Vegetable Seed Production Technology 5. CHILLIES i Solanaceae Family annum L., Capsicum frutescens \, Botanical name Capsicum 2n = 24 Mexico, South america (Capsicum frutescens L.) m frutescens are known as sweet Ilinated crops to a considerable omosome number - or Guatemala (Capsicum annum L,) 9000 Origin The chillies Capsicum annuum and Capsicur and hot pepper respectively. Chillies are cross-po! extent, though these are self-pollinated crops. CERTIFICATION MPLIFICATION OF GENERAL SEED i SANDARDS: The ge fication standards are basic and together ' : STANDARDS: The general seed certi togeth with the following specific standards constitute the standards for certification of capsicum and chilli. 2 LAND REQUIREMENTS: There are no specific requirements of the land, but the land should be free of volunteer plants. 3. VARIETIES: A. Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): @ Arka Basant: The plants are indeterminate in growth habit, bearing cream coloured conical and erect fruits. It has very good cooking quality. Duration for vegetable purpose 130-160 days. (i) Arka Mohini: The plants are determinate in growth habit, bearing dark green, 3-4 lobed blocky fruits each weighing 280 g. Duration for negetable purpose 135 days. Arka Gaurav: The plants are indeterminate in growth habit. Fruits dark green, 3-4 lobed, erect, weighing on an average 180g per fruit. Duration for vegetable purpose 140 days. wv) Fruit ea neight 50-60 cm, erect and sturdy habit. Foliage dark green. thick Sore ent eae long, thick walled and deep green in colour. Flesh fe a mu seal tuit colour scarletred on maturity. Days to flowering 80- days. © purpose 100-110. Duration for seed to seed 130-140 Californi . ; (California Wonder: Plant height 50-60 cm, erect and sturdy. Foliage dark green. Gii)+ seciauies Fruits square 4-lobed, thick wall very thick, non-punge enc 8m long, nt Fruit colour bright scarlet Betable purpose 1 ‘ 80.85 ane Pose 100-110 deep green and smooth. Flesh ‘tat maturity. Days to flowering and duration for seed to seed 130- (vi) Chinese Giant: Plant ho; i . ‘ and sturdy. Foliage dark green. aed ones about 8-10 cm in diameter and somewhat crumpled on ie toflowerinn soe dark green turning bright scarlet red on maturity. ering 80-85 for vegetable urpose 100-11. ati seed 130-140 days, purp 0. Duration for seed to (ii) Yolo Wonder: A late Maturing variety. P| smooth, heavy, thick-walled, deep gr flavoured, turns crimson at Maturity, Pe ight 50-60 cm, erect lants stocky and up right, fruits blocky, een, flesh very thick, sweet and fine ‘endent habit of fruits. B. Hot pepper (Capsicum frutescens L): @ — Pusa Jwala: A derivative of th 60 cm with umbrella-like gro in girth, unripe fruits light Breer Pungent Fruits of early flush ai frutis are pende: conditions, ani @ Cross NP46A x Puri Red. The plant height 50- wth habit. Fruits 6-12 cm long about 2.5-3.5 cm n in colour which become red at maturity. Highly re erect to semi-erect in position and subsequent nt on the same plant. Resistant to chilli mosaic under artificial d also resistant to leaf curl virus under field conditions. Gi) NP-46 A. The plant height 45-50 cm, bushy growth habit. Prolific bearing and stem angular, thick, light green. Leaves narrow, smooth and light green. Flowers white, fruits long (11 cm), 2.33 cm fruit diameter, thin pointed, smooth surface unripe fruits green, deep red when mature. Pungent and pendulous fruit orientation. Tolerant to thrips and susceptible to leaf curl disease. Gil) Pant C-1: A derivative of the cross NP-46A x Local (A C-3) released in 1978 in Uttar Pradesh. Plant height 57 cm, stem angular, thick, light green with purple splashes, moderately puberscent, branche (7 branches per plant) with internode at intermediate length. Leaves dark green and smooth. Flowers of white colour. Days to fruiting 61. Fruits 6.9 cm long, 2.9 cm in perimeter, smooth, erect in position, fruit end blunt. Colour of fruit green when unripe, purple splashes on fruit when temperature is low, fruit colour deep red on maturity. Locule per fruit 2-6, highly pungent. Seed content 7.2 per cent. Possesses better resistance to leaf curl and mosaic diseases. i ennial habit. Foliage dark green, Fruits 25- 4 |; Plants medium fall, perennia one 6-7 cm thick, erect, highly pungent, dark green when unripe and shining red on maturity. Suitable for kitchen gardening. Resistant to leaf curl disease.Vegetable Seed | Production Technology are sown in August for autumn, pet pepper fc 4, SOWING TIME: The chillies and sweet pep ae Pee raintie lle a winter crop and in Noes a nesoan wall prepared raised none il, Seeds sha is done in March-April. Seeds s| a icing " cup RATE: About 1.5 to 2 kg seed is required for raising seedlings to plant an 5. SEE About 1. B e e hectare. veenentant transplanted when they are about 4.5 SPLANTING: The seedlings are fool ° . mona Seedlings should be planted with planting distance of 30-45 cm : a - Planting on ridge. 5-60 cm between row to row, between plant to plant and 45-6 : ee ring on ides is advisable during rainy season to avoid adverse ess is usually stagnant on flat beds where drainage is poor. Gap filling should be done after 10 days of transplanting. ERTILIZERS: Well rotten farmyard manure or compost at the . fate of 200-250 quintals per hectare is incorporated during land preparation, Besides, 50 kg nitrogen, 60-90 kg phosphorus and 50 kg potassium should be applied. Half dose of nitrogen and full dose of phosphorus and potassium should be applied at the time of transplanting and remaining nitrogen should be top-dressed in two split doses 30 and 45 days after transplanting. 