Tutorial_Classes
Tutorial_Classes
OF
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
gh
in
U S
LPder
By
in
2024
Dedicated to students
gh
U Sin
LP r
de
rin
Na
The author is not responsible for any kind loss due to mistakes in the text.
Contents
1 Matrix Algebra 1
1.1 Determinant of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Hints 1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Elementary Row Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.1 Echelon Form and Rank of Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Problems of Finding Rank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.3 Hints 1.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
h
1.2.4 Practice Problems Based on Finding Inverse using Elementary Row
ng
operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
U Si
1.3.1 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.2 Hints to Problems 1.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
d
2 Differential Equations 18
2.1 Basic Differentiation formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 Degree, Order and Solution of Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.1 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.2 Hints to Problems 2.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3 Solution of Second Order Linear Homogeneous Equations with constant coef-
ficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.1 Problems (Solution of Linear Homogeneous Equations with constant
coefficients) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4 Normal Differential equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.1 Problems based on Normal differential equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.2 Solution to Problems 2.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
i
3 Non-Homogeneous Differential Equations 25
3.1 Non-Homogeneous Linear Differential Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 Non-Homogeneous Linear Differential Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2.1 Problems based on solving Non-homogeneous LDE with constant co-
efficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.2 Hints to Problems 3.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3 Method of undetermined Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.3.1 Table for choice of Particular solution in method of undetermined co-
efficients: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.4 Method of Variation of parameter (Formulas for 2nd order Equations) . . . . 34
3.5 Euler Cauchy Equations (Type of equation with variable coefficients) . . . . 35
3.6 MCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4 Fourier Series 43
4.1 Basic Formulas of Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.1.1 Basic Integration Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2 Fourier series expansion in any interval [a, b] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.2.1 Problems: Fourier series in the interval [a, b] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
gh
4.2.2 Hints to Problems 4.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
U Sin
4.6.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.6.3 Hints to Problems 4.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.6.4 Integrals that may be used in Fourier series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5 Limits, Continuity,... 58
5.1 Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.1.1 Problems Based on Finding Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.1.2 Hints to Problems 5.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.2 Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.2.1 Problems Based on Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.2.2 Hints to Problems 5.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.3 Partial Derivatives & Jacobians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.3.1 Total Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.4 Euler Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.4.1 Homogeneous functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.4.2 Euler Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.4.3 Problems Based on Euler Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.5 Unit 5 MCQ Limit, Continuity and Differentiation of Function of several
variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.5.1 Answer Key of 5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.6 Double and Triple Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
gh
U Sin
LP r
de
rin
Na
Chapter 1
Matrix Algebra
1 1 1 0 3 0
(a) (b)
2 2 2
3 0 1
LP r
de
3 0 1 2
rin
1. (a) 0 (b) 88
3. (Ri → Ri + kRj ) The addition to the elements of any row, the corresponding
elements of any other row multiplied by any number.
1
2 Narinder Singh 1. Matrix Algebra
1. There exists atleast one minor of order r of A which does not vanish.
In other words, we can say that the rank of a matrix A is the largest order of any
non-vanishing minor of the matrix.
1. The number of zeros before the first non-zero element in a row is less than the
gh
number of such zeros in the next row.
U Sin
in each row need NOT to be 1 for finding rank. (Echelon type is sufficient)
2. Find the rank of the following matrices: (Try to apply both methods and see whether
your answer is same!)
0 6 6 1
1 2 −3 −1
−8 7 2 3
(a) A1 = 3
−4 1 2
(b) A2 =
−2 3 0 1
5 2 1 3
−3 2 1 1
3 Narinder Singh 1. Matrix Algebra
2 3 −1 −1 1 2 −1
1 −1 −2 −4 3 −1 2
(c) A3 =
(d) A4 =
6
3 0 −7
2
−2 3
3 1 3 −2 1 −1 1
0 1 3 −1 4
2
0 −4 1 2
1 2 −1 3
(e) A5 =
1 4 2 0 −1
(f) • A6 =
2 4 1 −2
3
4 −2 1 1
3 6 3 −7
6 9 −1 1 6
5 3 0 1 3 5
(g) • A7 =
1 2 −4
(h) • A8 =
2 −1 4
−2 −4 8 −2 8 2
gh
U Sin
1 2 3 4
2 1 4 5
(i) A9 =
LP r
de
1 5 5 7
rin
8 1 14 17
Na
(a) {(0, 1, 2), (0, 1, 0), (3, −1, 5)} (b) {(1, 2, 3, 4), (2, 0, 1, −2), (3, 2, 4, 2)}
4. Convert the following matrices into echelon form also in normal form...
2 2 −1 1 2 −1 5
(a) 4
−3 2 4
−4 6 6
(b)
2 −2 3 2
−2 3 3
1 −1 1 5
4 Narinder Singh 1. Matrix Algebra
(i) ρ(A9 ) = 2.
