed.
Question 19: A white salt on heating decomposes to give brown fumes and a
residue is left behind.
(i) Name the salt.
(ii) Write the equation for the decomposition reaction.

Answer: (i) Lead nitrate is white salt.

Question 20: When a solution of potassium iodide is added to a solution of lead

nitrate in a test tube, a reaction takes place.
(a) What type of reaction is this?
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the above reaction.

Answer: (a) Double displacement as well as precipitation reaction.

Question 21: Define combination reaction. Give one example of a combination

reaction which is also exothermic.

Answer: A reaction in which two elements or compounds combine to form a

single compound is called combination reaction.

CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + Heat

It is also an exothermic reaction along with a combination reaction because heat

is evolved.

Question 22: (a) Classify the following reactions into different types.

(b) Which of the above reaction(s) is/are precipitation reaction(s)? Why is a

reaction called precipitation reaction?
Answer: (a) (i) Precipitation reaction (Double displacement reaction)
(ii) Combination reaction
(iii) Decomposition reaction

(b) Reaction (i) is a precipitation reaction because one of the product formed is
insoluble in water.

Question 23: Write balanced equations for the following mentioning the type of
reaction involved.
(i) Aluminium + Bromine → Aluminium bromide
(ii) Calcium carbonate → Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide
(iii) Silver chloride → Silver + Chlorine

Answer:

Question 24: (a) Why is respiration considered as an exothermic reaction?

(b) Define the terms oxidation and reduction.
(c) Identify the substance that is oxidised and reduced in the following reaction.
CuO(s) + Zn(s) → Cu(s) + ZnO(s)

Answer: (a) It is because heat is evolved during respiration.

(b) Oxidation is a process in which O 2 is added or H2 is removed or loss of

electrons take place. Reduction is a process in which H 2 is added or O2. is
removed or gain of electrons take place.

(c) Zn is getting oxidised, CuO is getting reduced.

Question 25: What is meant by

(i) precipitation reaction,
(ii) exothermic reaction,
(iii) oxidation reaction?
Write balanced chemical equations for an example of each.

Answer: (i) Precipitation reaction: The reaction in which two compounds

exchange their ions and the product formed is insoluble in water is called
precipitation reaction.

AgNO3 (aq) + KI (aq) → AgI (s) + KNO3 (aq)

(ii) Exothermic reaction: The reaction in Which heat is evolved is known as
exothermic reaction.

C+O2 → CO2 + heat

(iii) Oxidation reaction: The reaction in which O 2 is added or H2 is removed or loss

of electrons takes place is called oxidation reaction.

2Cu + O2 → 2CuO

Question 26: You might have noted that when copper powder is heated in a
china dish, the surface of copper powder becomes coated with a black colour
substance.

(i) How has this black coloured substance formed?

(ii) What is that black substance?
(iii) Write the chemical equation of the reaction that takes place.

Answer: (i) Copper reacts with oxygen to form copper oxide which is black, i.e.
oxidation of copper takes place.
(ii) Copper oxide
(iii) 2Cu(s) + O2(g) → 2CuO(s)

Question 27: What happens when an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate

reacts with an aqueous solution of barium chloride? State the physical conditions
of reactants in which the reaction between them will not take place. Write the
balanced chemical equation for the reaction and name the type of reaction.

Answer: White precipitate of barium sulphate is formed. If both reactants are in

solid state, then the reaction will not take place between them.

BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

It is a double displacement as well as a precipitation reaction.

Question 28: What is a redox reaction? When a magnesium ribbon burns in air
with a dazzling flame and forms a white ash, is magnesium oxidised or reduced?
Why?

Answer: The reactions in which oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain
of electrons) take place simultaneously are called redox reactions.
Question 29: Write any two observations in an activity which may suggest that
a chemical reaction has taken place. Give an example in support of your answer.

Answer: Any two of these observations will suggest chemical reaction has taken
place.

(i) Change in state.

(ii)Change in colour.
(iii) Evolution of gas.
(iv) Change in temperature.

For example, lead nitrate is white crystalline solid which on heating gives
yellowish brown solid (lead monoxide). A brown gas and a colourless gas is also
evolved. It shows chemical reaction has taken place.

Question 30: When the powder of a common metal is heated in an open china
dish, its colour turns black. However, when hydrogen is passed over the hot
black substance so formed, it regains its original colour. Based on the above
information, answer the following questions.

(i) What type of chemical reaction takes place in each of the two given steps?
(ii) Name the metal initially taken in the powder form. Write balanced chemical
equations for both reactions.

Answer: (i) In first step, oxidation takes place. In second step, redox reaction
takes place.

(ii) Metal in the powder form is copper.

Question 31: Name the products formed on strongly heating ferrous sulphate
crystals. What type of chemical reaction occurs in this change?

Answer:
It is decomposition reaction.

Question 32: What is an oxidation reaction? Give an example of oxidation

reaction. Is oxidation an exothermic or an endothermic reaction?

Answer: The reaction in which oxygen or electronegative element is added or

hydrogen or electropositive element is removed or loss of electrons takes place,
is called an oxidation reaction. For example:

Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e‒ (loss of electron)

C + O2 → CO2 + Heat

Oxidation reactions are mostly exothermic in nature because heat is evolved in

this process.

Question 33: Distinguish between a displacement reaction and a double

displacement reaction.

Answer: Displacement reaction is a reaction in which more reactive metal can

displace less reactive metal from its salt solution.

Double displacement reaction are those reactions in which compounds exchange

their ions to form two new compounds.

Question 34: When you have mixed the solutions of lead(II) nitrate and
potassium iodide,

(i) what was the colour of the precipitate formed and can you name the
precipitate?
(ii) write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
(iii) is this also a double displacement reaction?

Answer: (i) The colour of the precipitate is yellow. The name of compound
formed as a precipitate is Pbl2 (lead iodide).

Question 35: What do you mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions?

Give examples.

Answer: Exothermic reactions are those in which heat is evolved, e.g.

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2 + heat
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + heat

Endothermic reactions are those reactions in which heat is absorbed, e.g.

Question 36: A Name the type of chemical reaction represented by the
following equation:

Answer: (i) Combination reaction

(ii) Double displacement reaction (Precipitation reaction)
(iii) Decomposition reaction.

Question 37: Write the chemical equation of the reaction in which the following
changes have taken place with an example of each:
(i) Change in colour
(ii) Change in temperature
(iii) Formation of precipitate

Answer: (i) Cu(s) + 2AgNO3 (aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag

The solution will become blue in colour and shiny silver metal will be deposited.

(ii) NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H 2O+ heat

The temperature will increase because heat will be evolved.

(iii) Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) → Pbl2 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)

Yellow precipitate of Pbl2 will be formed.

Question 38: State the type of chemical reactions and chemical equations that
take place in the following:
(i) Magnesium wire is burnt in air.
(ii) Electric current is passed through water.
(iii) Ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases are mixed.

Answer:
Question 39: (a) Write the essential condition for the following reaction to take
place:
2AgBr → 2Ag + Br2
Write one application of this reaction.

(b) Complete the following chemical equation of a chemical reaction 2FeSO 4

(c) What happens when water is added to quick line. Write chemical equation.

Answer:

(c) Slaked lime is formed with hissing sound and lot of heat is evolved.

