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Analysis of SCADA Application on Distribution System Reliability

Article in International Journal of Electrical Energy and Power System Engineering · June 2020
DOI: 10.31258/ijeepse.3.2.46-52

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International Journal of Electrical, Energy and Power System Engineering (IJEEPSE)
e-ISSN: 2654-4644
Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 46-52, June 2020
ijeepse.ejournal.unri.ac.id

Analysis of SCADA Application on Distribution

System Reliability
Noveri Lysbetti Marpaung Edy Ervianto Rahyul Amri Hayatul Illahi
Departement of Electrical Departement of Electrical Departement of Electrical Departement of Electrical
Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering
Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Riau Universitas Riau Universitas Riau Universitas Riau
Pekanbaru, Indonesia Pekanbaru, Indonesia Pekanbaru, Indonesia Pekanbaru, Indonesia
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

*
corresponding author: Noveri Lysbetti Marpaung, [email protected]

Abstract—Reliability of Electrical Power Distribution to reliability index is very necessary, in order to know how
consumer is strongly influenced by its distribution system. much reliability level of a distribution system is. Parameters
Therefore, electrical power distribution system with high can be used to determine reliability level of Electrical Power
reliability is needed. In distribution of electrical power, Distribution System are System Average Interruption
reliability level of distribution system is very necessary, because Duration Index (SAIDI), System Average Interruption
it is influential strongly factor towards continuity of electrical Frequency Index (SAIFI), and Costumer Average
energy distribution to consumers. Parameters can be used to Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI).
determine reliability level of Electrical Power Distribution
System are SAIDI, SAIFI, and CAIDI. SCADA on Electrical Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) on
Power Ditribution System is needed because it can monitor, Electrical Power Ditribution System is really needed because
control, configure and record working system real time. Besides it can be used to monitor, control, configure and record
it, SCADA also can handle interruption temporary or working system real time. Besides it, SCADA also can handle
permanently in short time by using remote. Aim of this research interruption temporary or permanently in short time by using
is to compare distribution system reliability index such as remote from Control Centre. All these abilities are the
SAIFI, SAIDI and CAIDI before and after integrated with advantages when using SCADA in a Ditribution System.
SCADA in Bukittinggi Rayon of PT PLN (Persero), West
Sumatera, Indonesia. This research uses Distribution System By applying SCADA in Ditribution Sistem, hopefully, it
Data from 2015 and 2016. Result of this research is Realibility can give service quality that more efficient and effective to
Index before Integrated with SCADA(2015) are 15.40 costumers. It also can minimize financial losses as impact of
hours/customer, 46.36 interruption/year, 0.33 hour/year, while system realibilty that is susceptible to intrruptions.
after Integrated with SCADA(2016) are 2.14 hours/customer,
22.41 interruption/year, 0.10 hour/year. for SAIDI, SAIFI In addition, network maintenance and evaluation of
CAIDI Index respectivel y. It can be concluded that the increase performance system can be done regularly based on existing
of Reliability Index after integrated with SCADA are 86.1% for daily data. Both interference data and reading data from
SAIDI, 51.66% for SAIFI, 69.7% for CAIDI. equipment system are very necessary, because they can help
to improve reliability of electrical power distribution system.
Keywords—Distribution System, Reliability Index, SAIDI,
SAIFI, CAIDI. Aim of this research is to compare distribution system
reliability index such as SAIFI, SAIDI and CAIDI before and
after integrated with SCADA in Bukittinggi Rayon of PT
PLN (Persero), Western Sumatera, Indonesia. To reach the
I. INTRODUCTION goal, so this research uses Distribution System Data in
Reliability of Electrical Power Distribution to consumer Bukittinggi Rayon of PT PLN (Persero) from 2015 and 2016.
is strongly influenced by its distribution system. Therefore,
electrical power distribution system with high reliability is
needed. Reliability in distribution system is measurement of II. LITERATURE REVIEW
availability level from electrical supply and how often the
system experiences interruptions, causes interruptions and A. Distribution System Reliability
how long to recover the interruptions occured (how fast does Distribution System is part of the Electrical Power
it take to recover the interruptions occured). System. Electrical Power Distribution System is a distributor
In distribution of electrical power, reliability level of of electrical power from Bulk Power Source to consumers.
distribution system is very necessary, because it is influential Distribution System is a part of Electrical Power System that
strongly factor towards continuity of electrical energy deals directly with consumers. Electrical voltage generated
distribution to consumers. Therefore, calculation of by the power station is increased at the substation through a

