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Structure of Atom class notes

The document outlines the structure of the atom, detailing the three fundamental subatomic particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons, along with their discoveries and characteristics. It discusses various atomic models, including Thomson's, Rutherford's, and Bohr's, highlighting their strengths and limitations. Additionally, it covers concepts such as atomic number, mass number, electronic configuration, valence electrons, isotopes, and isobars.

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8 views

Structure of Atom class notes

The document outlines the structure of the atom, detailing the three fundamental subatomic particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons, along with their discoveries and characteristics. It discusses various atomic models, including Thomson's, Rutherford's, and Bohr's, highlighting their strengths and limitations. Additionally, it covers concepts such as atomic number, mass number, electronic configuration, valence electrons, isotopes, and isobars.

Uploaded by

rijulppatil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structure of Atom

Three fundamental particles or subatomic particles of atom are


i]Electron
ii]Proton
iii]Neutron

Discovery of electrons – Cathode rays (by j.j. Thomson)


J.J. Thomson in the year 1900 conducted cathode ray tube experiment.
A Greenish yellow glow was observed behind anode in discharged tube which led
to discovery of negatively charged particles in atom called electrons.
Facts
charge on electrons: -1.6 × 10-19 C
Mass of electrons: 9.1 × 10-31 kg

Discovery of Protons – Anode Rays/Canal Rays (by E. Goldstein)


Ernest Goldstein in 1886 conducted discharge tube experiment/ canal ray
experiment/anode ray experiment.
A red glow was observed behind perforated cathode which led to discovery of
positively charged particles in atom called Protons.
Facts
charge on proton: +1.6 × 10-19 C
mass of proton: 1.67 × 10-27 kg = 1amu = 1.67*10-24 g

Thomson’s Atomic Model


• An atom is a uniform sphere of positive charges (due to presence of protons)
as well as negative charges (due to presence of electrons).
• Atom is electrically neutral because the negative and positive charges are
equal in magnitude.
This model is also known as watermelon model, plum pudding model and apple
pie model.
Limitations:
• Failed to explain how protons and electrons were arranged in atom so close to
each other.
• Failed to explain the observations obtained by Rutherford’s alpha scattering
model.
Rutherford’s model of Atom
In his famous ‘a – ray scattering experiment’ bombarded a – ray (He nucleus
4
2He ) upon thin gold foil.

Alpha Particles: is a fast-moving packet containing two protons and two neutrons
They carry a charge of +2 and strongly interact with matter.
α-particles are doubly charged helium cation.
observations
most of a – particles passed through the gold foil undeflected
some of the a – particles deflected by foil by small angles
one out every 12000 particles appeared to be rebound
Drawback
According to Rutherford’s Model, electrons revolve around the nucleus in well-
defined orbits, but electrons being charged particles will lose their energy and
finally will fall into the nucleus.
This will make atom highly unstable
His model could not solve the problem of atomic mass of atom as it proposed
only the existence of protons in the nucleus.
Conclusions
a. Most of the space in an atom is empty or vacant.
b. There is a positively charged center in atom.
c. The center of atom is very heavy and small in volume.

Bohr’s model of atom - 1913 (Neil’s Bohr)[to explain stability]


• An atom consists of heavy positively charged nucleus. The whole mass of the
atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
• The e- in an atom revolve around the nucleus in definite circular paths called
orbits or shells or energy level.
• Energy is absorbed or emitted by an atom only when the e- move from one
orbit to another.
• Each energy level is associated with definite amount of energy.
•While revolving in discrete orbits e- do not radiate energy. only discrete orbits
are allowed inside the atom [ Discrete = different]
*Why the Orbits are discrete?
Sol: Orbits are discrete because of two properties
1.Their Radius differ from each other
2.Energy are different in each shell
*The energy present in outermost shell is very high
*As energy of orbits is fixed they are called stationary states

Discovery of Neutrons – 1932 (by J. Chadwick)


J. Chadwick bombarded a lighter elements{boron, lithium etc.} with a – particles
and observed a emission of new particles having zero charge but having mass
equal to the mass of protons This led to the discovery of neutrally charged
particle in atom known as neutrons
Facts
mass of neutrons: 1.67 * 10-27 = 1amu = 1.67*10-24 g
Charge of neutrons: neutral
Relative mass: 1u

Atomic Number
Atomic nos. of an element is equal to the number of protons present in the
nucleus of an atom.

Atomic number (z) = number of p+ = number of e-.


when an atom becomes an ion the nos. of p + and e- may vary
In case of neutral atom we can calculate atomic nos. from nos. of e -
Facts
Atomic nos. are always a whole number
Atoms of same element have the same nos. of p+
No two elements have same atomic number

Mass Number/ atomic mass/ atomic weight


The total number of the p+ and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom
Symbol: ‘A’
*The protons and neutrons together are called nucleon.
Atomic mass= no. of protons + nos. of neutrons
The number of neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is represented by N
Representation of Atom
Electronic Configuration
The arrangement of e- in various energy shells of an atom of the element
The Maximum number of e- that could be put in a particular shell, was given by
Bohr and Bury.
Bohr- bury scheme

•The maximum number of e- present in a shell is given by formula 2n2

• The maximum number of e- in the outermost orbit will be 8e- even if it has
capacity to accommodate more e-

•e- are not accommodated in a given shell, unless the inner shells are filled.
Shells are filled in a step-wise manner.

Valence electrons and valency


The electrons present in the outer most shell of an atom are known as valence
electrons.
These electrons determine the valency of an atom.
The outermost shell is known as valence shell
an atom can either gain electron or loose electrons
Valency
It is the combining capacity of an atom, i.e. their tendency to react and form
molecules with atoms of the same or different elements.

Rules for calculating valency:


1. For the atoms having valence e- less than or equal to 4, valency is same as
that of the number of valence e- in that atom. For example, valency of
Magnesium (2, 8 , 2) = 2
2. If number of valence e- exceed 4, then valency = 8 – Number of valence
electrons. For example, valency of Oxygen (2, 6) = 8 – 6 = 2.
3. Valency of atoms with 8 valence electrons is zero as they have fully filled
valence shell and cannot gain or lose electrons.

Isotopes
They are the atoms of same element with same atomic number but different
mass number.
Eg: isotopes of hydrogen
1
H1 - Protium (H)
2
H1 – Deuterium (D)
3
H1 – Tritium (T)
Uses:
An isotope of uranium is used as fuel in nuclear reactor.
An isotope of cobalt is used in treatment of cancer.
An isotope of iodine is used in treatment of goitre.

Isobars
Atoms of different elements with different atomic numbers, which have the same
mass number, are known as isobars.
Isobars have different chemical properties

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