Semester 1 Geometry Finals Review

By Vivian Huynh
Logic
Notations
● ⋀ - and
● ⋁ - or
● ~ - negation
● → - Used in conditionals: p → q is read as “If p, then q”
● ↔ - Used in biconditionals: p ↔ q is read as “p if and only if q”
● ≡ - logically equivalent
Definitions
● Statement​ - a sentence with exactly one truth value OR a closed sentence
● Non-Statement​ - Open sentence
● A ​simple statement​ is a statement with one assertion
● A ​compound statement​ is a statement with two or more assertions joined by connectives ( ⋁ and ⋀ )
● A ​conjunction​ is true when both simple statements are true (uses “and” notation)
● A ​disjunction​ is true when at least one simple statement is true (uses “or” notation)
● When two statements always have the same truth values, the statements are said to be l​ ogically equivalent
● A ​tautology​ is a statement form that is always true, no matter what truth values are assigned to the simple
sentences within the compound statement
● A ​contradiction​ is a statement form that is always false, no matter what truth values are assigned to the
simple sentences within the compound statement
● A ​conditional​ is a statement that can be written in “If… (antecedent) then…(consequent)” form
○ Original​ - p ⇒ q
○ Converse​ - q ⇒ p
○ Inverse ​ - ~p ⇒ ~q
○ Contrapositive​ - ~q ⇒ ~p
○ A conditional is only false when the antecedent is true and the consequent is false
● A ​biconditional​ is a conjunction formed from a conditional and its converse
○ A biconditional is true only when both literals (or simple parts) have the same truth values
Laws
● Demorgan’s Law for Disjunctions​ - ~ (p ⋁ q ) ≡~ p ⋀~ q
● Demorgan’s Law for Conjunctions​ - ~ (p ⋀ q ) ≡~ p ⋁~ q
● Law of Double Negation​ - ~ (~ p) ≡ p
● Law of Contrapositives​ - ~ q ⇒~ p ≡ p ⇒ q (The contrapositive of a conditional is logically equivalent to
the original conditional)
Basic Geometry Terms
● If three or more points all belong to the same line they are said to be ​collinear
● If three or more lines contain the same point they are said to be c​ oncurrent
● Points B and C are said to be on the ​same side​ of point A if A, B, and C are distinct collinear points and A is
not between B and C
● A​ line segment​ is a set of two points of a line and all of the points between them
● A ​ray​ is a set of points consisting of a fixed point of a line and all the points of the line on the same side of
the fixed point
● Opposite rays​ are 2 rays of the same line that have a common endpoint and no other point in common
● A ​angle​ is a set of points consisting of the union of 2 distinct rays with a common endpoint
● A point P lies in the ​interior​ of an angle if there exists two points, one on each ray, neither at the vertex,
such that the point P lies on the line segment joining the two segments
● Congruent​ line segments are line segments that are equal in measure
● Congruent​ angles are angles that are equal in measure
● The m ​ idpoint​ of a line segment is the point of the line segment that forms two congruent segments
● A ​line segment bisector ​is a line, line segment, or ray that intersects the line segment at its midpoint
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 ● A ​right angle​ is an angle measuring 90 degrees
● An ​acute angle ​ is an angle measuring less than 90 degrees and greater than 0 degrees
● An ​obtuse angle ​ is an angle measuring less than 180 degrees and greater than 90 degrees
● Complementary angles​ are 2 angles the sum of whose measures is 90 degrees
● Supplementary angles​ are 2 angles the sum of whose measures in 180 degrees
● Two lines are said to i​ ntersect​ if they have a point in common
● Perpendicular​ l​ ines​ are 2 lines that intersect and form a right angle
● An ​angle bisector​ is a ray whose endpoint is the vertex of the angle and that forms two congruent angles
● Adjacent angles​ are two angles in the same plane that share a common vertex and a common ray but share
no other points
● Angles that form a ​linear pair​ are 2 adjacent angles such that their non-common rays are mutually
opposite
● (Definition Reversed) Two angles form a v​ ertical pair​ if the rays forming one angle are the opposite rays of
the other
Basic Postulates
● Line Axioms​ - There are infinitely many points A, B, C,..., and infinitely many lines l, m, n, … .