Received: May 4, 2020 | Revised: May 20, 2020 | Accepted: May 29, 2020 46
step-up transformer to be greater voltage, before transmitted Costumer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI)
through the transmission line [1]. is the average number of hours per year for each customers
without electricity divided by average number of
Increasing electricel voltage generated is to reduce interruptions per year that affecting each customer.
voltage losses in transmission line. In this case, power losses
Formulation of CAIDI can be seen in Equation 3 [2, 3, 4].
is proportional to the square of current flowing (P = I2R).
With the same power, if the voltage value is enlarged, the ∑$ (#$ . '$ ) ,-./.
current flowing be smaller. Therefore, power losses also be 𝐶𝐴𝐼𝐷𝐼 = = ,-.0.
(3)
∑$ *#$ . l$ +
smaller. From transmission line, voltage is reduced tobe 20
kV with step down transformer on the distribution substation.
Then, with this voltage system, Electrical Power Distribution B. SCADA System
is carried out by the Primary Distribution Line. From the
SCADA is a system that collect information or data from
Primary Distribution Line, the distribution substations field, then send those data to central computer that will
decrease voltage to be lower voltage of 220/380 V with a arrange and control all the data. SCADA on Electrical Power
Secondary Distribution Transformer. Then this voltage is System is a system that perform monitoring, controlling and
distributed to consumers by Secondary Distribution Network processing data from Electrical Power System in real time.
[1]. SCADA components namely Master Station,
Reliability System of Electrical Power Distribution in Telecommunication Media, and Remote Station/Remote
general is a system that works in certain circumstances that is Terminal Unit (RTU). SCADA get real time data from RTU
demanded to be able to deliver electricity continuously to or others communication resources in the field, so operator
customers in accordance with the standards set with (dispatcher) make possible to do supervisory of Electrical
guaranteed safety and quality of distributed electricity. Level Power network operation and controlling of remote-control
of Distribution System Reliability can be divided into three, operation [5].
namely [1]: Telecommunication Media is used as data sending in
1. High Reliability System SCADA from RTU to Master Station. There are many
2. Medium Reliability System Telecommunication Media, such as Power Line Carrier
3. Low Reliability System (PLC), Fibre Optic Network, Radio Link/GPRS and others
communication media [5]. Basic functions of SCADA are
Reliability Index in a system can be measured both in
terms of the substation and feeder. The level of reliability in
[5]:
a distribution system can be determined by calculating the 1. Telemetering (TM): to send information about
System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) and measurement results in certain time, like as voltage,
System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI). SAIFI current, frequency. Monitoring by dispatcher, such as
states the frequency characteristics or the number of displaying real Power in MW, Reactive Power in Mvar,
disturbances while SAIDI states characteristics of duration Voltage in KV, and Current in A. Therefore, dispatcher
(duration of measured disturbance) in a one-year period [1]. can monitor all information needed centrally.
1. System Average Interruption Duration Index 2. Telesignal (TS): sending signal states status of an
System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) is a information equipment. Information sent namely status of
reliability index which is the average number of hours per Disconnecting Switch (PMT), Circuit Breaker (PMS),
year for each customers without electricity. SAIDI can be alarm avalaibility and others signals.
calculated using Equation 1 [2, 3, 4]. 3. Telecontrol (TC): Command to open or close tool of
Electrical Power System can be done by dispatcher using
∑$ (#$ . '$ ) remote.
𝑆𝐴𝐼𝐷𝐼 = (1)
∑ ) #)
Whereas : Three most important parts from SCADA System, are [6]:

- Ni = Number of customers interrupted 1. Master Station: Main component of SCADA in Master

