_ BARRONS ~ Test of English as a Foreign Language Let the Authority in Test Preparation Help You Prepare | How To Prepare For The /\:\'/ TOEFL’ Test _ Lars) Barron’s Takes You Inside the NEW TOEFL° Test Eight Full-Length Model Tests DTS UT TRS CATA eT cley A Recommended Study PlanStyleis a STYLE/PROBLEM1 © 221 Le LE — general term that includes elements larger than a single grammatical pattem or structure. In most grammar books, style means sentence structure— that is, how the parts of a sentence relate to each other. Some of the most important elements of style are summarized in this review section. CS Le LC Point of view means maintaining the correct sequence of verb tenses and time phrases in a sentence. Point of View—Verbs In all pattems, maintain a point of view, either present or past. Avoid changing from present to past tense, or from past to present tense in the same sentence. EXAMPLES INcoRRECT: (Correct: INCORRECT: Correct: INCORRECT: CorRECT: INCORRECT: Correcr: INCORRECT: He was among the few who want to continue working on the project. He is among the few who want to continue working on the project. or He was among the few who wanted to continue working on the project. Itis an accepted custom for a man to open the door when he accompanied a woman, Itis an accepted custom for a man to open the door when he accompanies a woman. or It was an accepted custom for a man to open the door when he accompanied a woman. She closed the door and hurries away to class. She closes the door and hurries away to class. or She closed the door and hurried away to class. ‘We receive several applications a day and with them had been copies of transcripts and degrees. We receive several applications a day and with them are copies of transcripts and de~ grees. or We received several applications a day and with them were copies of transcripts and de- grees. Mr. Davis tried to finish his research, but he found only part of the information that he needs.222 REVIEW OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION Correct: Mr. Davis tries to finish his research, but he finds only part of the information that he or Mr. Davis tried to finish his research, but he found only part of the information that he needed. EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. ‘The first transistor was basically a small chip made of germanium onto one surface of which two pointed wire contacts side by side. (A) are made (B) made. (©) were made (D) making Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct Because early balloons were at the mercy of shifting winds, they are not considered a practical (A) (B) © ‘means of transportation until the 1850s. ) Point of View—Reported Speech ‘Some verbs are used to report past events. Remember that the following verbs are used as the first past verb in the pattern below: knew said thought told Avoid using a present verb after thatin the pattern. Note: When the reported sentence deals with a general truth, then a present verb may be used after thatin the pattem. For example, in the early 1500s, some sailors believed that the world is round. If cur- rent knowledge supersedes a formerly accepted truth, then the past verb is retained. For example, in the early 1500s, many sailors believed that the world was fiat. ‘EXAMPLES INcoRRECT: I thought that he is coming today. Correct: I thought that he was coming today.STYLE/PROBLEM3 223, Incorrect: A research scientist at State University reported that he finds a blood test to diagnose cancer. Correct: A research scientist at State University reported that he found a blood test to diagnose cancer. INcoRRECT: When she told us that everything is ready, we went into the dining room and seated our- selves. Correct: When she told us that everything was ready, we went into the dining room and seated ourselves. INcorRect: They asked him if he will help us. Correct: They asked him if he would help us. Incorrect: Professor Baker told his class that there 10,000 species of ferns, Correct: Professor Baker told his class that there are 10,000 species of ferns. (A general truth by current scientific standards.) Part A: Choose the correct answer. Ancient people believed that with a sun and a moon rotating around it. (A) the earth was the center of the universe (B) the earth is the center of the universe (©) the center of the universe is earth (D) the universe has earth at the center Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. William Faulkner, a famous novelist from Mississippi, said that it is not possible to understand () @) the South unless you were born there, © @) Point of View—Verbs and Adverbs Inall pattems, avoid using past adverbs with verbs in the present tense. EXAM INcoRRECT: Between one thing and another, Charles does not finish typing his paper last night. Correct: Between one thing and another, Charles did not finish typing his paper last night. INCORRECT: In 1990, according to statistics from the Bureau of Census, the population of the United States is 250,000,000. Correct: In 1990, according to statistics from the Bureau of Census, the population of the United States was 250,000,000. Incorrect: We do not receive mail yesterday because it was a holiday. Correct: We did not receive mail yesterday because it was a holiday.224 REVIEW OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION InconRecr: Mary does not finish her homework in time to go with us to the football game yesterday afternoon. Connect: Mary did not finish her homework in time to go with us o the football game yesterday afternoon. Incorrecr: Although there are only two hundred foreign students studying at State University in 1970, there are more than five hundred now. Cornécr: Although there were only two hundred foreign students studying at State University in. ‘1970, there are more than five hundred now. EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. Iron. for weapons and tools in the Bronze Age following the Stone Age. (A) is generally used (B) generally used (C) was generally used (D) used generally Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. ‘The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution gives women the right 10 vote in the elections of @ (B) © @) 1920. Point of View—Activities of the Dead In all patterns, avoid using present verbs to refer to activities of the dead. EXAMPLES: INcoRRECT: Just before he died, my friend who writes poetry published his first book. CORRECT, ust before he died, my friend who wrote poetry published his first book. INCORRECT: Professor Ayers was so punctual that until the day he died, he always arrives in clas just as the bell rings. Correct: Professor Ayers was so punctual that until the day he died, he always arrived in class just as the bell rang. INCORRECT: Before he died, the man who lives across the street used to help me with my English. Comnzcr: Before he died, the man who lived across the stret used to help me with my English. Incorrect: A short time before he died, the old man has written a will, leaving his entire estate to his brother. Correct: A short time before his brot died, the old man had written a will, leaving his entire estate to INCORRECT: Until the day she died, the lady who lives next door visited me every evening. CORRECT: Until the day she died, the lady who lived next door visited me every evening.STYLE/CUMULATIVE REVIEW 225 EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. From 1926 until her death, Margaret Mead. New York’s American Museum of Natural History. (A) was associated with (B) associates with (is associated with (©) associated Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Before dinosaurs became extinct, plant life is very different on Earth (A) @®)C) @) CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR POINT OF VIEW Directions: Some of the sentences in this exercise are correct. Some are incorrect. Fist, find the correct sentences, and mark them with a check (V/). Then find the incorrect sentences and correct them. Check your answers using the key on pages 452-453, 1. Until she died at the age of forty, Marilyn Monroe is the most glamorous star in Hollywood. 2: American colleges do not have very many foreign students learning English full time before 1970. 3. Ted Kennedy told the American people that he could not run for president for personal reasons. 4, George Washington Carver was one of the first educators who try to establish schools of higher ed- uucation for blacks. 5. Before the 1920s, no women will have voted in national elections in the United States. 6. Styles that have been popular in the 1940s have recently reappeared in high-fashion boutiques. 7. Since his murder, John Lennon has become a legend among those who had been his fans. 8. When Lyndon Johnson became president in 1963, he had already served in politics for thirty-two years. 9. Early TV programs like the “Arthur Godfrey Show” are beginning as radio programs. 10. Dr. Howard Evans of Colorado State University reported that insects solve the food shortage if we could adjust to eating them. LL. The year that James Smithson died, he was leaving a half million dollars to the United States gov- emment to found the Smithsonian Institute. 12, Mary Decker said that she ran every day to train for the Olympics.