Question 40: 2g of ferrous sulphate crystals are heated in a dry boiling tube.
(i) List any two observations.
(ii) Name the type of chemical reaction taking place.
(iii) ‘Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

Answer: (i) (a) Green colour of FeSO 4 disappears and reddish brown solid is
formed.|
(b) Smell of burning sulphur.

(ii) Decomposition reaction

Question 41: Write chemical equation reactions taking place when carried out
with the help of
(a) Iron reacts with steam
(b) Magnesium reacts with dil HCl
(c) Copper is heated in air.

Answer:

Question 42: Which products will be obtained when lead nitrate is heated
simply. Write balanced chemical equation for the reaction? State the type of
chemical reaction that occur in the change.

Answer: Lead monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gas will be liberated.

It is thermal decomposition reaction.

Question 43: What is meant by skeletal type chemical equation? What does it
represent? Using the equation for electrolytic decomposition of water,
differentiate between a skeletal chemical equation and a balanced chemical
equation.

Answer: The equations in which gaseous are written in atomic form instead of
molecular form and equation is not balanced, are called skeletal type equation.
They represent gaseous elements formed in atomic state and the equation is not
balanced.

Hydrogen and oxygen are written in atomic forms and equation is not balanced.

H2O → H2 + O2 is also skeletal equation

2H2O → 2H2 + O2 is balanced equation

Question 44: What is rancidity? Mention any two ways by which rancidity can
be prevented.

Answer: The process in which taste and smell of food gets spoiled is called
rancidity. It happens due to oxidation. Prevention from rancidity:

(i) Antioxidants are added to fatty acids to prevent oxidation, e.g. chips are
packed in presence of nitrogen gas which prevents spoilage by oxidation.

(ii) Food should be kept in airtight container in refrigerator.

Question 45: Write balanced chemical equation for the reactions that take
place during respiration. Identify the type of combination reaction that takes
place during this process and justify the name. Give one more example of this
type of reaction.

Answer: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + heat

It is an exothermic combination reaction because heat is evolved.

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O

Combustion of methane is another example of exothermic combination reaction.

Question 46: What is redox reaction? Identify the substance oxidised and the
substance reduced in the following reactions.
(i) 2PbO + C → 2Pb + CO 2
(ii) MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2

Answer: Those reactions in which oxidation and reduction takes place

simultaneously are called redox reactions.

(i) PbO is getting reduced and C is getting oxidised.

(ii) MnO2 is getting reduced and HCl is getting oxidised.

Question 47: Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions
and identify the type of reaction in each case.

Thermite reaction, iron (III) oxide reacts with aluminium and gives molten iron
and aluminium oxide.

Answer:
It is a displacement reaction because Al is displacing Fe from Fe 2O3.
Molten iron is used for repairing broken railway tracks.

Question 48: A solution of potassium chloride when mixed with silver nitrate
solution, an insoluble white substance is formed. Write the chemical reaction
involved and also mention the type of the chemical reaction?

Answer:

It is a double displacement reaction. It is also a precipitation reaction as AgCl is a

white precipitate.

Question 49: (a) Define a balanced chemical equation. Why should an equation
be balanced?

(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for the following reaction:

(i) Phosphorus burns in presence of chlorine to form phosphorus penta chloride.

(ii) Burning of natural gas.

(iii) The process of respiration.

Answer: (a) Balanced chemical equation has an equal number of atoms of

different elements in the reactants and products. According to law of
conservation of mass, matter can neither be created nor be destroyed in a
chemical reaction.

(b) (i) P4 (s) + 10Cl2 (g) → 4PCl5 (S)

(ii) CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l) + heat energy
(iii) C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) → 6CO2 (aq) + 6H2O (l) + energy

Question 50: (a) Explain two ways by which food industries prevent rancidity.
(b) Discuss the importance of decomposition reaction in metal industry with
three points.

Answer: (a) (i) Rancidity can be prevented by adding antioxidants to food

containing fat and oil, e.g. butylated hydroxy anisole is added to butter as
antioxidant.
(ii) It can be prevented by packaging fat and oil containing foods in nitrogen gas.

(b) (i) Molten NaCl is electrolytically decomposed to form sodium metal.

(ii) Aluminium metal is obtained by electric decomposition of bauxite ore mixed
with cryolite.
(iii) Carbonate ores are thermally decomposed to give metal oxide which on
reduction give metal.

Question 51: (a) Write one example for each of decomposition reaction carried
out with help of
(i) Electricity (ii) Heat (iii) Light

(b) Which of the following statements is correct and why copper can displace
silver from silver nitrate and silver can displace copper from copper sulphate
solution.

Answer:

(b) Copper can displace silver from AgNO 3 because copper is more reactive than
Ag
Cu + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag(s)

Question 1: A green layer is gradually formed on a copper plate left exposed to

air for a week in a bathroom. What could this green substance be?

Answer: It is due to the formation of basic copper carbonate [CuCO 3.Cu(OH)2].

Question 2: A non-metal X exists in two different forms Y and Z. Y is the hardest

natural substance, whereas Z is a good conductor of electricity. Identify X, Y and
Z.
Answer: ‘X’ is carbon, ‘Y’ is diamond as it is the hardest natural substance and
‘Z’ is graphite as it is good conductor of electricity.

Question 3: Why does calcium float in water?

Answer: It is because hydrogen gas is formed which sticks to surface of calcium,

therefore it floats.

Question 4: Name a non-metal which is lustrous and a metal which is non-

lustrous. Iodine is a nonmetal which is lustrous,

Answer: Lead is a non-lustrous metal.

Question 5: Which gas is liberated when a metal reacts with an acid? How will
you test the presence of this gas?

Answer: Hydrogen gas is formed. Bring a burning matchstick near to it, H2 will
burn explosively with ‘pop’ sound.

Question 6: Name the metal which reacts with a very dilute HNOs to evolve
hydrogen gas.

Answer: Magnesium

Question 7: Name two metals which are found in nature in the free state.

Answer: (i) Gold (ii) Silver

Question 8: What is the valency of silicon with atomic number 14?

Answer: Its valency is equal to 4.

Question 9: What is the valency of phosphorus with atomic number 15?

Answer: Phosphorus has valency 3.

Question 10: What is the valency of an element with atomic number 35?

Answer: Its valency is 1.

Question 11: Arrange the following metals in the decreasing order of reactivity:
Na, K, Cu, Ag.

Answer: K > Na > Cu > Ag

Question 12: Write one example of each of

(i) a metal which is so soft that, it can be cut with knife and a non-metal which is
the hardest substance.

(ii) a metal and a non-metal which exist as liquid at room temperature.

Answer: (i) Sodium, carbon (diamond).

(ii)Mercury is liquid metal, bromine is liquid non-metal.

Question 13: Mention the names of the metals for the following:
(i) Two metals which are alloyed with iron to make stainless steel.
(ii) Two metals which are used to make jewellary.

Answer:
(i) Nickel and chromium.
(ii) Gold and platinum.

Question 14: Give reason for the following:

(a) School bells are made up of metals.
(b) Electric wires are made up of copper.

Answer: (a) It is because metals are sonorous, i.e. they produce sound when
struck with a hard substance.
(b) It-is because copper is good conductor of electricity.

Question 15: Name the following:

(a) A metal, which is preserved in kerosene.
(b) A lustrous coloured non-metal.
(c) A metal, which can melt while kept on palm.
(d) A metal, which is a poor conductor of heat.