(c) LI (d)
(a) rank = 3 (b) rank = 3
gh
4.
U Sin
1. Find the inverse of the following matrices using elementary row transformations:
rin
1 1 3
Na
2 1
(a) (b)
1 3 −3
3 2
−2 −4 −4
−5 3 −1 −5 3 −1
(c) 4
2 0
(d) 4
2 0
4 6 2 4 6 2
x + 2y + 3z = 0, 3x + 4y + 4z = 0, 7x + 10y + 12z = 0
gh
3. Find the value of k so that the equations
U Sin
x − 2y + z = 0, 3x − y + 2z = 0, y + kz = 0 have
LP r
de
(b) infinitely many solutions. Also find solutions for these values of k.
Na
c) 2x + 3y + 4z = 10 d) x+y+z =4
x + 2y + 3z = 14 2x + 5y − 2z = 3
x + 4y + 7z = 10. x + 7y − 7z = −6.
e) x+y+z =9
2x + 5y + 7z = 52
2x + y − z = 0.
1 3 1
(b) k = − , x = − k, y = k, z = k.
5 5 5
LP r
z = −s + t
de
The non-zero column matrix X is called the eigenvector of the matrix A correspond-
ing to eigenvalue λ of A.
characteristic equation of A.
de
rin
Figure 1.1
(a)
0 2 1
(b)
1 −1 0
LP r
−1 2 2 1 0 −1
de
rin
1 1 i
(c)
Na
1 0 i
−i −i 1
T T
2. (a) λ = 1, 2, 2, (1, 1, −1) ; (2, 1, 0)
(b) λ = −1, i, −i, (0, −1, 1)T ; (1 + i, 1, 1)T ; (1 − i, 1, 1)T ;
√ √ √ √
(c) λ = 0, 1 + 3, 1 − 3(i, 0, −1)T ; (1, 3 − 1, −i)T ; (1, 3 − 1, −i)T ;
9 Narinder Singh 1. Matrix Algebra
de
0 1 1
rin
(e) A = 1
0 1
Na
1 1 0
1 i i
(c) A =
i 1 i
i i 1
0 0 1
Na
1. The inverse of the matrix A =
0 1 0
1 0 0
(a) I (b) A
(c) −A (d) 2A
0 0 1
2. The inverse of the matrix A =
0 −1 0
1 0 0
(a) I (b) A
(c) −A (d) 2A
1 0 1
3. The inverse of the matrix A =
0 −1 0
1 0 0
11 Narinder Singh 1. Matrix Algebra
(a) A2 − 2I (b) 2I + A2
(c) A2 + I (d) A2 − I
2 0 1
4. The inverse of the matrix A =
0 −1 0
−1 0 −1
(a) A2 − 2I (b) 2I + A2
(c) A2 + I (d) A2 − I
2 0 1
5. The inverse of the matrix A =
0 −1 0
−1 0 −1
(a) A2 + 9I (b) 9I − A2
gh
U Sin
(c) A2 − 9I (d) A2 − I
LP r
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
(c) 1, 2, 3 (d) 1, 1, 4
−2 2 0
11. The Eigenvalues of 2
is
2 0
3 1 0
√ √
gh
(a) 0, 2 2, −2 2 (b) 0, −2, 2
√ √
U Sin
(c) 0, 1, 2 (d) 0, 2, − 2
LP r
1 1 1
de
2 2 2 is
12. The Eigenvalues of
rin
3 3 3
Na
√ √
(a) 0, 6, − 6 (b) 0, 1, 5
(c) 0, 6, 6 (d) 0, 2, 3
1 0 0
13. The Eigenvalues of
2 2 0 is
3 3 3
(a) 1, 1, 4 (b) 0, 1, 5
(c) 0, 0, 6 (d) 1, 2, 3
3 0 1 −2
14. If for the matrix −1
1 one of eigenvector is 1 . Find the eigenvalue corre-
2
0 0 −1 0
sponding to this vector.