- ri = Down time (hour/year) Station is Master Terminal Unit (MTU) like main
- NT = Served number total of customers computer or server. There are two servers that work as
master (main computer) and other as slave (master
2. System Average Interruption Frequency Index eplacement if there is any interruption). Main other
System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) is components in Master Station are:
a reliability index which is average number of interruptions
per year that affecting each customer. SAIFI can be a. Mimic Board: electronic board to display a controlled
formulated as shown in Equation 2 [2, 3, 4]. Electrical Power System, such as PMT in each
substation connected to RTU. Status data is obtained
∑$ *#$ . l$ + from server that take those data by polling system or
𝑆𝐴𝐼𝐹𝐼 = (2) with interruption system from all RTUs.
∑ ) #)
Whereas : b. Mimic Dynamic: is monitor display to show detailed
and dynamic towards substation status on Medium
- Ni = Number of customers interrupted Voltage Power.
- li = Failure Number of frequency in year (failure/year) c. Man-Machine Interface (MMI): Computer is used to
- NT = Served number total of customers connect server to computer for operator. All and detail
3. Costumer Average Interruption Duration Index data from each substation will be shown on computer
screen. Those information is obtained from

Received: May 4, 2020 | Revised: May 20, 2020 | Accepted: May 29, 2020 47
 telemetering that can not be seen from mimic board. Reference [2] was reliability of electrical power is
From MMI, operator does all Telecontrol function. maintaining the continuity of electrical power distribution to
d. Logger: to record all occurrences from each substation. customer, especially customers used large power who require
Logger can analyze and detect interruption sources or it absolutely. However, in the last few decades, reliability of
problems easier. distribution network is less noticeable than reliability of
e. Communication Media is media to connect between generating system. Therefore it is necessary to do evalution
equipments to change information about happening to improve distribution system reliability based on customer-
between Master Station with RTU. Materials can be oriented index, such as System Average Interruption
used for are Fiber Optic, Control Radio, Modem. Frequency Index (SAIFI), System Average Interruption
Duration Index (SAIDI), Customer Average Interruption
2. Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) is microprossesor that do Duration Index (CAIDI), Average Service Availability Index
scanning, managing and storing data in temporary (ASAI) and Average Service Unavailability Index (ASUI). In
memory before it asked by Master Station and do this research, only SAIFI Index will be discussed.
controlling agree with requested from Master Station.
RTU is installed on each Substation or Power Station in Reference [7] was one indicator of distribution system
Electrical Power Network. reliability is durability of electricity supply to consumers.
Therefore, a system that can perform real-time supervising nd
Generally, RTU is computer equipment in Remote Station controlling based on computer is needed. In this case,
or network location that can be monitored by Control SCADA system is chosen by taking into account several
Center. Funtions of RTU are : parameters of distribution network reliability index. Some of
a. To detect change of switch positions reliability indices are SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI.
(open/close/invalid). Reference [10] was reliability is working opportunity of a
b. To read measurement and calculation. RTU takes and system as its frame work in certain interval time and
process data about current or voltage value gained from
condition. To increase reliability can be done by taking
transducer that connected to it. actions such as, planning SCADA supporting infrastructure
c. Receive Remote Control Command from Master
using fuse cut out, installing distance relay on the network
Station to open and close. and improving protection relay coordination, whereas this
d. RTU will do command to open and close connected
study are focused on Over Current Relay (OCR) and Ground
Load Breaker Switch (LBS).
Fault Relay (GFR).
e. Sending data and information to Master Station consist
of switch status, execution result, and values of voltage, Reference [11] was SCADA System Reliability with
current and frequency. Recloser placement design to evaluate distribution system
SCADA application on Electrical Power Distribution reliability based on how the failure of a component affects
Network can render efficient in controlling time and electrical system operation. Effects of disturbances systematically are
network restoration, reducing interruption area, and also identified directly through SCADA system. From evaluation
increasing electrical power distribution service to consumers. results obtained, SCADA system design on distribution
SCADA can do load maneuver if interruption occured. Load system can increase its distribution system reliability. With a
behinds interruption point from substation that beginning good reliability system, customer service can be improved, as
supply towards interruption can be moved to other well as the operational efficiency of the electrical power
substations, so electrical energy supplier to load which is free system, especially on distribution network to be increased.
interruption still can be distributed [7]. Without any occured
interruption, so service quality to consumers be better Reference [12] was that SCADA has been known and
electrical power supply can be done well. Consumers will not started to be implemented in controlling of electric power
experince any losses, production keep working, productivity systems since early 1980s. After applying a SCADA system,
increase, quota can be filled, and continuity of electrical reliability index SAIDI and SAIFI much better because
energy service be better. From economy, losses electrical saving time increase up to 95,53 % and frequency of outages
energy caused interruptions can be saved electrical company 4 times less than that before implementing the SCADA
System. This research different place of distribution system,
will not experience financial losses [7].
and number of feeders used as a reference, while previous
C. Literature References studies discussed only one feeder is used as a reference.
Reference [8] was Reliability Evaluation of certain
substation can be achieved by reducing the failure rate of the
sensitive components or subsystems in power system by III. METHODOLOGY
raising mean time between failures. Power system reliability The research was conducted in of National Electrical
can be achieved by decreasing mean down-time. Reliable
Company (PT. PLN Persero) Bukittinggi Rayon located on
electric power will deduct costs and losses that are associated
Jalan Jendral Sudirman No. 1, Bukittinggi, Padang – Western
with insufficient and non-availability of electric power and
also increase efficiency, productivity, effectiveness and the Sumatera, Indonesia from December 2016 until January
quality of power output. 2017.