Answer: (a) Sodium is preserved in kerosene.

(b) Iodine is lustrous coloured non-metal.
(c) Gallium. ‘
(d) Lead.

Question 16: Explain why calcium metal after reacting with water starts floating
on its surface. Write the chemical equation for the reaction. Name one more
metal that starts floating after some time when immersed in water.

Answer: Calcium starts floating because the bubbles of hydrogen gas formed
stick to the surface of metal.

Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2 + H2(g)

Magnesium reacts with hot water and starts floating due to the bubbles of
hydrogen gas sticking to its surface.
Question 17: Give reason for the following:
(a) Aluminium oxide is considered as an amphoteric oxide.
(b) Ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten state.

Answer: (a) It is because it reacts with acids as well as bases to produce salts
and water. ’Al’ is less electropositive metal. So, it forms amphoteric oxide which
can react with acid as well as base.

(b) Ionic compounds can conduct electricity in molten state because ions
become free to move in molten state.

Question 18: The way, metals like sodium, magnesium and iron react with air
and water is an indication of their relative positions in the ‘reactivity series’. Is
this statement true? Justify your answer with examples.

Answer: Yes, sodium reacts explosively even with cold water, it is most reactive.
Magnesium reacts with hot water, it is less reactive than Na. Iron reacts only with
steam which shows it is least reactive among the three.

Question 19: Out of the two elements, ‘X’ and ‘Y’, which is more reactive and
why?

Answer: ‘X’ is more reactive than ‘Y’ because it displaces ‘Y’ from its salt
solution.

Question 20: What is an alloy? State the constituents of solder. Which property
of solder makes it suitable for welding electrical wires?

Answer: Alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals. One of them

can be a non-metal also. Solder consists of lead and tin. It has low melting point
which makes it suitable for welding electrical wires.

Question 21: Write chemical equations that shows aluminium oxide reacts with
acid as well as base.

Answer: Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O

Question 22: What is cinnabar? How is metal extracted from cinnabar? Explain
briefly.

Answer: Cinnabar is HgS.

Mercury is obtained by roasting cinnabar. HgO formed is thermally unstable and
gives mercury.
Question 23: (a) Write the electron dot structures for potassium and chlorine.
(b) Show the formation of KCl by the transfer of electrons.
(c) Name the ions present in the compound, KCl.

Answer:

Question 24: (a)State the electron-dot structure for calcium and sulphur.
(b) Show the formation of CaS by the transfer of electrons.
(c) Name the ions present in this compound CaS. Atomic number of Ca = 20, O =
16.

Answer:

Question 25: You are given samples of three metals. Sodium, magnesium and
copper. Suggest any two activities to arrange them in order of decreasing
activity.
Question 26: Suggest a method of reduction for the following metals during
their metallurgical processes:

(i) metal ‘A’ which is one of the last, second or third position in the reactivity.
(ii) metal ‘B’ which gives vigorous reaction even with water and air.
(iii) metal ‘C’ which is kept in the middle df activity series.

Answer: (i) ‘A’ can be obtained by chemical reduction using carbon or carbon
monoxide as reducing agent.
(ii) ‘B’ can be obtained by electrolytic reduction.
(iii) ‘C’ can be reduced by reducing agent like ‘Al’.

Question 27: Write balanced equations for the reaction of:

(i) aluminium when heated in air. Write the name of the product.
(ii) iron with steam. Name the product obtained.
(iii) calcium with water. Why does calcium start floating in water?
Question 28: Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions:
(a) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium powder.
(b) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium carbonate.
(c) Carbon dioxide is passed through lime water.

Question 29: (a) Show the formation of Na 2O by the transfer of electrons

between the combining atoms.
(b) Why are ionic compounds usually hard?
(c) How is it that ionic compounds in the solid state do not conduct electricity but
they do so when in molten state?

(b) It is due to strong force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

(c) In solid state, ions are not free to move whereas in molten state ions are free
to move, therefore, they conduct electricity in molten state.

Question 30: (a) Show on a diagram the transfer of electrons between the
atoms in the formation of MgO. Write symbols of cation and anion present in
MgO.
(b) Name the solvent in which ionic compounds are generally soluble.
(c) Why are aqueous solutions of ionic compounds able to conduct electricity?

MgO contains Mg2+ as cation and O2– as anion

(b) Ionic compounds are soluble in water.

(c) It is because aqueous solutions consist of ions which can move freely in them
and carry current.

Question 31: What are amphoteric oxides? Choose the amphoteric oxides from
amongst the following oxides:

Na2O, ZnO, Al2O3, CO2, H2O

Answer: Those oxides which reacts with acids as well as bases to produce salts
and water are called amphoteric oxides, e.g. Na 2O, ZnO, are amphoteric oxides
among given oxides.

Question 32: Define the terms:

(i) mineral
(ii) ore, and
(iii) gangue.

Answer: (i) Mineral: It is a naturally occurring substance from which metal may
or may not be extracted profitably or economically, e.g. Al cannot be extracted
profitably from mica.

(ii) Ore: It is a rocky material which contains sufficient quantity of mineral so that
metal can be extracted profitably, e.g. zinc blende is an ore of zinc from which
zinc can be extracted profitably.

(iii) Gangue: It is a rocky material which is present along with the mineral in the
ore, e.g. FeO is gangue in extraction of copper.

Question 33: An ore on heating in air produces sulphur dioxide. Which process
would you suggest for its concentration? Describe briefly any two steps involved
in the conversion of this concentrated ore into related metal.

Answer: It is concentrated by froth-flotation process.

(i) Roasting: The concentrated sulphide ore is heated strongly in the presence of
oxygen to convert it into its oxide.

2ZnS (s) + 3O2 (g) → 2ZnO (s) + 2SO2 (g)

(ii) Reduction: This oxide of metal is reduced with suitable reducing agent to get
free metal.

Question 34: Give reasons for the following observations:

(i) Ionic compounds in general have high melting and boiling points.
(ii) Highly reactive metals cannot be obtained from their oxides by heating them
with carbon.
(iii) Copper vessels get a green coat when left exposed to air in the rainy season.

Answer: (i) Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points due to strong
force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

(ii) It is because these metals themselves are strong reducing agents. Therefore,
cannot be reduced by reducing agent like carbon.

(iii) Copper vessels react with CO 2, O2 and moisture to form green-coloured basic
copper carbonate [CuCO3.Cu(OH)2].

Question 35: State reasons for the following observations:

(i) The shining surface of some metals becomes dull when exposed to air for a
long time.
(ii) Zinc fails to evolve hydrogen gas on reacting with dilute nitric acid.
(iii) Metal sulphides occur mainly in rocks, but metal halides occur mostly in sea
and lake waters.

Answer: (i) It is because metal reacts with substances present in atmosphere to

form surface compounds which make it dull.

(ii) It is because dil. HNO3 is an oxidising agent therefore zinc gives NO and not
H2 with dil. HNO3.

(iii) It is because sea water contains sodium chloride due to which metal halides
are formed, whereas sulphur is found below rocks. Therefore, metal – sulphides
are formed in rocks.

Question 36: State reasons for the following:

(i) Electric wires are covered with rubber like material.
(ii) From dilute hydrochloric acid, zinc can liberate hydrogen gas but copper
cannot.
(iii) Sulphide ore of a metal is first converted to its oxide to extract the metal
from it.
 Answer: (i) It is because rubber is an insulator and does not allow current to
flow through it.

