PATTERNS/PROBLEM 86 153 9, The United States did not issue any stamps until 1847 when one was printed for use east of the Mis- sissippi and one another for use west of the Mississippi. 10. Red corpuscles are so numerous that a thimbleful of human’s blood would contain almost ten thou- sand million of them. 11. The Malay Archipelago is the world’s largest group of islands, forming a ten-thousand islands chain. 12. Some property of lead are its softness and its resistance. 13. Aristotle is considered the father of the logic. 14, Metals such as iron and magnesium are quite common, but are mostly found in silicates, making them so expensive to extract. 15. History of the war in Vietnam is just being written, Problems with Comparatives Nouns may be compared for exact or general similarity or difference. They may also be compared {or similar or different qualities or degrees, more or less, of specific qualities. In addition, they may be compared to estimates. Remember that the same as and the same have the same meaning, but the same as is used be- ‘tween the two nouns compared, and the same is used after the two nouns or a plural noun. ‘This coat is the same as that one This coat and that one are the same These coats are the same ‘Avoid using to and like instead of as. Avoid using the same between the two nouns compared.| | 154 REVIEW OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION EXAMPLES INcorRECT: That car is almost the same like mine. CorRECT; That car is almost the same as mine. or That car and mine are almost the same. INCORRECT: My briefcase is exactly the same that yours. Correct: My briefcase is exactly the same as yours. or ‘My briefcase and yours are exactly the sam INcorRECT: Is your book the same to mine? Correct: Is your book the same as mine? or a Are your book and mine the same? Incorrect: Are this picture and the one on your desk same? Correct: Are this picture and the one on your desk the same? or Is this picture the same as the one on your desk? INCORRECT: The teacher gave Martha a failing grade on her composition because it was the same a composition he had already read, Correct: The teacher gave Martha a failing grade on her composition because it was the same composition he had already read. or ‘The teacher gave Martha a failing grade on her composition because it and a composi- tion he had already read were the same, EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. Although we often use “speed” and “velocity” interchangeably, in a technical sense, “ always “velocity.” (A) alike (B) the same as (©) similar (D)as speed” is not Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. When two products are basically the same as, advertising can influence the public’s choice. (A) (B) © () General Similarity—Similar to and Similar Remember that similar to and similar have the same meaning, but similar to is used between the two nouns compared, and similaris used after the two nouns or a plural noun.PATTERNS/PROBLEM 67 155 ‘These coats similar Avoid using as instead of fo. Avoid using similar to after the two nouns or a plural noun. EXaMpLes INCORRECT: I would really like to have a stereo that is similar the one on display. CORRECT: I would really like to have a stereo that is similar to the one on display. or The stereo that I would like to have and the one on display are similar. INcorRECT: My roommate’s values and mine are similar to in spite of our being from different coun- tries. Correct: My roommate’s values are similar to mine in spite of our being from different countries. or ‘My roommate’s values and mine are similar in spite of our being from different coun- tries. INCORRECT: | Cliff"s glasses are similar like yours, but his cost a lot less. CorRECT: Cliff's glasses are similar to yours, but his cost a lot less. or Cliff's glasses and yours are similar, but his cost a lot less. INcoRRECT: That joke is similar as a joke that I heard. Correct: That joke is similar to a joke that I heard. or ‘That joke and a joke that I heard are similar. INcoRRECT: All of the other departments are similar this one. Correcr: All of the other departments are similar to this one. or . All of the other departments and this one are similar.486 REVIEW OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION EXERCISES } Part A: Choose the correct answer. i ‘The vegetation in temperate zones all around the world is (A) similar (B) like (C) same ()as Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. — “The medical problems of parents and their children tend to be very similar to because of the heredi- @) @®) © (D) t tary nature of many diseases. General Similarity—Like and Alike Remember that like and alike have the same meaning, but like is used between the two nouns com- pared, and alike is used after the two nouns or a plural noun. noun Tike noun This coat is like that one noun noun | alike This coat and that one are | alike noun (plural) alike | These coats are alike ‘Avoid using as instead of like. Avoid using like after the two nouns compared. EXAMPLES Incorrect: The weather feels as spring. Correct: The weather feels like spring. Incorrect: These suits are like. Correct: This suit is like that suit. or These suits are alike. \PATTERNS/PROBLEM 89 157 INcorRECT: Your recipe for chicken is like to a recipe that my mother has. Correct: Your recipe for chicken is like a recipe that my mother has. or ‘Your recipe for chicken and a recipe that my mother has are alike, INcorREcT: I want to buy some shoes same like the ones I have on. Correct: I want to buy some shoes like the ones I have on. or ‘The shoes I want to buy and the shoes I have on are alike. IncorRECT: Anthony and his brother don’t look like. Correct: Anthony doesn’t look like his brother. or Anthony and his brother don’t look alike. EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. Although they are smaller, chipmunks are most other ground squirrels, (A) like to (B) like as (©) like (D) alike Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. ‘The first living structures to appear on earth thousands of years ago were alike viruses. (A) (B) oOo © “a Specific Similarity—Quality