INTRODUCTION

In our life, suitable units always make easier our expressions. Think that, you say
please give me 123 cherries instead of a “kilo” of to greengrocer. Or, to say
The “mole” is abbreviated as “mol”. instead of 1 packet of sugar 240 lumps of sugar in supermarket. All these are
true but very interesting unexpected expressions!

amu = atomic mass unit

(mass of one proton)

Resim

1. MOLE
Similar to these examples, in chemistry, when we talk about small particles we
use special unit for quantity of these particles.

This unit is called the “mole”

One mole is accepted as 6.02 ⋅ 1023 particles. Here the particles can be any of
atoms, molecules, ions ...etc. 6.02 ⋅ 1023 is called as Avogadro’s number is given
for the honor of Italian scientist.

1 mol people

Amadeo Avogadro 60200000000000000000000 people

(1776–1856)
Avogadro was an Italian scientist.
Eventhough we was a lawyer he also
studied physics and mathematics.
1 mol apple
He found that equal volumes of gases
contain equal number particles under
same conditions.
60200000000000000000000 apples
80 Introduction to Chemistry Chemical Reactions
2. AVOGADRO’S NUMBER
602.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 is a very huge number! This huge and very
famous number is called “Avogadro’s number”. It is abbreviated as NA.

Anyone may think that why do we use such a huge number in chemistry? Answer
is so easy. Because quantities in chemistry can be in sometimes very very small. Avogadro’s number is also called
Avogadro’s constant and accepted as
For example 1 hydrogen atom is 6.022 ⋅ 1023 particles / mole
1 amu = 0.00000000000000000000000166 g.

In laboratory how is it possible to weigh this amount!

On the other hand, Avogadro’s number, 6.02 . 1023, is very good conversion
factor.

1 amu . 6.02 . 1023 = 1 g

1 gram = Avogadro’s number ⋅ amu

or

1g = NA ⋅ amu

Let us remember one hydrogen atom example.

1 hydrogen atom is 1 amu.

6.02 ⋅ 1023 hydrogen atom is 1 gram.

(1 mol)

or 1 mol hydrogen atom is 1 gram, it is so simple.

Similar to hydrogen, for all atoms or molecules by looking periodic table, it can
be expressed
Periyodic table is a table of elements
Atomic mass of a carbon atom is 12 amu

1 mol of carbon atom is 12 g.

Atomic mass of a calcium atom is 40 amu

1 mol of a calcium atom is 40 g.

Mole Concept 81
 3. MOLAR MASS (M)
The mass of 1 mol (6.02 ⋅ 1023) of substance in grams is defined as molar mass
of that substance.

1 mol of sodium atom (Na) = 23 g = 6.02 ⋅ 1023 Na atoms

1 mol of zinc atom Zn = 65.4 g = 6.02 ⋅ 1023 O atoms

1 mol of oxygen molecule (O2) = 32 g = 6.02 ⋅ 1023 O2 molecules

1 mol of carbon dioxide molecule (CO2) = 44 g = 6.02 ⋅ 1023 CO2 molecules

1 mol of hydrogen ion (H+) =1g = 6.02 ⋅ 1023 H+ ions

1 mol of sodium chloride (NaCl) = 58.5 g = 6.02 ⋅ 1023 NaCl formula

Remember that!
To calculate atomic mass of an atom
mass of all isotopes of that atom are
used.
eg. Cl : 35.5 means.
75% 35Cl and 25% 37Cl isotopes

1 mol Zn (Metal pieces) 1 mol NaCl (Granules)

1
Find the molar mass of water, H2O. (Hint : Use periodic table)

The formula of water is H2O. It means 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. By
looking periodic table; we can find the mass of a hydrogen atom 1 amu, and the
mass of an oxygen atom is 16 amu.

Mass of a water molecule = 2 ⋅ mass of the H + 1 ⋅ mass of O

Mass of a water molecule = 2 ⋅ 1 + 1 ⋅ 16
Mass of a water molecule = 18 amu
A water molecule is 18 amu then,
1 mole of water molecule 18 g.