13 Narinder Singh 1. Matrix Algebra
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
3 0 1 −1/4
15. If for the matrix −1
1 one of eigenvector is −9/8. Find the eigenvalue
2
0 0 −1 1
corresponding to this vector.
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
8 −4 2 −4.5
16. If for the matrix
4 0 one of eigenvector is −4 . Find the eigenvalue
2
0 −2 −4 1
gh
corresponding to this vector.
U Sin
(a) -1 (b) -3
LP r
de
(c) 4 (d) 3
rin
−1
Na
2 3 0
17. If for the matrix 3
2 0
one of eigenvector is .
1 Find the eigenvalue corre-
5 −3 3 3
sponding to this vector.
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
3 2 9
18. The characteristic equation of the matrix
7 5 is given by
13
6 17 19
2 3 −1
19. The characteristic equation of the matrix
3 2 is given by
0
5 −3 3
(a) -6 (b) 5
21. The eigenvalues of 4 × 4 matrix A are given as 4, −5, 3, 13. The det(A) is given by
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 0
25. For which values of k, the system of equations x−2y +z = 0, 3x−y +2z = 0, y +kz = 0
have infinitely many solutions
1 1
(a) k = 5
(b) k ̸= 5
(c) k = − 15 (d) k ̸= − 15
3 0 1
1 2 x is less than 3.
26. Find x for which rank of the matrix A =
1 2 3
(a) k = 3 (b) k = −3
gh
(c) k = 0 (d) None of these
U Sin
3 0 1
LP r
de
27. What is rank of the matrix
1 2 4
rin
1 2 3
Na
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
2023 2023 2023
28. What is rank of the matrix 2023
2023 2023
2023 2023 2023
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
2024 2023 2023
29. What is rank of the matrix 2024
2023 2023
2024 2023 2023
16 Narinder Singh 1. Matrix Algebra
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
3 −1 2
30. What is rank of the matrix 2
4 2
1 2 1
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
gh
U Sin
(c) 1 (d) 0
Na
33. For which value of k the following system of linear equations have no solution:
4x + 2y + z = 0
3x − y + 3z = −1
x + ky + 2z = 0
13 9
(a) k = 9
(b) k = 13
(c) k = − 13
9
9
(d) k = − 13
34. For which value of k the following system of linear equations have no solution:
4x + 2y + z = 3
3x − y + 3z = −1
x + y + kz = −2
17 Narinder Singh 1. Matrix Algebra
1
(a) k = 5
(b) k = − 15
(c) k = −5 (d) k = 5
(a) {(1, 2, 1), (2, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2)} (b) {( 12 , 3), (2, 12)}
(c) {(2, 2, 2), (2, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1)} (d) {(2, 2, 1), (2, 1, 2), (2, 3, 0)}
(a) {(4, 3), (12, 9)} (b) {(1, 2, 1), (−1, 1, 1), (1, −1, −1)}
(c) {(5, 5, 5), (2, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1)} (d) {(8, 20), (2, 4)}
gh
U Sin
LP r
de
rin
Na
Chapter 2
Differential Equations
dx dx
d d d
(g) dx
tan x = sec2 x (h) dx
(cf (x)) = c dx f (x)
LP r
de
d df dg d d d
(i) dx
(f + g) = dx
+ dx
(j) dx
(f g) = f dx g + g dx f
rin
vu′ −uv ′
(k) d u
( )
dx v
= v2
(l) d
dx
(sin−1 x) = √ 1
1−x2
Na
(m) d
dx
(cos−1 1
x) = − √1−x2 (n) d
dx
(tan−1 x) = 1
1+x2
2.2.1 Problems
1. Find the order and degree of the following Differential Equations. State whether they
are linear or non-linear
18
19 Narinder Singh 2. Differential Equations
3. Find all values of m for which y = emx is solution of the following differential equations.
gh
(a) y ′′ + 3y ′ + 2y = 0. (b) y ′′′ − 6y ′′ + 11y ′ − 6y = 0.
U Sin
(e) y ′′ − 2y ′ + 4y = 0.
rin
4. From the following equations, find the constant coefficient and variable coefficient
Na
equations.