Two points determine a line:
(1) Given any two distinct points, exactly one line contains them both
(2) Each line contains at least two points
Given a line, there exists a point not on the line
● Line Segment Extension Postulate​ - Given any 2 distinct points A and B, there exists a point C such that
A, B, and C are collinear and C is not between A and B
● The Distance Assignment Postulate​ -
○ To every pair of distinct points there corresponds a unique positive number. The number is called
the distance between the two points
○ The distance between two points is zero if and only if the two points are not distinct
● The Segment Existence Postulate​ - Gixen ray XY, and line segment AB, there exists exactly one point P on
ray XY such that line segment XP is congruent to line segment AB
● Angle Measure Assignment Postulate​ - to every angle there corresponds a unique real number between 0
and 180. This number is called its measure
● Angle Existence Postulate​ - Given ray XY, one half-plane defined by line XY, and a real number k between
0 and 180, there exists exactly one ray, ray XP, such that the measure of angle PXY = k
● The Partition Postulate​ - A whole is equal to the sum of its parts
○ If point B is between points A and C, then AB + BC = AC
○ If P lies in the interior of angle ABC, then the measure of angle ABP + the measure of angle PBC =
the measure of angle ABC
● Each line segment has a unique midpoint
● Each angle has a unique angle bisector
● If 2 angles form a linear pair then they are supplementary
● If 2 angles form a vertical pair then they are congruent
Basic Geometry Theorems
● Two distinct lines intersect in at most one point
● If two angles are right angles then they are congruent
● If two angles are complementary to the same angle then they are congruent
● If two angles are supplementary to the same angle then they are congruent
● If two angles are complementary to congruent angles then they are congruent
● If two angles are supplementary to congruent angles then they are congruent
● If 2 angles form a vertical pair, then they are congruent
● If two angles are congruent to congruent angles then they are congruent to each other
● If two line segments are congruent to congruent line segments then they are congruent to each other
Congruence
Theorems
● Addition Theorem of Congruence​ - If congruent line segments (angles) are added to congruent line
segments (angles) then their sums are congruent
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 ● Subtraction Theorem of Congruent​ - If congruent line segments (angles) are subtracted from congruent
line segments (angles), then their differences are congruent
● Division Theorem for Geometry​ - Quotients of congruences are congruent
○ Halves of congruent line segments (angles) are congruent
○ Thirds of congruent line segments (angles) are congruent
● Multiplication Theorem for Geometry​ - Multiples of congruences are congruent
○ Doubles of congruent line segments (angles) are congruent
○ Triples of congruent line segments (angles) and congruent
Properties
● Transitive Property for Congruence​ - If two line segments (angles) are congruent to the same line
segments (angles) then they are congruent to each other
● Reflexive Property for Congruence​ - A line segment (angle) is congruent to itself
● Symmetric Property for Congruence​ - A congruence is reversible
Triangles
Definitions
● Scalene Triangle​ - A triangle in which no two sides are congruent
● Isosceles Triangle​ - A triangle in which at least 2 sides are congruent
○ The 2 congruent sides of an isosceles triangle are called ​legs
○ The third side is called the ​base
○ The 2 angles whose common side is the base are called ​base angles
○ The third angle formed by the congruent sides is called the v​ ertex angle
● Equilateral Triangle​ - A triangle in which all sides are congruent
● Equiangular Triangle​ - A triangle in which all angles are congruent
● Right Triangle​ - A triangle in which one angle is a right angle
○ The two sides that form the right angle are called ​legs
○ The side opposite the right angle is the ​hypotenuse
● Acute Triangle​ - A triangle in which all angles are acute
● Obtuse Triangle​ - A triangle in which one of the angles is obtuse
● Cevian​ - A line segment drawn from a vertex of a triangle to a point on the opposite side
● Median​ - A line segment which joins any vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side
○ The point of concurrency (point of intersection) for the medians of a triangle is called the
centroid
● Altitude​ - A line segment drawn from any vertex of a triangle perpendicular to, and ending on the
opposite side or an extension of the opposite side
○ The point of concurrency for the altitudes of a triangle is called the ​orthocenter
● Angle Bisector of a Triangle​ - A line segment which bisects any angle of the triangle and terminates on the
side opposite the angle
○ The point of concurrency for the angle bisectors of a triangle is called the​ incenter
● An ​exterior angle​ of a triangle is an angle that forms a linear pair with an angle of the triangle
○ Definition Reverse: An angle that forms a linear pair with an angle of the triangle is an e​ xterior
angle​ of a triangle
● A ​Pythagorean Triple​ is a set of 3 whole numbers that satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem
○ 3-4-5
○ 5-12-13
○ 7-24-25
○ 8-15-17
○ 9-40-41
Theorems