Reference [9] was impact of Directional Relays (DRs) on The existing data of reliability raising from Distribution
reliability evaluation with normally closed loop distribution System in PT. PLN (Persero) Bukittinggi Rayon, can be seen
system by using the reliability index. In case of changing from data in 2015 and 2016. There are two types of applied
radial system to the normally closed loop system, reliability variables in this study, namely:
of distribution system can be increased or decreased due to 1. Independent Variable: Disturbances of several feeders in
affects the load linked feeder each other. Bukittingi City Distribution System in 2015 and 2016.

Received: May 4, 2020 | Revised: May 20, 2020 | Accepted: May 29, 2020 48
2. Dependent Variable: interrupted duration from one feeder B. Calculation of Reliability Indices Before Integrated with
in Bukittinggi Distribution System in 2015 and 2016. SCADA
Flowchart of this research is shown in Fig. 1. Data of four feeders before integrated with SCADA in
2015 in Bukittinggi Rayon of PT. PLN (Persero) is shown in
Start
Fig. 2.
Data of Served number total of customers, Interruption
Literature Study
number of customers, Interrupted number total of customers
1. Served number total of customers and Interrupted Duration before integrated with SCADA in
2. Interruption number of customers
3. Interrupted number total of customers 2015 can be seen in Fig. 3.
4. Down Time
To calculate SAIDI value before integrated with SCADA in
Calculating SAIFI, SAIDI, and CAIDI January 2015, Equation 1 is used:
Indices using 2015 data

Calculating SAIFI, SAIDI, and CAIDI

13587 x 0.58
𝑆𝐴𝐼𝐷𝐼 = = 0.17 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟/𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟
Indices using 2016 data 47657
Comparing SAIFI, SAIDI, and CAIDI To calculate SAIFI value before integrated with SCADA in
Indices from 2015 and 2016 data January 2015, Equation 2 is used:
Result of Reliability Index 4 x 13587
SAIFI = = 1.14 Times interrupted/ Month
End
47657
With same way, SAIDI and SAIFI Index before integrated
Fig. 1. Flowchart of research with SCADA for February – December in 2015 can be
obtained. SAIDI and SAIFI Index before integrated with
SCADA for January – December in 2015 in Bukittinggi
Rayon of PT. PLN (Persero) can be seen in Fig. 4. To
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION calculate CAIDI value before integrated with SCADA in
A. Data Used in Calculations 2015, using Equation 3:
In general, to find out reliability level of Distribution
System in Bukittinggi Rayon of PT. PLN (Persero), West
Sumatera is determined by number of occured Interrupt, 𝑆𝐴𝐼𝐷𝐼 15.40
𝐶𝐴𝐼𝐷𝐼 = = = 0.33 hour/year
Duration of Interrupt, and number of customers who SAIFI 46.36
experience interruption in certain time. This study uses data
before integrated with SCADA (2015) and after integrated
with SCADA (2016) with four different feeders which are C. Calculation of Reliability Indices After Integrated with
counted in Interrupted Number Total of Customers. The name SCADA
of four feeders in Bukittinggi Rayon of PT. PLN (Persero), Data of four feeders after integrated with SCADA in 2016
Western Sumatera, Indonesia are Palupuah, Koto Baru, in Bukittinggi Rayon of PT. PLN (Persero) is shown in Fig.
belakang Balok, Kampung China. 5.