6. Examine whether the following functions are linearly independant for x ∈ (0, ∞).
20 Narinder Singh 2. Differential Equations
(i) x − 1, x + 1, (x − 1)2 .
7. Show that e2x and xe2x are solution of the equation y ′′ − 4y ′ + 4y = 0 on any interval.
Show that these solutions are independent.
3. Find all values of m for which y = emx is solution of the following differential equations.
Na
(g) LI (h) LD
(i) LI
21 Narinder Singh 2. Differential Equations
ay ′′ + by ′ + cy = 0, a, b, c are constants.
d d2
In operator notation by taking D = dx
, D2 = dx2
we write this equation as
aD2 y + bDy + cy = 0
(aD2 + bD + c)y = 0.
y ′′ + 4y ′ + 5y = 0
d d2
Solution: Using D = dx
and D2 = , we have
dx2
D2 y + 4Dy + 5y = 0
(D2 + 4D + 5)y = 0
22 Narinder Singh 2. Differential Equations
D2 + 4D + 5 = 0
√
−4 ± 16 − 20 −4 ± 2i
D= = = −2 ± i.
2 2
(a) y ′′ − 4y = 0. (b) y ′′ − y ′ − 2y = 0.
gh
(c) y ′′ + y ′ − 2y = 0. (d) y ′′ − 4y ′ − 12y = 0.
U Sin
(e) y ′′ + 4y ′ + y = 0. (f) 4y ′′ − 9y ′ + 2y = 0.
LP r
de
(g) 4y ′′ + 8y ′ − 5y = 0. (h) y ′′ + 2y ′ + y = 0.
rin
2. Show that in the following problems, {yi (x)} forms a set of fundamental solutions
(basis) to the corresponding differential equation:
(a) 1, x2 , x2 y ′′ − xy ′ = 0, x > 0. (b) e2x cos 3x, e2x sin 3x; 2y ′′ − 8y ′ + 26y =
0.
(c) ex , ex cos x, ex sin x; y ′′′ − 3y ′′ + 4y ′ − (d) x1/4 , x5/4 ; 16x2 y ′′ − 8xy ′ + 5y = 0, x >
2y = 0. 0.
(e) sin(ln x2 ), cos(ln x2 ); x2 y ′′ +xy ′ +4y =
0, x > 0.
23 Narinder Singh 2. Differential Equations
Remark 2.4.1. If the condition of Theorem 2.4 are satisfied, then the Differential Equation
2.2 is called normal on I.
Remark 2.4.2. A point xo ∈ I, for which a0 (x) ̸= 0, called ordinary point or a regular
point of the differential equation 2.2.
gh
Example 2.4.1. Find the intervals in which the following differential equations are normal
U Sin
2. x2 y ′′ + xy ′ + (n2 − x2 )y = 0, n real.
rin
√ ′′
3. xy + 6xy ′ + 15y = ln(x4 − 256).
Na
Solution:
1. Here a0 (x) = (1 − x2 ), a1 (x) = −2x, and a2 (x) = n(n + 1). Now, a0 , a1 and a2 are con-
tinuous everywhere in (−∞, ∞). Also, a0 (x) = 1 − x2 ̸= 0 for all x ∈ (−∞, ∞) except
at the points x = −1, 1. Hence differential equation is normal on every subinterval of
the open intervals (−∞, −1), (−1, 1), (1, ∞),
(c) Any subinterval of (−∞, 0), (0, ∞). (d) Any subinterval of [0, ∞) .
(e) Any subinterval of (3, ∞). (f) Any subinterval of (0, ∞).
gh
(g) Any subinterval of (−∞, 0), (0, 1), (1, ∞).
U Sin
Non-Homogeneous Differential
Equations
d2 y dy
c0 2
+ c1 + c2 y = r(x). (3.1)
dx dx
Na
y = yc + yp
25
26 Narinder Singh 3. Non-Homogeneous Differential Equations
d2 y dy
Solution of c0 + c 1 + c2 y = r(x).
dx2 dx
y = yc + yp
d2 y dy 1
yc is solution of c0 + c1 + c2 y = 0 yp = r(x)
dx 2 dx c0 D2 + c1 D + c2
Figure 3.1
gh
Following are the formulas for finding particular Integral/Solution:
U Sin
LP r
No.
rin
1.