Nouns Remember that a quality noun is used in comparisons of a specific character The following are examples of quality nouns: age height price style color length size weight Avoid using fo, than, or like instead of as. Avoid using a quality adjective instead of a quality noun after the same.158 REVIEW OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION EXAMPLES INCORRECT: I want to buy a pair of shoes the same style like these I’m wearing. Correct: I want to buy a pair of shoes the same style as these I’m wearing. INCORRECT: This is not the same big as the rest of the apartments. Correct: This is not the same size as the rest of the apartments. IxcorRECt: The gold chain that Edith saw is same weight as yours. Correct: The gold chain that Edith saw is the same weight as yours. INCORRECT: Please cut my hair the same length like the style in this magazine. Correct: Please cut my hair the same length as the style in this magazine. INcoRRECT: Is this thread the same color the cloth? Correct: _Is this thread the same color as the cloth? EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. Some retirement communities will not sell property to new residents unless they are about the rest of the residents. (A) the same age (B) the same old (C) the same age as (D) the same old as Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. The bodies of cold-blooded animals have the same temp. (A) () © warm-blooded animals do not. () . (ture their surroundings, but those of ic Similarity—Quality Adjectives Remember that a quality adjective is used in comparisons of a specific characteristic. The following are examples of quality adjectives: big expensive light small cheap hard litle tall clear heavy long young cold hot old easy large shortPATTERNS/PROBLEM 91 159 Avoid using to, than, or like instead of as. Avoid using a quality noun instead of a quality adjective after as. EXAMPLES INCORRECT: Mary's job is as hard than Bill’s. CorRECT: Mary's job is as hard as Bill’s. INCORRECT: Miss Jones’ English is not as clear than Dr. Baker's. Correct: Miss Jones’ English is not as clear as Dr. Baker's. . INCORRECT: He is not as tall like his brother. Correct: He is not as tall as his brother. Incorrect; The meat at the supermarket is not as expensive that the meat at a butcher shop. Correct: The meat at the supermarket is not as expensive as the meat at a butcher shop. INcoRRECT: College Station is not as big Austin. Correct; College Station is not as big as Austin. EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. ‘Although the name was not popularized until the Middle Ages, engineering civiliza- tion. (A) as old as “ (B)igas old as (©) that is old as, _ (D) as old as that Part 1 Br Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. ~~ Despite its smaller size, the Indian Ocean is as deep the Atlantic Ocean. (A) BY) © ) General Difference—Different from and Different Remember that different from and different have the same meaning, but different from is used be- ‘tween the two nouns compared, and differentis used after the two nouns or a plural noun. This coat is different fromPe eee Ss een 460 REVIEW OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION This coat These coats different Avoid using to and than instead of from. Avoid using different between the two nouns compared. y EXAMPLES { Incorrect: Although they are both weekly news magazines, Time and Newsweek are different from in several ways. nak Correct: Although they are both weekly news magazines, Time is different from Newsweek in sev- eral ways. f or Although they are both weekly news magazines, Time and Newsweek are different in several ways. IncorRECT: The watch in the window is a little different this one. Correct: The watch in the window is a little dif or ‘The watch in the window and this one are a little different. Incorrect: Long distance telephone rates for daytime hours are different than rates for nighttime hours. Correct: Long distance telephone rates for daytime hours are different from rates for nighttime hours. or 2 Long distance telephone rates for daytime hours and rates for nighttime hours are different. Incorrect: A nursery school is different a day care center. Correct: A nursery school is different from a day care center. or ‘A nursery school and a day care center are different. INCORRECT: The tour packages that we offer are different than most tours. Correct: The tour packages that we offer are different from most tours. or a ‘The tour packages that we offer and most tours are different. EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. The works of Picasso were quite during various periods of his artistic life. (A) differ (B) different (C) different from (D) different thanPATTERNS/PROBLEM 92 161 Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Although business practices have been applied successfully to agriculture, farming is different other (A) ‘B) © @) industries. This one differs Avoid using BE with differ. Avoid using than, of, or to after differ. EXAMPLES INcoRRECT; Sharon is different of other women I know. Correct: Sharon is different from other women I know. or Sharon differs from other women I know. INCORRECT: Do you have anything a little different to these? Correct: Do you have anything a little different from these? or Do you have anything that differs a little from these? INCORRECT: The campus at State University different from that of City College. Correct: The campus at State University differs from that of City College. or ~The campus at State University is different from that of City College. INCORRECT: Jayne’s apartment is very differs from Bill’s even though they are in the same building. Correct: Jayne's apartment is very different from Bill's even though they are in the same building. or Jayne’s apartment differs from Bill’s even though they are in the same building. Incorrect: Customs differ one region of the country to another. Correct: Customs differ from one region of the country to another. or Customs are different from one region of the country to another.162 REVIEW OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. Modern blimps