82 Introduction to Chemistry
 2
What is the molar mass of H2SO4? (H:1, S:32, O:16)

M(H2SO4)= 2 ⋅ 1 + 1 ⋅ 32 + 4 ⋅ 16 = 98 g/mol

Exercise 1

What is the molar mass of Al2(SO4)3? (Al:27, S:32, O;16)

(Al2SO4 is an ionic compounds. It has Al2(SO4)3 formula. (not molecule))
Answer: 342 g/mol

4. MOLAR VOLUME
The volume of a 1 mol gas is called molar volume of that gas. At standart
temperature and pressure (STP) one mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L volume

For example, 1 mole of O2 has 22.4 L volume at STP

1 mole of He has 22.4 L volume at STP STP = 0ºC, 1 atm pressure

1 mole of CO2 has 22.4 L volume at STP

O2 He
H CO
O2 Molar Volume = Molar gas volume

22.4 L 22.4 L 22.4 L

32g O2 4g He 44g CO2
1 mol O2 1 mol He 1 mol CO2
1 L = 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3 = 1000 mL

2
What is the volume of 0.1 mol of H2 gas at STP?

If 1 mol of H2 22.4 L at STP then

0.1 mol of H 2 x L

0.1 . 22.4
x= =2.24 L
1

Mole Concept 83
 5. THE MOLE CONCEPT CALCULATIONS
The mole number is used for various calculations in chemistry. Now by using
mole concept calculations, letus see what’re the relationship between;
Do you know?
In some countries every year Mole Day
is celebrated. Mole Day annually on Number of particles
October 23 from 6:02 am to 6:02 pm.
(6.02 × 1023)
(For the memory of Avogadro’s number
6.02 ⋅ 1023.) (Molar Mass)
In this day, schools have different Number of moles Mass
activities related mole concept or
chemistry. (22.4 at STP for gases)
Volume

Number of particles Mass Volume

Number of moles= = =
6.02 ⋅10 23 Molar Mass 22.4

m V N
n= = =
M 22.4 N A

5.1. MOLE-NUMBER PARTICLES RELATION

If number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions....) for a substance is known, the

mole number of that sustance can be easily calculated as follow;

Number of particles
Number of moles=
6.02 ⋅10 23

N Number of particles
n=
NA
Number of
moles Avogadro’s number

84 Introduction to Chemistry
 3
What is the number of moles of 3.01 . 1022 atoms of helium (He)?

N 3.01 ⋅10 23 helium atom

n= n He = = 0.5 mol
NA 6.02 ⋅10 23

Mole Concept 85
 4
10 moles of O2 molecule are given;
a) Calculate how many oxygen molecule found in this molecule.
b) Calculate how many oxygen atom found in this molecule.

N N
a) n = 10 = ⇒ N= 6.02 ⋅10 24 molecule
NA 6.02 ⋅10 23
b) Each O2 molecule contains 2 oxygen atoms. So
2 ⋅ 6.02 ⋅ 1024 = 1.204 ⋅ 1025 oxygen atoms found.

5.2. MOLE-MASS RELATIONSHIP

Molar Mass (MM or M), can be used for By the help of molar mass and mass of a substance, number of moles of that
atom, molecule or ions....
substance can be calculated.
on the other hand, Molecular mass
Is only for molecular (covalent) Mass
compounds. Number of moles =
Molar Mass

m m g
n= , here n=
M mol M
g(mol)

4
How many moles are there in 11g CO2 gas? (C:12, O:16)

m
n= M(CO )=1 ⋅ 12 + 2 ⋅ 16 = 44 g/mol
M 2

11g
n= = 0.25 mol
44g/mol

4
How many grams are there in 2.5 moles of NaOH? (Na:23, O:16, H:16)

86 Introduction to Chemistry
 m
n= M(NaOH) = 1 ⋅ 23 + 2 ⋅ 16 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 = 40 g/mol
M
m
2.5 mol =
40g/mol
m =100 g

Exercise

How many moles S and O exist in 32 g SO2? (S:32, O:10)

Answer: 0.5 mol S and 1 mol O.

5.3. MOLE-VOLUME RELATIONSHIP

For the gases, at STP (0ºC and 1 atm) 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L.
Therefore number of moles of a gas can be calculated if volume of a gas known
at STP.

Volume
Number of moles =
22.5
V
n=
22.4

5
112 L Cl2 as is given at STP. What is the number of moles of this gas?

112 L
n=
22.4 L/mol
n = 5 mol

6
In a special container two moles of O2 as is found at STP. How many liter volume
does it occupies?

V V
n= 2=
22.4 22.4
V = 44.8 L

Mole Concept 87
 6. SEVERAL TYPES OF PROBLEMS
6.1. FINDING DENSITY OF A GAS AT STP
Density of gases at STP can be calculated if the molar mass of the gases are
known.

7
Find the density of carbondioxide (CO2) at STP.

M(CO2) = 12 + 16 . 2 = 44 g/mol.

1 mol of CO2 is 44 g.