(ii) Zinc is more reactive than hydrogen. Therefore, it can displace hydrogen
from dilute HCl whereas copper cannot, because it is less reactive than
hydrogen.

(iii) It is because it is easier to reduce oxide ore as compared to sulphide ore.

Question 37: (a) Write electron dot diagram for chlorine (At No. 17) and calcium
(At No. 20). Show the formation of calcium chloride by transfer of electrons.

(b) Identify the nature of above compound and explain three physical properties
of such compound.

Answer:

(b) It is ionic compound.

Physical properties

 1.It is hard and solid.

 2.It has high melting and boiling point.
 3.It soluble in water.
Question 38: (a) An ore on treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid produces
brisk effervesces. What type of ore is this? What steps will be required to obtain
metal from the enriched ore.

(b) Copper coin is kept immersed in silver nitrate solution for some time. What
change will take place in coin and colour of the solution? Write balanced
chemical equation of the reaction involved.

Answer: (a) Carbonate ore:

(i) Calcination: Carbonate ore is heated in limited supply of air and oxide is
obtained,
(ii) Reaction with carbon: Oxide ore is heated with carbon

ZnO (s) + C (s) → Zn (s) + CO (g)

(b) Copper, being more reactive than silver will displace silver from silver nitrate
solution and there will be deposition of silver on copper coin. The colour of
solution will turn to blue.

Cu (s) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) → Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag (S)

Question 39: (a) Define activity series of metals. Arrange the metals gold,
copper, iron and magnesium in order of their increase in reactivity.

(b) What will you observe when:

(i) Some zinc pieces are put in copper sulphate solution.
(ii) Some silver pieces are put into green coloured ferrous sulphate solution.

Answer: (a) The series of metals in which metals are arranged in decreasing
order of their reactivity. Au < Cu < Fe < Mg is increasing order of reactivity.

(b) (i) The blue solution will become colourless and reddish brown copper metal
will be deposited.

(ii) Ag (s) + FeSO4 (aq) → No reaction

Reaction will not take place because ‘Ag’ is less reactive than iron.

Question 40: (a) Write the chemical name of the coating that forms on silver
and copper articles when these are left exposed to moist air.
(b) Explain what is galvanisation. What purpose is served by it?
(c) Define an alloy. How are alloys prepared? How do the properties of iron
change when:
(i) small quantity of carbon,
(ii) nickel and chromium are mixed with it.

Answer: (a) Ag2S (silver sulphide) is formed on silver, basic copper carbonate
CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 is formed on copper.

(b) The process of coating zinc over iron is called galvanisation. It is used to
prevent rusting of iron.
(c) Alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals. One of them can be
non-metal. Alloys are prepared by melting two or more metals together.
(i) Iron does not rust on adding small quantity of carbon.
(ii) When we form alloy of iron with nickel and chromium, we get stainless steel
which is malleable and does not get rusted.

Question 41: (a) In the formation of a compound between two atoms A and B, A
loses two electrons and B gains one electron.(i) What is the nature of the bond
between A and B?
(ii) Suggest the formula of the compound formed between A and B.

(b) On similar lines explain the formation of MgCl 2 molecule.

(c) Common salt conducts electricity only in the molten state. Why?
(d) Why is the melting point of NaCl high?

Answer:

(c) Na+ and Cl— are free to move in molten state but not in solid state.

(d) It is due to strong force o attraction between Na + and Cl—.

Question 42: (a) Carbon cannot be used as reducing agent to obtain Mg from
MgO. Why?
(b) How is sodium obtained from molten sodium chloride? Give equation of the
reactions.
(c) How is copper obtained from its sulphide ore? Give equations of the reactions.

Answer: (a) It is because ‘Mg’ is stronger reducing agent than carbon.

(b) Sodium is obtained from molten NaCl by electrolysis.

c) Copper ore is concentrated by froth-flotation process.

Roasting: 2Cu2S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2

Bassemerisation: Copper oxide reacts with Cu 2S on heating to form Blister
copper and SO2.

Cu2S + 2Cu2O → 6Cu + 2SO2

Blister Copper is purified by electrolytic refining.

Question 43: How is the method of extraction of metals high up in the reactivity
series different from that for metals in the middle? Why the same process cannot
be applied for them? Explain giving equations, the extraction of sodium.

Answer: Metals high up in the series are obtained by electrolytic reduction

because these metals are strong reducing agents and therefore, cannot be
obtained by chemical reduction.

Metals in middle of series are less reactive and can be obtained by chemical
reduction. The same process cannot be used for both of them as highly reactive
metals cannot be obtained by chemical reduction.

Extraction of sodium is done by electrolysis of molten sodium chloride.

Question 44: Write the names and symbols of two most reactive metals.
Explain by drawing electronic structure how any one of the two metals react with
a halogen. State any four physical properties of the compound formed.

Answer: K(Potassium) and Na(Sodium) are the two most reactive metals. K and
Na are electronic structures as they have one valence electron.

where ‘F’ is a halogen.

Four physical properties of the compounds formed by these elements and

halogens are:
(i) They have high melting point.
(ii)They are soluble in water.
(iii) They conduct electricity in molten state not in solid state.
(iv) They are solid and somewhat hard.
Question 45: Give reasons for the following:

(i) Silver and copper lose their shine when they are exposed to air. Name the
substance formed on their surface in each case.

(ii) Tarnished copper vessels are cleaned with tamarind juice.

(iii) Aluminium is more reactive than iron yet there is less corrosion of aluminium
as compared to iron when both are exposed to air.

Answer: (i) These metals get corroded. Silver forms black Ag 2S (silver sulphide)
and copper form greenish layer of basic copper carbonate CuCO 3.Cu(OH)2.

(ii) Tamarind contains acid which reacts with basic copper carbonate and product
gets dissolved and removed from copper vessel.

(iii) Aluminium forms oxide layer on its surface which does not further react with
air.

Question 46: (a) Write the electron dot structures of sodium, oxygen and
magnesium.
(b) Show the formation of Na 2O and MgO by transfer of electrons. Name the ions
present in these compounds.
(c) List three properties of ionic compounds.

Answer:

(c) (i) They are solids having high melting point.

(ii) They are soluble in water.
(iii) They conduct electricity in molten state as well as in aqueous solution.

Question 47: What are alloys? How are they made? Name the constituents and
uses of brass, bronze and solder.
Answer: Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of two or more metals. One of them
can be a non-metal also. They are made by melting a metal which is in large
amount first and then adding the other metal.

Brass contains copper and zinc. It is used for making decorative articles. Bronze
contains copper and tin. It is used for making statues and medals. Solder
contains lead and tin. It is used for soldering purposes.

Question 48: A metal (E) is stored under kerosene. When a small piece of it is
left open in the air, it catches fire. When the product formed is dissolved in
water, it turns red litmus to blue.

(i) Name the metal (E).

(ii)Write the chemical equation for the reaction when it is exposed to air and
when the product is dissolved in water.
(iii) Explain the process by which the metal is obtained from its molten chloride.

Answer: (i) ‘E’ is sodium which catches fire in presence of moisture.

(ii) 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O

Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH

(iii) Electrolytic reduction: Electric current is passed through molten NaCl.

Sodium is formed at cathode and chlorine gas is liberated at anode.