Before Integrated with SCADA in 2015

Interruption number of customers Number of Interruptions Palupuah
Koto Baru Belakang Balok Kampung China
Interrupted number total of customers Interrupted Duration
49349

49349

49532
48899
48619

48716

48716
48323

48399
47936

48126
47657

32089

30303

26609
25284
18520

18165
18121

17714
15818

14548
14458
13720

13720
13587

13569

12815
12351

12436

12436

12589
11945

11232
9794

9466

9 9320
8444

8367
7151

6889
7382
4794

2412
1236

0,58

2,23

7,98

1,57

1,45

3,83

4,21

4,41

0,73
3,68
528
0,4

3,1
16

13

13

12

17
4

3
y

ay

r
er
ry

ch

ne

t
il

ly

us

be

be

be
ar

pr

ob
Ju
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M
ar

Ju

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em

em

em
nu

A
M

ct
br

A
Ja

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pt

O
Fe

Se

D
N

Fig. 2. Data of four feeders before integrated with SCADA in 2015

Received: May 4, 2020 | Revised: May 20, 2020 | Accepted: May 29, 2020 49
 Served Number Total of Customer, Interruption Number of Customers,
Interrupted Number Total of Customers, Interrupted Duration Before
Integrated with SCADA in 2015
Served number total of customers Interruption number of customers
Interrupted number total of customers Interrupted Duration (Hours)

49532
49349

49349
48899
48716

48716
48619
48323

48399
48126
47935
47657

32089

30303

26609
25284

18121

14458
13720
13587

12815
12436

11945

9794
0,58

2,23

7,98

1,57

1,45

3,83

4,21

4,41

3,68

0,73
0,4

3,1
16

13

13

12

17
4

3
ly
y

ay

r
er
ry

ch

ne

t
il

us

be

be

be
ar

pr

Ju

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M
ar

Ju

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em

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nu

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br

A
Ja

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pt

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D
N
Fig. 3. Data Served number total of customers, Interruption number of customers, Interrupted number total of customers and Interrupted Duration before
integrated with SCADA in 2015

SAIDI and SAIFI Index Before Integrated with SCADA in 2015

10,67

9,17
SAIDI (Hours/Customers) SAIFI (Interruptions/year)

7,43
5,32

4,84
3,66
3,12

2,38

2,23
1,92
1,73

1,57
1,14

1,08

0,96

0,88
0,78

0,75
0,61
0,58

0,39
0,17

0,21
0,08
il

ly
y

ay

r
er
ry

ch

ne

t
us

be

be

be
ar

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Ju

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M
ar

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nu

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Fig. 4. SAIDI and SAIFI Index before integrated with SCADA for January – December in 2015

After Integrated with SCADA in 2016

Interruption number of customers Numbers of Outages
Palupuah Koto Baru
Belakang Balok Kampung China
Interrupted number total of customers Interrupted Duration
51527

51527
51067

51067
50885
50776
50466

50591

50591
49956

49956

49956

36030
23668

23442
22236
19900

19900

19070
17036

17036
12362

13342
10704
12212
11532

10553

10553
9648
8367

9648

7538
10 8669

7011

3694
4 4674

42714
2714
21809

1809

2337

31508

1206
1,08

0,37

0,63

0,38

1,38

0,98
0,28

0,18

1,11
0,37

0,7

0,5
10
0

6
0

8
0

5
0

4
ly
y

ay

r
er
ry

ch

ne

t
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be

be
ar

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Ju

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M
ar

Ju

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em

em

em
nu

A
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br

A
Ja

ov

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pt

O
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Se

D
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Fig. 5. Data of four feeders after integrated with SCADA in 2016 in Bukittinggi Rayon of PT. PLN (Persero)

Received: May 4, 2020 | Revised: May 20, 2020 | Accepted: May 29, 2020 50
 Served Number Total of Customer, Interruption Number of Customers,
Interrupted Number Total of Customers, Interrupted Duration After
Integrated with SCADA in 2016