8 INTER CULTURAL OPERATIONS: Just after transplanting, a light irrigation should be done. Subsequent irrigations are essential to maintain adequate soil moisture otherwise blossom and fruit drop may become a problem. To make the soil loose around root system and to keep down the weeds, inter-cultural operations should be done. Chemical weed control may be done with Alachlor (50 EC) 2 litre per hectare as pre plant. Rogue out all off types and diseased plant affected with seed-borne diseases like leaf blight and anthracnose. 9. ROGUING: Variation in plant height, shape and size of the leaf, early and delay in flowering, shape, size and colour of the fruit should be taken as the base of roguing. 10. INSECT PESTS AND THEIR CONTROL: ua ae is —- ee : Thrips are minute fragile insects with : Nymphs and adults la i which curl and dry at tips, cerate the tissue and suck sap from leaves Control: Spray 0.1 Per cent Malathion or 0,2 ber cent Carbaryl 50 WP (Sevin). Frui ; trough eo ine iurafabricius): The pests polyphagous, breeds Year, ubiquitous. Moths 8reyish brown with patterned forewings.+ 1un vegetables Tiny dark caterpi caterpillar feed grog, Bregariously, scraping the leaves, later the caterpillars segregate and assum Ez assume cul Seer worm habit, feeding voraciously on | B Vora leaves in nurseries Control: 1, Dust Carbaryl (4 per cent), . Spray Monoc 2. Spray Monocrotophos (0.03 per cent) or Carbaryl (0.2 ). ‘arba .2 percent). Mites (Hemitarsonem: jus latus Bank): TI 7 under webbings on ven ank): These are tiny insects and breed S eee reed and feed of the leaves, surface of leaves, cause whitish patches and curling, Control: . contpheg sulphur or spray 0.05 per cent wettable sulphur. ni is it ‘ i, es aoe Sa ached cates Aphids are most common and widely distributed 7 'y suck the sap from the leaves and also transmit the virus. Control Spray 0.1 per cent Malathion. 11. DISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL: A. Damping off (Pythium aphanidedermatum, Phytophthora spp.) : There is shrinking of the conical tissue of the hypocotyle and the falling over of the affected seedlings. Control: 1. Treat the seed with Thiram at the rate of 2g per kg seed. Drench the beds with Captan. 2. 3. Follow crop rotation of the seed beds and avoid excess watering. B. sici Butl): Drying of stem or branches from Anthracnose (Colletorichum cap ots on green or ripening fruits becoming rds, circular sunken spt tip backwa covered with black dotlike structures. Later on branches die. Control: 1. Use seeds from healthy fruits. 2. Treat seeds with Thiram (at2 gperkgof seed). i i .25 percent). oe oe cay of the collar region and the roots. C. Wilt (Fusarium annum L): The cortical de‘ Control: 1. Avoid planting in heavy soil. a7Vegetable Seed Production Technology vegetable. done in furrows: gations should be 2. Lightirri ed dirty grey spots appear on the 3, Uproot affected plants. . D. Fruit rot (Phytophthora capsici: Water soa fruits which rot completely. ith Blitox (0.25 e crop W ; during growth of the crop and dark green patches on the leaves, aves show yellow | re le ed, production of less flowers and fruits. The virus is sap percent) at the interval Control: Spray th 10-15 days Mosaic: Aftected le. E Size of leaves is reduce transmissible but not seed-bomne. Control: 1. Rogue out infected plants. granules at the rate of 25 kg per hectare in the nursery. 2. Apply Carbofuran F. Leaf cur It isa viral disease, caused by ‘tobacco leaf curl virus’. The infected leaves curl and plants become stunted. The virus is not seed-borne. The virus is transmitted by white fly. Control: To control the white fly, spray metasystox (0.2 per cent) from early growth stage to fruiting starts. 12. FIELD INSPECTION: A minimum of three inspections should be made, the first before flowering, the second at the time of flowering and fruiting stage and third at mature fruit stage. 13. FIELD STANDARDS: A. General requirements : 1 Isolation: An isolation distance should be provided all around a seed field to separate it from fields of other varieties, fields of same variety not conforming (0 varietal purity requirements for certification and to separate chilli from capsicum and vice-versa as follows: ——_——-— SSS Class ini Minimum distance (Metres) Foundation 400 CertifiedB. Specific requirements: Factor Maximum permitted (%)* ———WTT___Euination Certified Sion Foundation Certified 0.10 0.20 +** Plants affected by viral diseases oe o50 0.05 0.20 * Plants affected by seed-bome diseases, + Maximum permitted at = and after flower Of seed-brane diseases wed ef aNetnBin case of ff ypes and atfinal inspection theca aa a + Leaf blight, Anthracenose +#* Viral diseases hay ve not been found to be seed-brone but affected plants must be removed. 14, SEED STANDARDS: Factor Standard to each class (%) Foundation Certified Pure seed (Minimum) 98.0 98.0 Inert matter (Maximum) 2.0 2.0 Other crop seeds (Maximum) 0.05 0.10 Weed seed (Maximum) 0.05 0.10 60.0 60.0 Germination (Minimum) Moisture (Maximum) NG AND STORAGE: Fully rip 8.00 e fruits should be harvested and beating the dry fruits. Clean and dry them in open intent is reduced to 8-9 per cent. Clean seeds should ces in polyethylene coated bags. per hectare seed yield is obtained. 15. HARVESTI dried. Extract the seeds by sunlight so that moisture CO! be stored in cool and dry pla 16. YIELD: Average 1-1-25 quintal