Question 49: Write two differences between calcination and roasting.

Answer:

Calcination Roasting

Calcination is a process in which ore is heated in the Roasting involves heating of ore lower than its
absence of air or air might be supplied in limited quantity melting point in the presence of air or oxygen.

Calcination involves thermal decomposition of carbonate Roasting is carried out mostly for sulphide
ores. minerals.

During calcination, moisture is driven out from an ore. Roasting does not involve dehydrating an ore.

During roasting large amount of toxic, metallic

Carbon dioxide is given out during calcination
and acidic compounds are released.
Question 50: (a) Name the main ore of mercury. How is mercury obtained from
its ore? Give balanced chemical equation.
(b) What is thermite reaction? How is it used to join the railway tracks or cracked
machine parts?
(c) Name the method used to extract metals of high reactivity.

Answer: (a) Cinnabar

Mercury is obtained from its ore by roasting.
HgS + O2 → Hg + SO2

(b) When aluminium is heated with Fe2O3 to get molten iron, it is called thermite
reaction.
Fe2SO3 + 3Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe
Molten iron is used to weld broken railway tracks.

(c) Electrolytic reduction

Question 51: (a) How can the metals at the top of the reactivity series be
extracted from their ores? Explain with an example.
(b) Name any one alloy made from
(i) a metal and a non-metal, and
(ii) two metals.

Answer: (a) These metals are extracted by electrolytic reduction, e.g.

aluminium is obtained from bauxite by electrolytic reduction.

(b) (i) Steel is made up of iron and carbon.

(ii) Brass is made up of copper and zinc.

Question 52: With the help of a suitable example, explain how ionic compounds
are formed. State any three general properties of ionic compounds.

Answer: Ionic compounds are formed by transfer of electrons from metal to

non-metals, e.g.

General Properties:
(i) They are the solids having high melting point.
(ii) They are soluble in water.
(iii) They conduct electricity in molten state as well as in aqueous solution.

Question 53: (a) Explain with an example how the metal (X) which is low in
reactivity series and metal (Y) which is high in the reactivity series are obtained
from their compounds by reduction process.
(b) Write the electronic configurations of sodium and chlorine. Show the
formation of sodium chloride from sodium and chlorine by the transfer of
electrons.

(c) List any two observations when a highly reactive metal is dropped in water.

Answer: (a) ‘X’ is obtained by chemical reduction. ‘Y’ is obtained by electrolytic

reduction.

(c) (i) Metal will catch fire.

(ii) Alkali solution is formed which turns red litmus blue.

Question 54: (a) The reaction of metal (X) with ferric oxide is highly exothermic.
Metal

(X) is obtained from its oxides by electrolytic reduction. Identify (X) and write its
reaction with ferric oxide.

(b) Give reason to justify that aluminium oxide is an amphoteric oxide. Also, give
another example of amphoteric oxide.

(c) Mention constituent metals present in bronze.

Answer: (a) ‘X’ is ‘Al’

2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe

(b) AI2O3 reacts with acid as well as base therefore it is amphoteric oxide.
AI2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O
AI2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2
Zinc oxide is also an amphoteric oxide.

(c) Bronze contains’ copper and tin.

Question 1: Give the names of the following functional groups:
(i) —OH (ii) —COOH

Answer: (i) Alcohol group (ii) Carboxylic acid group

Question 2: What is the difference in the molecular formula of any two

consecutive members of a homologous series of organic compounds?

Answer: —CH2— is the difference in the molecular formula of any two

consecutive members of a homologous series of organic compounds.

Question 3: Name the carbon compound which on heating with excess of

concentrated sulphuric acid at 443 K gives ethene.

Answer:
Question 4: What is meant by a saturated hydrocarbon?

Answer: Those hydrocarbons in which valency of carbon is satisfied by single

bonds only are called saturated hydrocarbons.

Question 5: Name the compound formed when ethanol is warmed with ethanoic
acid in the presence of a few drops of conc.H 2SO4

Answer:

Question 6: Draw the structure of CH3COOH molecule.

Answer:

Question 7: Draw the structure of ethanol molecule.

Answer:

Question 8: What happens when a small piece of sodium is dropped into

ethanol?
Answer: Hydrogen gas will be evolved.
2C2H5OH(l) + 2Na(s) → 2C2H5ONa(l) + H2(g)

Question 9: State two characteristic features of carbon which when put

together give rise to Large number of carbon compounds.

Answer: (i) Catenation (ii) Tetravalency of carbon

Question 10: Write the structural formula of chloroethane.

Answer:

Question 11: How many covalent bonds are there in a molecule of ethane
(C2H6)?

Answer: There are 7 covalent bonds in a molecule of ethane.

Question 12: Write the electron dot structure of ethene molecule (C 2H4).

Answer:

Question 13: Write the electron dot structure of ethane molecule (C 2H6).

Answer:
Question 14: Draw the structure of butanone molecule, CH 3COC2H5.

Answer:

Question 15: Draw the structure of the hexanal molecule, C 5H11CHO.

Answer:

Question 16: Butanone is a four carbon per molecule compound. Name the
functional group present in it.

Answer: Ketone

Question 17: Name the following compound:

Answer: 1-Hexyne is IUPAC name of the compound

Question 18: Name the functional group present in each of the following
organic compounds:
(i) C2H5CI
(ii) C2H5OH

Answer:
(i) (—Cl) Halogen (Chloro)
(ii) (—OH) Alcohol

Question 19: Name the functional group present in each of the following
compounds:
(i) HCOOH
(ii) C2H5CHO

Answer:
(i) —COOH (Carboxylic acid)
(ii) —CHO (Aldehyde)

Question 20: Name the functional group present in each of the following
organic compounds:
(i) CH3COCH3
(ii) C2H5COOH

Answer:

Question 21: Write the name and formula of the second member of the carbon
compounds having functional group —OH.

Answer:

Question 22: Write the name and formula of the first member of the carbon
compounds having functional group —CHO.

Answer:
Question 23: Write the name and formula of the first member of the carbon
compounds having functional group —COOH.

Answer:

Question 24: Write the name and formula of the 2nd member of the series of
carbon compounds whose general formula is C nH2n+1OH

Answer: Ethanol, C2H5OH or CH3CH2OH

Question 25: Write the name and formula of the 2nd member of the series of
carbon compounds whose general formula is C nH2n.

Answer: C3H6, H2C=CH—CH3

Propene is second member of series whose general formula is C nH2n.

Question 26: (a) Give a chemical test to distinguish between saturated and
unsaturated hydrocarbons.
(b) (i) Name the products formed when ethanol burns in air. ‘
(ii) What two forms of energy are liberated on burning alcohol?
(c) Why is the reaction between methane and chlorine considered a substitution
reaction?

Answer:

Question 27: (a) Why are covalent compounds generally poor conductors of
electricity?(b) Name the following compound:
(c) Name the gas evolved when ethanoic acid is added to sodium carbonate.
How would you prove the presence of this gas?

Answer: (a) It is because they do not form ions.

(b) Propanone

Question 28: Write the name and molecular formula of an organic compound
having its name suffixed with ‘-ol and having two carbon atoms in the molecule.
With the help of a balanced chemical equation indicate what happens when it is
heated with excess of conc.H2SO4.