1 mol of CO2 at STP 22.4 L so,

m 44 g
d= ⇒ =1.96 g/L
V 22.4 L

6.2. MASS PERCENTAGE OF ELEMENTS IN A COMPOUND

The percentage mass of an element in a compound can be easily found when
the molecular formula and molar mass (or atomic mass) of elements are known.

8
Find the mass percentages of each element in NaOH. (Na:23, O:16, H:1)

M(NaOH) = 23 + 16 +1 = 40 g/mol

23
% Na in NaOH = ⋅100=72.5%
40
16
% O in NaOH = ⋅100= 25%
40
1
% H in NaOH = ⋅100= 2.5%
40

88 Introduction to Chemistry
6.3. CALCULATION OF EMPRICAL FORMULA BY MASS
PERCENTAGES
The mass of elements in the compound should be given for empirical formula
problems. At first step number of moles of atoms are found by dividing these Emprical Formula = Simplest Formula
masses by molar masses. In the next step, the number of moles either divided
by smallest number or multiplied with certain multiplier to get whole number for
each element. These numbers for different elements give the emprical formula.

Whole number = Integers (positive)

9 0, 1, 2, 3 .....

What is the emprical formula of 26.6 g nitrogen oxide (NO) that contains 9.8
gram nitrogen? (N:14, O:16)

Total mass = 26.6 = Mass of nitrogen + Mass of oxygen

26.6 = 8.8 + Mass of oxygen
Mass of oxygen = 16.8 gram.
16.8
Number of moles of O n= =1.05 mol and
16
8.8
number of moles of N n= = 0.7 mol.
14
N0.7 O1.05
Let us divide each number by 0.35 to get whole number as follow.
N 0.7 O1.05
0.35 0.35

N2 O3
So that N2O3 or N2nO3n show emprical formula.

Exercise

A compound of C, H, and O is composed of 40 % carbon, 6.66 % hydrogen and

53.28 % oxygen all by mass. What is the emprical formula of this compound?
(C:12, H:1, O:16)
Answer: CH2O

Mole Concept 89
 6.4. DETERMINING MOLECULAR FORMULA
Molecular formulas can be calculated after the emprical formulas of the
compounds have been found.

(Emprical formula) ⋅ n = (Molecular formula)

Lactic Acid = Milk acid. 10

Lactic acid is a compound (containing C-H-O) and has a molar mass of 90 gr.
25.2g of lactic acid contains 10.08 g of carbon and 13.44 g of oxygen. What is
the molecular formula of the lactic acid? (C:12, H:1, O:16)

The mass of hydrogen in the compound is

25.2 – (10.08 + 13.44) = 1.68 g
Firstly,

Letus find the number of the moles of C, H and O atoms.

Number of moles of C atoms,

10.08
n= = 0.84 mol.
12
Number of moles of H atoms,
1.68
n= =1.68 mol.
1
Number of moles of O atoms,
13.44
n= = 0.84 mol.
16
Then, divide these numbers by 0.84,

C 0.84 H1.68 O0.84

0.84 0.84 0.84

C1H 2O1

By these data, formula of the compound is found as CH2O.

The molar mass of CH2O = 12 + 2 . 1 + 16 = 30 g/mol.

90 Introduction to Chemistry
6.5. MIXTURE PROBLEMS

11
The mixture of oxygen and helium is 9.8 gram and has a volume 31.36 liters at
STP. What is the mole number of each gases is given mixture? (He:14, O:16)

First, find the mole number of the mixture in this question.

31.36 L
n= =1.4 mol mixture
22.4 L/mol

If number of oxygen in mixture is accepted x mole then number of moles of

helium in mixture becomes 1.4-x.

For this mixture, we can write the formula.

Total mass
Number of moles =
Molar mass

as, total mass = number of moles ⋅ molar mass

Now, letus find the masses of oxygen and helium gases. Since the molar mass
of O2 is 32 and the molar mass of the is 4, then the,

Mass of oxygen = x ⋅ 32 = 32 ⋅ x

mO + mHe = mtotal
2

32 ⋅ x + 4 (1.4 – x) = 9.8

x = 0.15 mol

So, we find the number of moles of O2(g) as 0.15.

The number of moles of helium, is

1.4 – x = 1.4 – 0.15 = 1.25 mol.

Mole Concept 91
1. Why do we need Avogadro’s number in chemistry? 8. Answer the following questions for 0.05 moles of H2S?

a) How many grams is it?