like the famous Goodyear blimps the first ones in that they are filled with helium instead of hydrogen. (A) differ from (B) different from (C) is different from (D) different Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Crocodiles different from alligators in that they have pointed snouts and long lower teeth that stick (A) ) © out when their mouths are closed. @) Comparative Estimates—Multiple Numbers Remember that the following are examples of multiple numbers: half four times twice five times three times ten times Fresh fruit costs twice as much as canned fruit We have half as many as we need Avoid using so instead of as after a multiple. Avoid using more than instead of as much as or as ‘many as. Avoid using the multiple after as much and as many. EXAMPLES Incorrect: This one is prettier, but it costs twice more than the other one. Correct: This one is prettier, but it costs twice as much as the other one. INcorrECT: The rent at College Apartments is only half so much as you pay here. Correcr: The rent at College Apartments is only half as much as you pay here. INcorRECT: Bob found a job that paid as much twice as he made working at the library. Correct: Bob found a job that paid twice as much as he made working at the library. The price was very reasonable; I would gladly have paid three times more than he asked. The price was very reasonable; I would gladly have paid three times as much as he asked.PATTERNS/PROBLEM 94163 IxcorrEcT: We didn’t buy the car because they wanted as much twice as it was worth. Correct: We didn’t buy the car because they wanted twice as much as it was worth. EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. After the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, the United States had__it had previously owned. (A) twice more land than (B) two times more land than (©) twice as much land as (D) two times much land than Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. . ‘With American prices for sugar at three times as much the world price, manufacturers are beginning A) (B) 0 use fructose blended with pure sugar, or sucrose. © ©) Comparative Estimates—More Than and Less Than Remember that more than or less than is used before a specific number to express an estimate that may be a little more or a little less than the number. Steve has more than a thousand coins in his collection Andy has, Tess than adozen coins in his pocket Avoid using more or less without than in estimates. Avoid using as instead of than. EXAMPLES INCoRRECT: More one hundred people came to the meeting. CorrEcr: More than one hundred people came to the meeting, INcorrEct: We have lived in the United States for as less than seven years. Correct: We have lived in the United States for less than seven years. INcorREct: The main library has more as one million volumes. Correct: The main library has more than one million volumes.164 REVIEW OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION INcorREcT: A new shopping center on the north side will have five hundred shops more than. CorRecr: A new shopping center on the north side will have more than five hundred shops. INCORRECT: There are most than fifty students in the lab, but only two computers. Correct: There are more than fifty students in the lab, but only two computers. EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. In the Great Smoky Mountains, one can see 150 different kinds of trees. (A) more than. (B) as much as (©) upas (D) as many to Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Pelé scored more as 1,280 goals during his career, gaining a reputation as the best soccer player of (A) @) © @) all time, Comparative Estimates—As Many As Remember that as many asis used before a specific number to express an estimate that does not exceed the number. We should have five hundred applications Avoid using as many instead of as many as. Avoid using much instead of many before a specific number. : Note: Comparative estimates with as much as are also used before a specific number that refers to weight, distance, or money. For example, as much as ten pounds, as much as two miles, or as much as twenty dollars. EXAMPLES INCORRECT: We expect as much as thirty people to come. Correct: We expect as many as thirty people to come. INcoRRECT: There are as many fifteen thousand students attending summer school. CorRecr: There are as many as fifteen thousand students attending summer school. INcoRRECT: The children can see as much as twenty-five baby animals in the nursery at the 200. Correct: The children can see as many as twenty-five baby animals in the nursery at the 200.PATTERNS/PROBLEM 96165, INcorRECT; Many as ten planes have sat in line waiting to take off. Correct: As many as ten planes have sat in line waiting to take off. INCORRECT: State University offers as much as two hundred major fields of study. Correct: State University offers as many as two hundred major fields of study. EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer, Ithas been estimated that one hundred thousand men participated in the gold rush of 1898. (A) approximate (B) until (©) as many as (D) more _ Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Itis generally accepted that the common cold is caused by as much as forty strains of viruses that . (A) 8) © (D) may be present in the air at all times. Degrees of Comp: ‘ison—Comparative Adjectives Remember that two- and three-syllable adjectives form the comparative by using more or less be- fore the adjective form. One-syllable adjectives form the comparative by using -er after the form. Two- syllable adjectives which end in y form the comparative by changing the y to jand adding -er. An essay test is more difficult an objective test An essay test is harder an objective test An essay test is easier an objective test Avoid using as or that instead of than. Avoid using both more and an -erform. EXAMPLES INCORRECT: This room is more spacious as the other one. Correct: This room is more spacious than the other one. Incorrect: The bill which we received was more higher than the estimate. Correct: The bill which we received was higher than the estimate,