● SAS Postulate for Congruence​ - Prove 2 corresponding sides and the included angles congruent
● ASA Theorem for Congruence​ - Prove 2 corresponding angles and the included sides congruent
● SSS Theorem for Congruence​ - If the 3 sides of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding sides of a
second triangle, then the triangles are congruent
● No-Choice Theorem​ - If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of a second triangle, then
the third angles are congruent (NOT THE TRIANGLES!)
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 ● AAS Theorem​ - If there exists a correspondence between the vertices of the two triangles such that two
angles and a non-included side on one are congruent to the corresponding parts of the other, then they
triangles are congruent
● HL Theorem​ - If the hypotenuse and a leg of one right triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and the
corresponding leg of another right triangle, then the two triangles are congruent
● Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent
● Side-Angle Theorem​ - If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite these sides are
congruent
● Converse of the Side-Angle Theorem​ - If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite
these angles are congruent
● The Triangle Inequality Theorem​ - The sum of the measure of any two sides of a triangle is greater than
the measure of the third side
● The sum of the measures of the three interior angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
● The Pythagorean Theorem ​states that the sum of the square of the legs of a right triangle is equal to the
square of the hypotenuse
● The Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem s​ tates that if the sum of the squares of 2 sides of a triangle is
equal to the square of the third side, then the triangle is a right triangle
● The Median Concurrency Theorem​ - The medians of a triangle are concurrent at the point that is two
thirds of the distance from any vertex of the triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side
Corollaries
● The bisector of the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle is also the altitude and the median to the base
● If a triangle is equilateral then it is equiangular
○ Note: A polygon that is both equiangular and equilateral is called a regular polygon
● The measure of each angle of an equilateral triangle is 60 degrees
● The acute angles of a right triangle are complementary
● The acute angles of an isosceles triangle each measure 45 degrees
● The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measure of the two remote
interior angles
● Corollary to Side-Angle Theorem​ - The base angles of an isosceles triangle are congruent
● Corollary to Scalene Inequality​ - In a triangle, the longest side lies opposite the largest angles and the
smallest angle lies opposite the shortest side
Inequalities
● Exterior Angle Inequality​ - The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than the measure of
either remote (non-adjacent) interior angle
● The Scalene Inequality​ - If the measures of two sides of a triangle are unequal, then the measure of the
angles opposite these sides are unequal in the same order
● The Converse of the Scalene Inequality​ - If the measures of two angles of a triangle are unequal, then the
measure of the sides opposite these angles are unequal in the same order
Circles
Definitions
● A ​circle​ is a set of points equidistant from a fixed point
● The fixed point is called the ​center​ of the circle
● A ​radius​ is a line segment that joins the center of a circle to a point on the circle
Theorems
● All radii of a given circle are congruent
Perpendicular Lines
Definitions
● The p ​ erpendicular bisector​ of a line segment is a line that is perpendicular to the line segment at its
midpoint
Theorems
● If two lines intersect to form congruent adjacent angles, then the lines are perpendicular
● Through a point on a line there exists exactly one line that is perpendicular to the line
● Through a point not on a line there exists exactly one that that is perpendicular to the line

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 ● The shortest distance from a point to a line is equal to the length of the perpendicular segment from the
point to the line

Equidistant Theorems
● If two points are each equidistant from the endpoints of a line segment, then the line joining them will be
the perpendicular bisector of the line segment
● If a point lies on the perpendicular bisector of a line segment, then it is equidistant from the endpoints of
the line segment
● If a point is equidistant from the endpoints of a line segment, then it lies on the perpendicular bisector of
the line segment
Inequalities
Postulates
● The Trichotomy Postulate​ - uniqueness of order: Exactly one of the following is true (for real numbers): a
> b or a = b or a < b
● A whole is greater than any of its parts
a. If point X is a point such that A - X - B then AB > AX and AB > XB
b. If point X is interior to angle ABC, then m<ABC > m<ABX and m<ABC > m<XBC
● Transitive Property for Inequalities​ - If a > b and b > c, then a > c
● Substitution Property for Inequalities​ - A quantity may be substituted for its equal in any inequality. If a
> b and c = b, then a > c
● Addition Postulates
a. If equal quantities are added to unequal quantities, then the sums are unequal in the same order.