Na
1 ax 1 ax
e = e ; provided F (a) ̸= 0
F (D) F (a)
1 ax x2
e = ′′ eax
F (D) F (a)
27 Narinder Singh 3. Non-Homogeneous Differential Equations
2.
1 1
2
sin(ax + b) = 2
sin(ax + b); F (−a2 ) ̸= 0
F (D ) F (−a )
3.
1 1
2
cos(ax + b) = cos(ax + b); F (−a2 ) ̸= 0
F (D ) F (−a2 )
Sub-case 1: F (−a2 ) = 0, F ′ (−a2 ) ̸= 0 then
1 x
2
cos(ax + b) = ′ cos(ax + b)
F (D ) F (−a2 )
gh
U Sin
4.
1
xm = [F (D)]−1 xm
F (D)
LP r
de
(1 + X)−1 = 1 − X + X 2 − X 3 + X 4 − . . .
Na
(1 − X)−1 = 1 + X + X 2 + X 3 + X 4 + . . .
5.
1 ax 1
e V (x) = eax V (x)
F (D) F (D + a)
After this, we will apply one of the rules from rule 1 to 4 depending upon type
of function V (x)
(D2 + 5D + 6)y = ex .
D2 + 5D + 6 = 0
√
−5 ± 25 − 24 −5 ± 1
D= = = −3, −2.
2 2
yc = c1 e−3x + c2 e−2x .
(D2 + 5D + 6)y = ex .
1
gh
yp = ex
D2
+ 5D + 6
U Sin
1
yp = 2 ex Rule 1, Putting D = 1
1 + 5(1) + 6
LP r
1
de
yp = ex
12
rin
1 x
y = yc + yp = c1 e−3x + c2 e−2x + e
12
d d2
Solution: Using D = dx
and D2 = dx2
, we have
D3 − 3D + 2 = 0 (3.2)
Cubic equation, we will apply HIT & TRIAL, D = 0 not satisfying eqn. (3.2), D = 1 is
satisfying (3.2). Therefore, one root is D = 1. Now we apply synthetic division to find other
two roots:
D3 D2 D constant
1 1 0 -3 2
0 1 1 -2
1 1gh -2 0
D2 + D − 2D = 0
LP r
(D − 1)(D + 2) = 0
de
rin
∴ D = 1, 1, −2
Na
1 1 1
yp = e−2x + ex − e−x
− 3(−2) + 2)
((−2)3 ((1) − 3(1) + 2)
3 ((−1) − 3(−1) + 2)
3
1 1 1
yp = e−2x + ex − e−x
0 0 4
30 Narinder Singh 3. Non-Homogeneous Differential Equations
We have to evaluate first two terms separately as rule 1 fails on them. We will apply Rule
1 Sub-case 1 for first term
y = yc + yp
x x2 1
y = (c1 + xc2 )ex + c3 e−2x + e−2x + ex + e−x .
9 6 4
gh
U Sin
1 1
PI = cos(2x − 1) = cos(2x − 1)
(D3+ 1) 2
(D .D + 1)
Na
1
= 2
cos(2x − 1) [Rule 3 PuttingD2 = −22 ]
((−2 ).D + 1)
1
yp = cos(2x − 1)
(−4D + 1)
1
= (1 + 4D) cos(2x − 1)
(1 + 4D)(1 − 4D)
1
= (1 + 4D) cos(2x − 1)
(1 − 16D2 )
1
= (1 + 4D) cos(2x − 1)
(1 − 16(−22 ))
1
= (1 + 4D) cos(2x − 1)
65 !
1 d
= cos(2x − 1) + 4 cos(2x − 1)
65 dx
1
= (cos(2x − 1) − 8 sin(2x − 1))
65
31 Narinder Singh 3. Non-Homogeneous Differential Equations
d2 y dy
(h) 2
+ 2 + y = e2x − cos2 x
dx dx
LP r
d2 y
rin
(j) − y = e x + x2 e x
dx2
Na
d d2
Put D = , D2 = . Given equation becomes (D2 + 1)y = 5x3 . The characteristic
LP r
dx dx2
de
2
equation is m + 1 = 0 =⇒ m = ±i. So the complementary solution is
rin
= c1 cos x + c2 sin x
yp = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
a = 5, b = 0, 6a + c = 0, 2b + d = 0
c = −30, d = 0
Therefore, yp = 5x3 − 30x = 5x(x2 − 6)
So y = yc + yp = c1 cos x + c2 sin x + 5x(x2 − 6)
