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Atoms and molecules class notes

The document discusses fundamental concepts in chemistry, including atoms, molecules, and chemical reactions, emphasizing the laws of conservation of mass and constant proportion. It outlines Dalton's atomic theory, its postulates, and drawbacks, as well as the definitions and differences between ions, ionic compounds, and molecular compounds. Additionally, it covers the mole concept, gram atomic and molecular mass, and the process of writing chemical formulas.

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17 views

Atoms and molecules class notes

The document discusses fundamental concepts in chemistry, including atoms, molecules, and chemical reactions, emphasizing the laws of conservation of mass and constant proportion. It outlines Dalton's atomic theory, its postulates, and drawbacks, as well as the definitions and differences between ions, ionic compounds, and molecular compounds. Additionally, it covers the mole concept, gram atomic and molecular mass, and the process of writing chemical formulas.

Uploaded by

rijulppatil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Atoms and molecules

Chemical reaction
When two or more substance combine to form a new product

Law of conservation of mass


It states that, ‘Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.’

Law of constant proportion


It states that, ‘In a pure chemical substance, the elements are always present in definite
proportions by mass’.

Postulates of Daltons atomic theory

Every element is composed of atoms.

Atoms of elements are identical in mass and chemical properties

Atoms cannot be created, destroyed or transformed into atoms of other elements.

Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole nos. to form compounds

the relative nos. and kinds of atoms are constants in a given compound

Drawbacks of Daltons atomic theory

Atom is no longer considered indivisible particle of matter they are made up of (protons,
electrons, neutrons, nucleus etc.).

Atoms of the same element may have different masses e.g., carbon it is having C12, C13, C14
but their nos. are same i.e., 6[isotopes].

Atoms of different element may have same masses e.g., potassium[K] and calcium [Ca] have
same masses but their nos. are different [isobars].

Substance made up of same kind of atoms may have different properties.

Atom
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that may or may not be capable of free
existence
It is spherical in structure.
STM (scanning tunneling microscope) is used to get the photos of atom.
atomic radii in (nm)
1nm = 10-9m
1nm = 1/109 m
Atomic mass
An atomic mass (symbol: ma) is the mass of a single atom of a element.
The mass of 1/12 part of C-12 isotope is equivalent to one atomic mass.

Molecules
It is the smallest particle of an element or a compound that is capable of free existence.
Molecular mass
it is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule

ions
an atom or group of atoms which may carry positive or negative charges is called an ion.
Ionic compound
Made up of one metal and one non metal
There are donating and acceptance of electrons between the atoms e.g. (NaCl)

Molecular compound
Made up of two non-metals
There is sharing of electrons between the atoms e.g. (HCl)

Valency
Capacity of an atom to give, accept and share electrons to achieve stability
1st shell – 2e- [Duplet]
2nd shell – 8e-[Octet]

Writing the chemical formulae


In simple molecular compounds – symbols of both the elements are written side by the side
and respective valency’s below their symbols
In simple ionic compound – the symbol of metal (forming cation) is written first and non-metal
(forming anion) is written second and respective valency’s below their symbols
In ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions – formula of polyatomic ion is written in
brackets and their respective valency’s below. If there is a common factor between the cation
and anion the valency’s are divided
Apply criss – cross of the valency’s. ‘1’ on the lower right-hand side is omitted. Similarly signs
of the charges of the ion are omitted
Gram atomic mass and Gram molecular mass
Atomic mass expressed in grams is called gram atomic mass
GAM = atomic mass of that element
Molecular mass expressed in grams is called gram molecular mass

Mole concept
The mole is the amount of substance of a system that contains 6.022 × 10 23 specified
elementary entities
The Avogadro constant 6.022 × 1023 is defined as the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of
carbon-12.
Mass of p+ = 1.67 × 10-24
Molar mass
Mass of 1 mole of a substance is called its molar mass.

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