If a > b and c = d, then a + c > b + d
b. If unequal quantities are added to unequal quantities, then the sums are unequal in the same
order. If a > b and c > d, then a + c > b + d
● Subtraction Postulates
a. If equal quantities are subtracted from unequal quantities, then the differences are unequal in
the same order. If a > b and c = d, then a - c > b - d
b. If unequal quantities are subtracted from equal quantities, then the differences are unequal in
the reverse order. If a = b and c > d, then a - c < b - d
● Doubles of unequal quantities are unequal in the same order
● Halves of unequal quantities are unequal in the same order
● NOTES:​ Remember to reverse the order of the inequality when:
○ Multiplying or dividing both sides of an inequality by a negative number
○ Subtracting unequal quantities from equal quantities
Indirect Proofs
Procedure
1. List all possibilities for the conclusion
2. Suppose the negation of the desired conclusion is true
3. Write a chain of reasons until you reach an impossibility. This will be a contradiction of either (a) given
information OR (b) a definition or theorem or postulate
4. State the remaining possibility as the desired conclusion
Axion Theorems
● Law of Excluded Middle​ - A statement that is either true or false
● Law of Contradiction​ - A statement and its negation cannot both be true
● Law of Elimination​ - When all possibilities but one have been shown to be false, the remaining possibility
must be true
Parallelism
Definitions
● A ​transversal​ is a line that intersects 2 (or more lines in 2 (or more) distinct points
● Parallel lines​ are lines that are coplanar and do not intersect
Postulates
● The Parallel Postulate​ - Through a given point not on a given line, there exists exactly one and only one
line that is parallel to the given line
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Theorems
● If two lines are cut by a transversal and they:
1. Form a pair of congruent alternate interior angles, or
2. Form a pair of congruent alternate exterior angles, or
3. Form a pair of congruent corresponding angles, or
4. Form a pair of same side interior angles that are supplementary,
Then they are parallel
● If two lines are perpendicular to the same line then they are parallel
● If two lines are parallel to the same line then they are also parallel (Transitive postulate for parallel lines)
Properties
● If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
1. Each pair of alternate interior angles are congruent
2. Each pair of alternate exterior angles are congruent
3. Each pair of corresponding angles are congruent
4. Each pair of same side interior angles are supplementary
● If two lines are parallel, then
1. A line perpendicular to one of them is also perpendicular to the other
2. A line parallel to one of them is also parallel to the other
3. A line that intersects one of them also intersects the each other

Parallelograms
Definitions
● A ​parallelogram​ is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallels
Properties
● If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then
1. Both pairs of opposite sides are congruent
2. Both pairs of opposite angles are congruent
3. Consecutive angles are supplementary
4. Its diagonals bisect each other
Theorems
● If a quadrilateral has…
1. Both p ​ airs of opposite sides parallel, or
2. Both​ pairs of opposite sides congruent, or
3. One pair ​of opposite sides both parallel and congruent, or
4. Diagonals that bisect each other, or
5. Both pairs of opposite angles congruent
Then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram
Polygons
Definitions
● The word p ​ olygon​ means “many angles”
● A point where the sides of a polygon meet is called a ​vertex
● A segment formed by joining 2 non-adjacent vertices is called a ​diagonal
● A ​convex polygon​ is a polygon such that each interior angles has a measure that is less than 180 degrees
OR
A ​convex polygon ​ is a polygon such that a line segment joining two interior points of the polygon is