Choices
1 y ′′ + y = 5x3 yp = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
LP r
de
2 y ′′ + 6y ′ + 8y = 5x2 + 2x yp = ax2 + bx + c
rin
is given as
3.6 MCQ
1. If f1 , f2 are linearly dependent functions, then which of the following is true?
′ ′ ′ ′
(a) f1 f2 − f1 f2 = 0 (b) f1 f2 − f1 f2 = 0
′ ′
(c) f1 f1 − f2 f2 = 0 (d) None of these
(c) π (d) −1
LP r
de
3. solve y ′′ = 4y?
rin
5. Wronskian of e2 x, e−2x is
(a) 4 (b) −4
dy
6. The general solution of dx
+ 4x = 0 is
36 Narinder Singh 3. Non-Homogeneous Differential Equations
7. The general solution of homogeneous linear differential equation with constant coeffi-
cients whose auxiliary equation has roots ±2i, ±2i is
coefficients?
rin
!2 !2
d2 y dy d2 y dy
Na
dy
12. Which of the following are solutions of x2 dx +y =0
1
Na
1 −2x x −2x
(a) 8
e (b) 12
e
x2 −2x x3 −2x
(c) 12
e (d) 6
e
38 Narinder Singh 3. Non-Homogeneous Differential Equations
1
(a) 3
ln 5 (b) ln 5
1
21. Solve D3 +1
3x .
1 1 x
(a) 3x (b) 28
3
1 + (ln 3)3
1 1
(c) e27 +1
3x (d) ln 3+1
3x
gh
U Sin
22. In method of undetermined coefficients what will be choice of particular integral for
y ′′ + y = 32x3
LP r
de
1 1
(a) − 13 (3 sin 2x + 4 cos 2x) (b) 13
(3 sin 2x + 4 cos 2x)
1 1
(c) − 13 (3 sin 2x + 2 cos 2x) (d) − 13 (2 sin 2x + 3 cos 2x)
25. PI of y ′′ − 3y ′ + 2y = 12 is
29. If roots of auxiliary equation of a homogeneous linear differential equation are 1, 2, ±i,
U Sin
then solution is
LP r
x x
(a) − 2a cos ax (b) 2a
cos ax
(c) − ax
2
cos ax (d) ax
2
cos ax
34. The solution of the differential equation y ′′ + y = 0 satisfying the condition y(0) = 1
and y( π2 ) = 2, is
40 Narinder Singh 3. Non-Homogeneous Differential Equations
1 3 −x 1 2 −x
(a) xe (b) xe
LP r
6 6
de
(c) 1
xe−x (d) None of these
rin
6
Na
1
41. If f (D) = D2 − 2, f (D)
e2x = ...
1 2x 1 −2x
(a) 4
e (b) 4
e
1 2x 1 −2x
(c) 2
e (d) 2
e
1
42. If f (D) = D2 + 5, f (D)
sin 2x = ...
1 3 −x 1 2 x
(a) 2
xe (b) 2
xe
(c) 1
2
xe−x (d) None of these
1 1
(a) 2
sin 2x (b) 2
x sin 2x
1 1
(c) 4
sin 2x (d) 2
x cos 2x
dx dy
47. In the equation + y = sin t + 1, + x = cos t if y = sin t + 1 + e−t , then x =?
dt dt
48. (x2 D2 + xD + 7)y = 2/x converted to a linear differential equation with constant
coefficients is .... gh
d2 y dy
49. The PI of + = x2 + 2x + 4 is
dx2 dx
U Sin
x2 x3
(a) 3
+ 4x (b) 3
+4
LP r
de
x3 x3
(c) 3
+ 4x (d) 3
+ 4x2
rin
d2 y dy
50. The solution of − 3 + 2y = e3x is given by
Na
dx 2 dx
(a) C1 ex + C2 e2x + 12 e3x (b) C1 e−x + C2 e−2x + 21 e3x
52. The homogeneous linear differential equation whose auxiliary equation has roots 1, -1
is...