Served number total of customes Interruption number of customers

Interrupted number total of customers Interrupted Duration (Hours)

51527

51527
51067

51067
50776

50885
50466

50591

50591
49956

49956

49956

36030

23442
19900

19070
17036

17036
12212
10553
9648

7011

2714
1809

1,08

0,37

0,63

0,38

0,28

0,18

1,11

1,38

0,98
0,37

0,7

0,5
10

10
2

4
ly
y

ay

r
er
ry

ch

ne

t
il

us

be

be

be
ar

pr

Ju

ob
ua

M
ar

Ju

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nu

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br

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pt

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D
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Fig. 6. Served number total of customers, Interruption number of customers, Interrupted number total of customers and Interrupted Duration after
integrated with SCADA in 2016

Data of Served number total of customers, Interruption 2 x 1809

number of customers, Interrupted number total of customers SAIFI = = 0.07 Times interrupted/ Month
49956
and Interrupted Duration after integrated with SCADA in
2016 can be seen in Fig. 6. To calculate SAIDI value after With same way, SAIDI and SAIFI Index after integrated with
integrated with SCADA in January 2016, Equation 1 is used: SCADA for February – December in 2016 can be calculated.
SAIDI and SAIFI Index after integrated with SCADA for
1809 x 0.37 January – December in 2016 in Bukittinggi Rayon of PT.
𝑆𝐴𝐼𝐷𝐼 = = 0.01 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟/𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟 PLN (Persero) can be seen in Fig. 7.
49956
To calculate SAIFI value after integrated with SCADA in
January 2016, Equation 2 is used:

SAIDI and SAIFI Index After Integrated with SCADA in 2016

SAIDI (Hours/Customer) SAIFI (Interruptions/year)
7,12
3,41

2,64
2,37

1,82
1,65

1,65
0,72
0,55
0,37

0,29
0,27
0,25

0,23

0,23

0,23
0,21
0,19

0,06
0,11
0,01
0,07

0,07

0,02
il

ly
y

ay

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ch

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M
ar

Ju

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nu

A
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pt

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Se

D
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Fig. 7. SAIDI and SAIFI Index after integrated with SCADA for January – December in 2016

With same way, CAIDI value in 2016 is calculated by using integrated with SCADA (2016) with parameters that can be
Equation 3: used such as SAIDI, SAIFI, and CAIDI.
𝑆𝐴𝐼𝐷𝐼 2.14 Based on the calculation results of SAIDI, SAIFI and
𝐶𝐴𝐼𝐷𝐼 = = = 0.10 hour/year CAIDI Values, so The Realibility Comparison Index in 2015
SAIFI 22.41
and 2016, is shown in Figure 8. Based on Figure 8, can be
Based on collected data, Reliability Index of Distribution seen the increase of Reliability Index after integrated with
System in Bukittinggi Rayon from PT. PLN (Persero) can be SCADA.
seen from comparison of reliability level of Distribution
System before integrated with SCADA (2015) and after

Received: May 4, 2020 | Revised: May 20, 2020 | Accepted: May 29, 2020 51
 SAIDI 2015 − SAIDI 2016 V. CONCLUSION
𝑆𝐴𝐼𝐷𝐼 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 𝑋 100% SAIDI Index in Bukittinggi Rayon of PT. PLN (Persero)
SAIDI 2015
after Integrated with SCADA in 2016 increased upto 86.1%.
15.40 − 2.14 SAIFI Index in Bukittinggi Rayon of PT. PLN (Persero) after
𝑆𝐴𝐼𝐷𝐼 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 𝑋 100% = 86.1% Integrated with SCADA in 2016 increased upto 51.66%.
15.40 CAIDI Index in Bukittinggi Rayon of PT. PLN (Persero) after
Integrated with SCADA in 2016 increased upto 69.7%.
SAIFI 2015 − SAIFI 2016
𝑆𝐴𝐼𝐹𝐼 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 𝑋 100%
SAIFI 2015

46.36 − 22.41 REFERENCES

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Fig. 9. The Increase of Reliability Index after integrated with SCADA in
2016

Received: May 4, 2020 | Revised: May 20, 2020 | Accepted: May 29, 2020 52

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