contained entirely within the polygon
● A ​concave polygon ​is a polygon such that at least one interior angle has a measure that is greater than 180
degrees
OR
A ​concave polygon​ is a polygon such that there exists at least one line segment joining two interior points
of the polygon that is not contained entirely within the polygon
Properties
● Each segment intersects exactly two other segments, one at each endpoint
● No two segments with a common endpoint are collinear
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Measures
● The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a convex polygon with n​ ​ sides is 180(​n​ - 2)
● The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of a convex polygon with n​ ​ sides, one angle at each vertex,
is 360
● The number of diagonals for a convex polygon is [n(n − 3)] ÷ 2
Special Quadrilaterals
Definitions
● A ​kite​ is a quadrilateral with two disjoint pairs of consecutive sides that are congruent.
● A ​trapezoid​ is a quadrilateral that has at least one pair of opposite sides parallel
○ The ​base angles​ of a trapezoid are two consecutive angles whose common ray lies on one of the
parallel sides of the trapezoid
○ The ​legs​ of a trapezoid are the sides that contain the non-common rays of the base angles
○ The ​median of a trapezoid​ is the segment joining the midpoint of the legs
○ Theorem: The median of a trapezoid is parallel to the bases, and its length is half the sum of the
lengths of the bases
● A ​parallelogram​ is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel
● A ​rectangle​ is a parallelogram with at least one right angle
● A ​square​ is a rectangle with two adjacent sides congruent
● A ​rhombus​ is a parallelogram with two adjacent sides congruent
● An ​isosceles trapezoid​ is a trapezoid with congruent base angles
Properties
● If a quadrilateral is a ​kite,​ then
○ Its diagonals are perpendicular
○ One of the diagonals is the perpendicular bisector of the other
○ One of the diagonals bisect a pair of opposite angles
○ One pair of of opposite angles is congruent
○ One diagonal forms two isosceles triangles
○ The other diagonal forms a pair of congruent triangles
● If a quadrilateral is a ​rectangle,​ then
○ It is equiangular
○ It has congruent diagonals
● If a quadrilateral is a ​rhombus, ​ then
○ It is equilateral
○ It has perpendicular diagonals
○ It has diagonals that bisect the angles to which they are drawn
● If a quadrilateral is a ​square, ​ then it has all the properties of a rectangle and a rhombus
● If a quadrilateral is an i​ sosceles trapezoid, ​then
○ Its legs are congruent
○ Its diagonals are congruent
○ Both pairs of opposite angles are supplementary
○ NOTE: A rectangle is an isosceles trapezoid
Methods of Proofs
● To prove that a quadrilateral is a r​ ectangle​, show that the quadrilateral
○ Is parallelogram with one right angle
○ Is equiangular
○ Is a parallelogram whose diagonals are congruent
● To prove that a quadrilateral is a r​ hombus​, show that the quadrilateral
○ Is a parallelogram with two congruent consecutive sides
○ Is equilateral
○ Is a parallelogram whose diagonals are perpendicular to each other
○ Is a parallelogram with a diagonal that bisects the angles to which it is drawn
● To prove that a quadrilateral is a​ square​, show that the quadrilateral
○ Is a rectangle with two consecutive sides congruent

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 ○ Is a rhombus with one right angle
● To prove that a trapezoid is i​ sosceles​, show that the trapezoid
○ Has congruent base angles
○ Has congruent diagonals
○ Has a pair of opposite angles that are supplementary
● To prove that a quadrilateral is a k ​ ite​, show that the quadrilateral
○ Has 2 disjoint pairs of adjacent sides that are congruent
○ Has 1 diagonal that is the perpendicular bisector of the other
Midsegment Theorems
● If 2 or more parallel lines intercept congruent segments on one transversal then they intercept congruent
