Scribd
Upload
4 views

STATES OF MATTER

The document outlines the properties of solids, liquids, and gases, highlighting differences in shape, volume, compressibility, and diffusion. It explains changes of state such as evaporation, melting, sublimation, condensation, and freezing, along with the concepts of boiling and evaporation. Additionally, it discusses the effects of temperature and pressure on gas volume and provides insights into diffusion in different states of matter.

Uploaded by

salmarabie08
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

STATES OF MATTER

The document outlines the properties of solids, liquids, and gases, highlighting differences in shape, volume, compressibility, and diffusion. It explains changes of state such as evaporation, melting, sublimation, condensation, and freezing, along with the concepts of boiling and evaporation. Additionally, it discusses the effects of temperature and pressure on gas volume and provides insights into diffusion in different states of matter.

Uploaded by

salmarabie08
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

1.

STATES OF MATTER
1.1 SOLIDS,LIQUIDS AND GASES
Properties of solids liquids and gases
PROPERTIES SOLID LIQUID GAS

Shape No fixed shape


Fixed definite shape Depends on the No fixed shape
container
Volume No fixed volume
Fixed fixed Depends on the
container
Compressibility Cannot be Can be hardly
Very compressible
compressed compressed
Diffusion Cannot diffuse Diffuses slowly Diffuses quickly

Structure based on Kinetic particle theory


STATE Separation of Arrangement of Movement of
particles particles particles
SOLID Touching Regular They vibrate
arrangement
LIQUID Touching one Randomly Move over one
another arranged another
GAS Not touching Random Random
arrangement. movement
Changes of state – Kinetic particle theory
➢ Evaporation: When particles of liquid gain energy they move apart and the
liquid becomes gas.
➢ Melting: when a solid is heated, its particles get more energy and vibrate
more breaking away from their position, the solid becomes a liquid.
➢ Sublimation: This is the change of state from solid to vapour and back from
vapour to solid without passing through the liquid state.
Example: dry ice (solid CO2) and iodine undergo sublimation.
Difference between boiling and evaporation
BOILING EVAPORATION
➢ Boiling occurs at certain ➢ Evaporation occurs at
temperature which is the any temperature
boiling point.
➢ Pure substances have fixed and ➢ Some particles in a liquid have
definite melting points and more energy than others even
boiling points when a liquid
➢ At the boiling point, the particles is well below the boiling point
get enough energy to overcome
the forces holding them
together. They break away from
the liquid and form a gas.

.
Condensation : The change of state from gas to liquid. Cooling a gas will make its
particles lose their kinetic energy and move closer and slower. Eventually the forces
of attraction will hold them together forming a liquid (condensation).
Freezing : The change of state from liquid to solid. Liquid is cooled, its particles
will move closer and slower until the forces of attraction are strong enough to
hold them tight together forming a solid (freezing).
Cooling curve

Heat movement during phase changes


Endothermic( Heat Exothermic( Heat given
absorbed) out)
Process involved • Melting • Condensation
• Evaporation • Freezing
• Boiling
• Sublimation
Effect of temperature and pressure on the volume of gases.
Effect of pressure.
• As pressure increases volume of gas
decreases.
• When pressure increases the
particles of gases comes closer together.

Effect of temperature
• As temperature increases the volume
of gas also increases
• Particles gain more energy and
moves randomly in all directions.

1.2 Diffusion
Diffusion : It is the random movement of particles from a region of high
concentration to a region of low concentration.
Diffusion in gases:
Diffusion is fastest in gases.
Diffusion with a phase change from liquid to gas
Reason for the spread of smell of perfume is diffusion.
• The liquid or perfume evaporates which provides random movement of
particles which collide with each other and spreads out.
• Thus particles will move from higher concentration to lower concentration
and diffusion occurs.
Demonstrating diffusion
1. Cotton wool soaked in ammonia solution into one end of a log tube. It gives off
ammonia gas.
2. Another cotton wool is soaked in hydrochloric acid into the other end of the
tube. It gives off hydrogen chloride gas.
3. The gases diffuse along the tube. White smoke forms where they meet.
The white smoke (Ammonium chloride) forms closer to the right end (near to
wool with HCl) of the tube, thus ammonia, which is lighter or with smaller
molecular mass have moved faster than the hydrogen chloride in the same time.

➢ The rate of diffusion of gases depends on the molecular mass (Mr)


➢ The smaller the molecular mass, the faster the rate of diffusion.
∗ Mr is calculated by getting the sum of relative atomic masses of the
atoms (Ar) that form the molecule.

∗ Ar is the number written above the element symbol in the periodic table

Relative molecular mass (Mr) of :


1. Ammonia (NH3) : (1x14)+ (3x1) = 17
2. Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) : (1x1) + (1x35.5) = 36.5
So, ammonia diffuses faster .
Diffusion of liquid in liquid

• Molecules move randomly from place to place and they collide and spread out.
• This movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
area results in diffusion.
Diffusion of solid in liquid
When solids like salt or sugar added in liquid, it diffuses.
Example:

• Initially the solid dissolves


• The molecules free to move randomly from place to place and collide.
• The molecules spread out from higher concentration to lower
concentration and diffuses.

You might also like