Answer:

Question 29: Write the names and molecular formula of two organic
compounds having functional r group suffixed as ‘-oic acid’. With the help of a
balanced chemical equation and explain what happens when any one of them
reacts with sodium hydroxide.

Answer:

Question 30: What is a homologous series? Which two of the following organic
compounds belong to the same homologous?

CH3, C2H6, C2H6O, C2H6O2, CH4O

Answer: Homologous series is a series of series of organic compounds which
have same functional group and similar chemical properties. Each member of
this series differs by —CH2 — in its molecular formula and 14 u in its molecular
mass.

C2H6O(C2H5OH) and CH4O(CH3OH) belong to same homologous series.

Question 31: What is meant by a functional group in an organic compound?

Name the functional group present in
(i) CH3CH2OH
(ii) CH3COOH
(b) State one point of difference between soap and synthetic detergent.

Answer: (a) Functional group is an atom or group of atoms or reactive part of

compound, which determines chemical properties of compounds.
(i) —OH (Alcohol)
(ii) —COOH (Carboxylic acid)

(b) Soaps do not work well with hard water detergents work well with hard water.

Question 32: Give reasons for the following observations:

(a) The element carbon forms a very large number of compounds.
(b) Air holes of a gas burner have to be adjusted when the heated vessels get
blackened by the flame.
(c) Use of synthetic detergents causes pollution of water.

Answer: (a) Carbon forms large number of compounds since carbon is small in
size and can form stable covalent bonds (catenation) and it shows tetravalency.

(b) Air holes of gas burner are made open (adjusted) so that air can pass
through, which is needed for complete combustion, so that heated vessels do not
get blackened.

(c) Some synthetic detergents are non-biodegradable, therefore, cause pollution

of water.

Question 33: What is ethanoic acid? Write the formula of the functional group
present in this acid. What special name is given to its 5 – 8% solution in water?
How does ethanoic acid react with sodium carbonate? Write a chemical equation
of the reaction and common name of the salt produced.

Answer:
Question 34: Name the functional group of organic compounds that can be
hydrogenated. With the help of suitable example explain the process of
hydrogenation mentioning the conditions of the reaction and any one change in
physical property with the formation of the product. Name any one natural
source of organic compounds that are hydrogenated.

Answer:

When unsaturated hydrocarbons are heated with hydrogen in the presence of

nickel as catalyst, saturated hydrocarbons are formed. If the starting unsaturated
hydrocarbons are liquids, they will change into solids. Vegetable oils are
hydrogenated to form vegetable ghee. Plants are natural sources of vegetable
oils which can be hydrogenated.

Question 35: An ester has the molecular formula C 4H8O2. Write its structural
formula. What happens when this ester is heated in the presence of sodium
hydroxide solution? Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction and
name the products. What is a saponification reaction?

Answer:
Question 36: An organic compound ‘A’ is an essential constituent of wine and
beer. Oxidation of ‘A’ yields an organic acid ‘B’ which is present in vinegar. Name
the compounds ‘A’ and ‘B’ and write their structural formula. What happens
when ‘A’ and ‘B’ react in the presence of an acid catalyst? Write the chemical
equation for the reaction.

Answer:

Question 37: What is ethanol? State its two properties. What happens when it is
heated with excess of conc. H 2SO4 at 443 K? What role does conc. H 2SO4 play in
this reaction? Write chemical equation of the reaction involved and the structural
formula of the main product formed.

Answer:
Question 38: With the help of balanced chemical equations explain what
happens when ethanol is heated with (i) alkaline solution of potassium
permanganate, (ii) excess concentrated sulphuric acid at 443 K. Mention any two
uses of ethanol.

Answer:

Question 39: Out of HCI and CH3COOH, which one is a weak acid and why?
Describe an activity to support your answer.

Answer: Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a weaker acid because it does not dissociate
completely into its ions in aqueous solution.

Activity: Add zinc metal in HCI and CH 3COOH respectively. The hydrogen gas
will be evolved faster in HCI and slowly in CH 3COOH. It shows acetic acid is a
weak acid.

Alternative Method: If we use pH paper, the colour of pH paper will be dark

red in HCI and light red in CH 3COOH which shows HCI is a strong acid and
CH3COOH is a weak acid.
Question 40: Write chemical equations for what happens when
(i) sodium metal is added to ethanoic acid.
(ii) solid sodium carbonate is added to ethanoic acid.
(iii) ethanoic acid reacts with a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide.

Answer:

Question 41: Describe two examples of different oxidations of ethanol. Name

the products obtained in each case.

Answer:

Question 42: Write a chemical equation in each case to represent the following
types of chemical reactions of organic compounds:
(i) Oxidation reactions
(ii) Addition reactions
(iii) Substitution reactions

Answer:
Question 43: What are isomers? Draw the structures of two isomers of butane,
C4H10. Why can’t we have isomers of first three members of alkane series?

Answer: Those compounds, which have same molecular formula but different
structural formulae are called isomers.

In first three members of alkane series, branching is not possible. Therefore, we

cannot have isomers.

Question 44: Define homologous series of organic compounds. List its two
characteristics. Write the name and formula of the first member of the series of
alkenes.

Answer: The series of organic compounds having same functional group and
similar chemical properties is called homologous series.

Each member differs from successive member by —CH 2— group. The difference
in molecular weight between two successive members is 14 u.

Characteristics:

(i) It has same general formula, from which, all members can be derived.

(ii) They have similar chemical properties.

C2H4, CH2=CH2, Ethene is first member of alkene series.

Question 45: Why homologous series of carbon compounds are so called? Write
chemical formula of two consecutive members of a homologous series and state
the part of these compounds that determines their physical properties, and
chemical properties.
Answer: The series consists of members of same family with similar physical
and chemical properties, therefore, called homologous series.

CH3OH, and CH3CH2OH are two consecutive members of homologous series.

Alkyl group —CH3 and —CH3CH2 part determines physical properties. Functional
group —OH determines chemical properties of the compounds.

Question 46: Name the oxidising agent used for the conversion of ethanol to
ethanoic acid. Distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid on the basis of (i)
litmus test, (ii) reaction with sodium hydrogencarbonate.

Answer: Alkaline potassium permanganate or Acidified potassium dichromate.

(i) Ethanol will not affect litmus paper. Ethanoic acid will turn blue litmus paper
red.

(ii) Ethanol will not react with sodium hydrogen carbonate. Ethanoic acid will give
brisk effervescence due to colourless, odourless carbon dioxide gas.

Question 47: Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions of

organic compounds with the help of the chemical equation for each. What is the
use of (i) esters and (ii) saponification process?

Answer:

Question 48: (a) In tabular form, differentiate between ethanol and ethanoic
acid under the following heads:
(i) Physical state (ii) Taste (iii) NaHCO 3 test (iv) Ester test
(b) Write a chemical reaction to show the dehydration of ethanol.

Answer:
Question 49: (a) State two properties of carbon which lead to a very large
number of carbon compounds.

(b) Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Why
are micelles not formed when soap is added to ethanol?

Answer: (a) (i)-Catenation (ii) Tetravalency

(b) It is because large number of molecular ions of soaps get aggregated and
form colloidal solution. Soap has hydrophobic tail (hydrocarbon) which dissolves
in hydrocarbon part and hydrophilic part dissolves in water. Ethanol is non-polar
solvent therefore micelles are not formed because hydrocarbon part gets
attracted towards ethanol and ionic end will not dissolve in alcohol.