segments on any transversal
● If a line bisects one side of a triangle and is parallel to a second side, then it bisects the third side of the
triangle
● If a line segment joins the midpoints of [bisects] two sides of a triangle then the segment is parallel to the
third side, and its length is one-half of the third side
● The segments that join consecutive midpoints of the sides of a quadrilateral form a parallelogram
Ratios and Proportions
Definitions
● A ​ratio​ is a quotient of two measured quantities
○ In the same unit
○ In lowest terms
○ Where order matters
● A ​proportion​ is an equation that states that two ratios are equal
○ a/b = c/d OR a : b = c : d
○ Parts of a proportions
■ If a/b = c/d , then a and d are the extremes and b and c are the means
■ If a/b = c/d , then a is the first proportional, b is the second proportional, c is the third
proportional, and d is the fourth proportional
○ ALSO: a : b : c = d : e : f is written as a/d = b/e = c/f
● If two means for a proportion are equal, then the value is referred to as a m ​ ean proportional
Properties for Proportions
● If a/b = c/d , there exists a constant k called the ​constant of proportionality​ such that a = k c and b = k d
● In a proportion, the product of the means equals the product of the extremes
● Mean-Extremes Ratio Theorem​ - If the product of 2 non-zero numbers is equal to the product of 2 other
non-zero numbers, either pair of numbers may be made the means and the other pair the extremes in a
proportion
Forming a New Proportion Using an Existing Proportion
● Proportion by inversion: a/b = c/d IFF (If and only if) b/a = d/c
● Proportion by alternation: a/b = c/d I​ FF a/c = b/d
● Proportion by addition: a/b = c/d IFF (a + b)/b = (c + d)/d
● Proportion by subtraction: a/b = c/d IFF (a − b)/b = (c − d)/d
Theorems
● The Triangle Proportionality Theorem​ - If a line is parallel to one side of a triangle and intersects the
other two sides, then it divides the sides proportionally
● The Converse of the Triangle Proportionality Theorem​ - If a line divides two sides of a triangle
proportionally then the line is parallel to the third side
● If 3 (or more) parallel lines intercept 2 (or more) transversals then they divide the transversals
proportionally
● Angle Bisector Theorem​ - An angle bisector of a triangle divides the opposite sides into segments whose
lengths are proportional to the lengths of their adjacent sides

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Similar Polygons
Definitions
● Similar polygons​ are polygons that have corresponding angles congruent and corresponding sides in
proportion
○ If ΔABC ~ ΔDEF , then angle A is congruent to angle D, angle B is congruent to angle E, and
angle C is congruent to angle F. Also, AB/DE = B C/EF = AC/DF
Properties
● Reflexive Property: ΔABC ~ ΔABC
● Symmetric Property: If ΔABC ~ ΔDEF then ΔDEF ~ ΔABC
● Transitive Property: If ΔABC ~ ΔDEF and ΔDEF ~ ΔGHI then ΔABC ~ ΔGHI
Theorems
● AA Theorem​ - Show 2 pairs of corresponding angles congruent
● SAS Theorem for Similarity​ - Show 2 pairs of corresponding sides are in proportion and that the included
angles are congruent
● SSS Theorem for Similarity​ - Show 2 pairs of corresponding sides are in proportion
● Corresponding sides of similar polygons are in proportion
Altitude-on-Hypotenuse Theorems
Definitions
● The p ​ rojection o​ f a line segment onto a line: The two segments formed on the hypotenuse are relatives of
their respective adjacent legs. We call these segments the ​projections​ of the legs on the hypotenuse
Theorems
● The Altitude Theorem for Right Triangles​ - The altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the mean
proportional between the segments into which it divides the hypotenuse
● The Leg Theorem for Right Triangles​ - Each leg of a right triangle is the mean proportional between the
hypotenuse and the projection of the leg onto the hypotenuse