2. Compare 6.02 ⋅ 1023 and the population of earth that is b) How many grams of hydrogen does it contain?
abouth 6 billions. How many planet’s population like c) How many grams of sulfur does it contain?
earth are equal to 6.02 ⋅ 1023 ? d) How many molecules is it?

3. How atomic mass unit (amu) would be converted in to

gram (g)? 9. Find the percentage of nitrogen in the following
compound by mass?
a) NH3 d) NaCN
4. Find molar mass of the following compounds below
(Look periodic table for the atomic mass of elements). b) HNO3 e) N2O5

a) CaO f) Na2Cr2O7 c) NH4NO3 f) N2O5

b) AlCl3 g) H2SO4
c) NO2 h) (NH4)2SO4
10. Calculate the percent composition of each element in
d) Ca(OH)2 i) H2SO4 following compounds by mass.
e) NH4NO3 j) SO3 a) MgO b) CaCO3 c) NH2 d) H2SO4

5. Find the mass of following substances.

a) 5 mol of H2O 11. At STP 5.6 L XO2 gas has 11 g mass. Find the molar
b) 20 mol of C2H6 mass of X.

c) 0.75 mol of H2SO4

12. Find the emprical formula of following compounds.

6. Calculate how many atoms are there in each substance
given below. a) Compound 60 % Mg and 40 % O (Mg:24, O:16)
b) Compound 30 % O and 70 % Fe (O:16, Fe:26)
a) 10 g of Ca
c) Compound 50 % Cu and 50 % S (Cu:64, S:32)
b) 44.8 L of O2 at STP
c) 50 g of CaCO3

13. 0.5 mol of a compound containing Ca, C and O atoms

7. Answer the following questions about 16 grams of SO3 is 50 g. If this compound contains 40 % of Ca, 12 % of
calcium and 48 % of oxygen, what is its molecular
gas. formula?
a) How many moles does it have?
b) How many liters volume does it occupy?
c) How many molecules of SO3 does it contain? 14. A 11.2 L mixture of the He and O2 gases weighs 6.2 g
d) How many atoms of S is found in it? at STP. What is the percentage by mol of O2 gas in the
e) How many grams of S does it contain? mixture?

92 Introduction to Chemistry
1. Which one of the following is not true for 6.02 ⋅ 1023? 6. What is the mass of a water (H2O) molecule in gram?
(NA ≅ 6 ⋅ 1023)
A) It is called Avogadro’s number.
B) It is abbreviated as NA. A) 6 ⋅ 10–22 B) 3 ⋅ 10–23 C) 6 ⋅ 10–23
C) 1 mol of any substance contain that amount particle. D) 3 ⋅ 10–24 E) 6 ⋅ 10–24
D) It is not very big number.
E) It is a well known number for chemists.

2. Which of the given elements or compounds has 1 mol

atom? 7. What is the formula of sulfur oxide that contains 40 % S
and 60 % oxygen? (O:16, S:32)
A) 1.204 ⋅ 1022 O2 oxygen molecule
A) SO B) SO2 C) S2O5 D) S2O3 E) SO3
B) 1.204 ⋅ 1022 CO2 molecule

C) 1.204 ⋅ 1023 HNO3 molecule

D) 1.204 ⋅ 1024 H2O molecule

E) 1.204 ⋅ 1025 H2 molecule

8. What is the ratio of density of O2 gas to density air?

(1 mol of air approximately 29 g/mol at STP)
3. How many moles of atoms are there in 0.5 moles P4O10?
A) 16/29 B) 32/29 C) 29/32 D) 32/1 E) 1/29
A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6 E) 7

4. What is the volume of 1.204 ⋅ 1022 CO2 molecules, in

mL at STP?
9. If 0.5 mol of CnH2n is 21 gram. What is the value of “n”?
A) 0.448 B) 4.48 C) 44.8 D) 448 E) 4488
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

5. Which one of the following compounds has the highest

mass? (H:1, C:12, O:16)

A) 4 mol of H2
B) 0.2 mol of CO2

C) 6.2 ⋅ 1024 H2O molecule 10. Which one of 16 grams of the following compounds,
D) 2.24 L C4H10 gas at STP. has the largest volume at STP?

E) 10 g CO2 A) O2 B) SO2 C) CO2 D) CH4 E) NO3

Mole Concept 93
 CRISS CROSS PUZZLE

1 2

ACROSS DOWN
4 Annual celebration day for chemists 1 A chemical unit
5 Atomic mass unit 2 Volume of one mol of a gas at standart conditions
6 Abbreviation of Avogadro’s number 3 Mass of one mole of substances
7 Standart temperature and pressure

94 Introduction to Chemistry