Question 50: Explain isomerism. State any four characteristics of isomers. Draw
the structures of possible isomers of butane, C 4H10

Answer: Isomerism is a phenomenon due to which some compounds have same

molecular formula but different structural formulae.

Characteristics:
(i) They differ in structural formula.
(ii) They differ in melting point.
(iii) They differ in boiling point.
(iv) They differ in solubility in same solvent.
Question 51: Give reasons for the following:
(i) Element carbon forms compounds mainly by covalent bonding.
(ii) Diamond has a high melting point.
(iii) Graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
(iv) Acetylene bums with a sooty flame.
(v) Kerosene does not decolourise bromine water while cooking oils do.

Answer: (i) It is because carbon has four valence electrons, it cannot gain or
lose four electrons because high energy is needed. It can only share four
electrons.

(ii) It is due to strong covalent bonds and compact structure of diamond.

(iii) It is due to presence of free electrons in graphite because each carbon is

linked to three more carbon atoms.

(iv) It is due to high percentage of carbon it burns with sooty or smoky flame.

(v) Kerosene oil is mixture of saturated hydrocarbons therefore does not

decolourise bromine water.

Question 52: What is the difference between the chemical composition of soaps
and detergents? State in brief the action of soaps in removing an oily spot from a
shirt. Why are soaps not considered suitable for washing where water is hard?

Answer: Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids having — COONa
group. Detergents are sodium or potassium salts of sulphonic acids having —
SO3Na and — SO4Na group. Cleansing action of soap: Soap molecules consist of a
large hydrocarbon tail which is hydrophobic (water-hating or water repelling)
with a negatively charged head which is hydrophilic (water-loving) as shown in
figure.

When a soap is dissolved in water, the molecules associate together as clusters

called micelles in which water molecules, being polar in nature, surround the ions
and the hydrocarbon part of the molecule attracts grease, oil and dirt. The tail
sticks inwards and the outwards. In cleansing, the hydrocarbon tail attaches
itself to oily dirt. When water is agitated (shaken vigorously), the oily dirt tends
to lift off from the dirty surface and dissociate into fragments. This gives
opportunity to other tails to stick to oil. The solution now contains small globules
of oil surrounded by soap molecules. The negatively charged heads present the
small globules from coming together and aggregates. Thus, the oily dirt is
removed. Hard water has Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. When it reacts with soap, it forms
insoluble compound and the soap goes waste.

Question 53: What are the hydrocarbons write the name and general formula of
(i) saturated hydrocarbons, (ii) unsaturated hydrocarbons, and draw the
structure of one hydrocarbon of each type. How can an unsaturated hydrocarbon
be made saturated?

Answer:
Question 1: The pH of a sample of vegetable soup was found to be 6.5. How is
this soup likely to taste?

Answer: The taste will be slightly sour as it is weakly acidic.

Question 2: Which bases are called alkalies? Give an example of alkalies.

Answer: Soluble bases are called alkalies, e.g. sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

Question 3: Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between

sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid indicating the physical state of the
reactants and the products.

Answer: Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Question 4: Write a balanced chemical equation for a neutralisation reaction,

mentioning the physical state of the reactants and the products.

Answer: NaOH(s) + 2HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Question 5: What would be the colour of red litmus in a solution of sodium

carbonate?

Answer: The red litmus will change to blue in sodium carbonate solution.

Question 6: Which gas is evolved when sodium hydrogencarbonate reacts with

dilute hydrochloric acid?

Answer: Carbon dioxide gas is evolved.

Question 7: Curd is not kept in copper and brass utensils. Why?

Answer: Curd and sour substances contain acids which react with brass and
copper vessels to form poisonous salts which are harmful for our health.

Question 8: Name the gas usually liberated when a dilute acid reacts with a
metal. What happens when a burning candle is brought near this gas?

Answer: H2 gas is liberated. It burns with pop sound when burning candle is
brought near the gas.

Question 9: What effect does an increase in concentration of H +(aq.) in a

solution have on the pH of solution?

Answer: Higher the concentration, lower will be pH of the solution.

Question 10: Why does 1 M HC1 solution have a higher concentration of H+

ions than 1 M CH3COOH solution?

Answer: 1 M HCl has higher cone, of (H+) because it ionises completely in

aqueous solution whereas CH3COOH does not as it is weak acid.
Question 11: Which gas is generally liberated when a dilute solution of
hydrochloric acid reacts with an active metal?

Answer: Hydrogen gas is liberated when active metal reacts with dilute
hydrochloric acid.

Zn(s) + 2HCl (dil.) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Question 12: What is the colour of litmus in a solution of ammonium hydroxide?

Answer: Red litmus will turn blue in ammonium hydroxide.

Question 13: How will you test for the gas which is liberated when hydrochloric
acid reacts with an active metal?

Answer: Bring a burning matchstick near the gas. It burns with ‘pop’ sound
showing that it is hydrogen.

Question 14: Name the acid present in the following:

(i) Tomato (ii) Vinegar (iii) Tamarind

Answer: (i) Oxalic acid (ii) Acetic acid (iii) Tartaric acid

Question 15: mL of water and 10 mL of sulphuric acid are to be mixed in a

beaker
(i) State the method that should be followed with reason.
(ii) What is this process called?

Answer: (i) The acid is to be added slowly in water to prevent the mixture to be
splashed. The reaction is highly exothermic therefore, constant cooling should be
done.

(ii) The process is called dilution.

Question 16: Explain how antacid works.

Answer: Hyperacidity is caused by excess of hydrochloric acid in stomach.

Antacid is basic in nature. It neutralizes excess of acid and gives relief from pain
caused by hyperacidity.

Question 17: Name the natural source of each of the following acid
(i) Citric acid.
(ii) Oxalic acid.
(iii) Lactic acid.
(iv) Tartaric acid.
Answer: (i) Lemon and orange.
(ii) Tomatoes and Guava.
(iii) Sour milk (curd)
(iv) Tamarind.

Question 18: A student detected the pH of four unknown solution A, B, C and D

as follows 11, 5, 7 and 2. Predict the nature of the solution.

Answer: A is basic ‘B’ is acidic ‘C’ is natural and ‘D’ is strongly acidic.

Question 19: State the chemical name of Plaster of Paris. Write a chemical
equation to show the reaction between Plaster of Paris and water.

Answer: Calcium sulphate hemihydrate.

Question 20: State in brief the preparation of washing soda from baking soda.
Write balanced chemical equation of the reaction involved.

Answer: Sodium hydrogencarbonate (baking soda) on heating gives sodium

carbonate which on recrystallisation gives washing soda.

Question 21: What is the colour of FeSO4.7H2O crystals? How does this colour
change upon heating? Give balanced chemical equation for the changes.

Answer: Pale green is the colour of FeSO4.7H2O crystals. It becomes dirty white
on heating.

Question 22: Classify the following salts into acidic, basic and neutral:
Potassium sulphate, ammonium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride.

Answer: Neutral: Potassium sulphate, Sodium chloride

Acidic: Ammonium chloride

Basic: Sodium carbonate

Question 23: A student dropped few pieces of marble in dilute HC1 contained in
a test tube. The evolved gas was passed through lime water.

(i) What change would be observed in lime water?

(ii) Write balanced chemical equation for the above change.

Answer: (i) Lime water will turn milky due to formation of calcium carbonate.

(ii) Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O(l)

Question 24: What happens when chlorine is passed over slaked lime at 313K?
Write chemical equation of the reaction involved and state two uses of the
product obtained.

Answer: Bleaching powder is formed.

(i) It is used as bleaching agent in paper and textile industries.

(ii) It is used as disinfectant in purification of drinking water

Question 25: What is meant by ‘water of crystallisation’ of a substance?

Answer: The water molecules associated with a crystalline substance is called

‘water of crystallisation’.

Question 26: (a) Define olfactory indicators. Name two substances which can
be used as olfactory indicator.
(b) Choose strong acids from the following:
CH3COOH, H2SO4, H2CO3, HNO3

Answer: (a) Those substances whose smell (odour) changes in acidic or basic
solution are called olfactory indicators, e.g. onion and vanilla.

(b) H2SO4 and HNO3 are strong acids.

Question 27: Explain the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on the following with
chemical equation:
(i) Magnesium ribbon (ii) Sodium hydroxide (iii) Crushed egg shells

Answer: (i) Hydrogen gas will be formed

Mg(s) + 2HCl (dil) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

(ii) Sodium chloride and water will be formed

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
(iii) Crushed egg shell are made up of CaCO 3 which reacts with dil HCl to give
brisk effervescence due to CO2
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

Question 28: (i) Give the constituents of baking powder

(ii) Why cake or bread swells on adding baking powder? Write chemical equation.

Answer: (i) Baking powder containing sodium hydrogen carbonate and tartaric
acid.
(ii) It is due to carbon dioxide

Question 29: (a) Write the name given to bases that are highly soluble in water.
Give an example.
(b) How is tooth decay related to pH? How can it be prevented?
(c) Why does bee sting cause pain and irritation? Rubbing of baking soda on the
sting area gives relief. How?

Answer: (a) Alkali, e.g. NaOH (Sodium hydroxide).

(b) Lower the pH, more will be tooth decay. Acid reacts with Ca3(PO4)2 and
cause tooth decay. It can be prevented by brushing teeth after every meal.

(c) It is due to formic acid. Sodium hydrogencarbonate (Baking soda) neutralises

formic acid giving relief.

Question 30: A white powder is added while baking breads and cakes to make
them soft and fluffy. Write the name of the powder. Name its main ingredients.
Explain the function of each ingredient. Write the chemical reaction taking place
when the powder is heated during baking.

Answer: Baking powder.

It consists of sodium hyrogencarbonate and tartaric acid.
Sodium hydrogencarbonate gives CO2 which makes cake soft and fluffy. Tartaric
acid neutralizes the bitterness due to sodium carbonate produced.

Question 31: “Sodium hydrogencarbonate is a basic salt”. Justify the statement.

How is it converted into washing soda? Explain.

Answer: Sodium hydrogencarbonate is a salt of sodium hydroxide (strong base)

and carbonic acid (weak acid).
It is basic salt. It is converted into washing soda by heating followed by
crystallization.
Question 32: (a) What is universal indicator?
(b) Write the chemical equation involved in the preparation of sodium hydroxide.
Name the process.

Answer: (a) Universal indicator is the mixture of synthetic indicators which is

used to find pH of solutions.

Question 33: A gas ‘X’ reacts with lime water and forms a compound ‘Y’ which
is used as a bleaching agent in chemical industry. Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y\ Give the
chemical equation of the reactions involved.

Question 34: (i) Name the compound which is obtained from baking soda and is
used to remove permanent hardness of water.
(ii) Write its chemical formula.
(iii) What happens when it is recrystallised from its aqueous solution?

Answer: (i) Sodium carbonate is obtained from baking soda and is used to
remove hardness of water.
(ii) Na2CO3
(iii) It changes to washing soda, Na 2CO3.10H2O

Question 35: What is a neutralisation reaction? Give two examples.

Answer: The reaction between acid and base to form salt and water is called
neutrilisation reaction. Examples:
KOH + HNO3 → KNO3 + H2O
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Question 36: What is tooth enamel chemically? State the condition when it
starts corroding. What happens when food particles left in the mouth after eating
degrade? Why do doctors suggest use of tooth powder/toothpaste to prevent
tooth decay?

Answer: It is made up of calcium phosphate. It starts corroding due to acid

formed in mouth. The food particles which are left in mouth form acids which
cause tooth decay. Toothpaste and tooth powder are basic and neutralise acid
formed in mouth which prevents tooth decay.
Question 37: What is Plaster of Paris chemically? How is it prepared? List its two
important uses.

Answer: Calcium sulphate hemihydrate.

It is prepared by heating gypsum at 373 K.

(i) It is used to prepare chalks.

(ii) It is used to make casts and moulds.

Question 38: What is baking soda chemically called? Give reaction involved in
its preparation. Write one of its uses.

Answer: Sodium hydrogencarbonate.

NH3 + CO2 + H2O + NaCl → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
OR
NaCO3 + CO2 + H2O → 2NaHCO3
It is used as an antacid.

Question 39: (a) What is an alkali? Give an example.

(b) Why do HCl, HNO3, etc. show acidic characters in aqueous solutions while
solutions of compounds like alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character?

Answer: (a) Soluble bases are called alkalies, e.g. sodium hydroxide is an alkali.

(b) HCl, HNO3 ionise in aqueous solution, whereas alcohol and glucose do not
show acidic characters because they do not ionise in aqueous solution.

Question 40: A compound which is prepared from gypsum has the property of
hardening when mixed with proper quantity of water.
(i) Identify the compound.
(ii) Write the chemical equation for its preparation.
(iii) Mention one important use of this compound.

Answer: (i) Plaster of Paris

(iii) It is used for plastering fractured bones.

Question 41: Name the products formed in each case when

(a) hydrochloric acid reacts with caustic soda.
(b) granulated zinc reacts with caustic soda.
(c) carbon dioxide is passed into lime water.

Question 42: State reason for the following statements:

(i) Tap water conducts electricity whereas distilled water does not.
(ii) Dry hydrogen chloride gas does not turn blue litmus red whereas dilute
hydrochloric acid does.
(iii) During summer season, a milk man usually adds a very small amount of
baking soda to fresh milk.
(iv) For a dilution of acid, acid is added into water and not water into acid.
(v) Ammonia is a base but does not contain hydroxyl group.

Answer: (i) Tap water contains ions which conduct electricity, distilled water
does not contain ions.

(ii) Dry HCl does not form ions but HCl gives H + and Cl–.

(iii) Baking soda does not allow milk to change to lactic acid which makes milk
sour.

(iv) Adding water to acid is highly exothermic. Therefore, water is added to acid
very slowly with cooling.

(v) Ammonia dissolves in water and forms H – Therefore, it is basic in nature.

Question 43: (a) State the chemical properties on which the following uses of
baking soda are based:
(i) as an antacid
(ii) as a soda acid fire extinguisher
(iii) to make bread and cake soft and spongy.
(b) How is washing soda is obtained from baking soda? Write balanced chemical
equation.

Answer: (a) (i) It is weakly basic in nature and naturalize hyperacidity.

(ii) It liberates CO2 with H2SO4, which extinguish fire.
(iii) It liberates CO2 on heating which makes bread and cake soft and sponge

Baking soda on heating gives sodium carbonate which on crystallisation from

hydrated washing soda.

Na2CO3 + 10H2O → Na2CO3.10H2O