(a) (b)
x3 x3
(c) 3
+ 4x (d) 3
+ 4x2
42 Narinder Singh 3. Non-Homogeneous Differential Equations
1
(a) 9
ln 2 (b) − 19 ln 2
1
(c) 4
ln 2 (d) None of these
d2 y dy 1
54. Transform x 2
+ = x
into linear differential equation with constant coefficients,
dx dx
put x =....
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
gh
U Sin
LP r
de
rin
Na
Chapter 4
Fourier Series
xn+1 R 1
xn dx = n ̸= −1 dx = ln |x|
R
1. n+1
, 2. x
R du R
u v dx −
R R
3. uv dx = v dx dx
LP r
dx
de
R x 1 x
= ex ax dx =
R
4. e dx 5. a
rin
ln a
ln x dx = x ln x − x sin x dx = − cos x
R R
6. 7.
Na
tan x dx = ln | sec x|
R R
8. cos x dx = sin x 9.
√ a dx = sec−1 x
R
16. x x2 −a2 a
ax
R ax e
17. e sin bx dx (a sin bx − b cos bx)
=
+ b2 a2
R ax eax
18. e cos bx dx = 2 (a cos bx + b sin bx)
a + b2
43
44 Narinder Singh 4. Fourier Series
∞ h
X i
a0 nπx nπx
f (x) = 2
+ an cos c
+ bn sin c
n=1
b−a
here c = 2
and the Fourier coefficients an , bn are
1 Zb
a0 = f (x) dx
c a
1 Zb nπx
an = f (x) cos dx,
c a c
1 Zb nπx
bn = f (x) sin dx
c a c
gh
Whether or not you are working with a function which is periodic, the Fourier expansion
U Sin
Particular Case A: Interval is [0, 2π]. The Euler’s formulas for Fourier series expansion in
de
1 Z 2π
a0 = f (x) dx
π 0
Z 2π
1
an = f (x) cos(n x) dx,
π 0
Z 2π
1
bn = f (x) sin(n x) dx.
π 0
Particular Case B: Interval is [−π, π]. The Euler’s formulas for Fourier series expansion
in [−π, π] are given as:
1 Zπ
a0 = f (x) dx
π −π
1 Zπ
an = f (x) cos(n x) dx,
π −π
1 Zπ
bn = f (x) sin(n x) dx.
π −π
45 Narinder Singh 4. Fourier Series
Example 4.2.1. The function f (x) = x in the interval (0, 2π), and with periodic
extension f (x) = f (x + 2π), can be represented by a Fourier series. Let’s find the
Fourier series expansion of f (x) on the interval (0, 2π).
1 Z 2π
a0 = f (x) dx
π 0
gh
1 Z 2π
nπx
an = f (x) cos dx
U Sin
π 0 c
1 Z 2π nπx
bn = f (x) sin dx
LP r
π 0 c
de
Finding a0 :
rin
Na
" #2π
1 Z 2π 1 x2 1 (2π)2
a0 = x dx = = · = 2π
π 0 π 2 0 π 2
Finding an :
1 Z 2π nπx 1 Z 2π
an = x cos dx = x cos(nx) dx
π 0 c π 0
1 Z b
nπx
an = f (x) cos dx
c a c
1 Z 2π
nπx
= x cos dx
π 0 π
1 Z 2π
= x cos (nx) dx
π 0
" Z ! #2π
1 Z
d Z
= x cos (nx) dx − (x) cos (nx) dx dx
π dx 0
" #2π
1 x sin (nx) 1 Z
= + sin (nx) dx
π n n 0
46 Narinder Singh 4. Fourier Series
" #2π
1 x sin (nx) 1
= + 2 cos (nx)
π n n 0
" #
1 2π sin (2nπ) 1 1
= + 2 cos (2nπ) − 0 + 2
π n n n
1 1 1
= 0+ 2 − 2
π n n
=0
an = 0
Finding bn :
1 Z b
nπx
bn = f (x) sin dx
c a c
1 Z 2π
nπx
= x sin dx
π 0 π
1 Z 2π
= x sin (nx) dx
π
gh
0
" Z ! #2π
1 Z
d Z
U Sin
= − + cos (nx) dx
de
π n n 0
rin
" #2π
1 x cos (nx) 1
= − + 2 sin (nx)
π n n
Na
0
" #
1 2π cos (2nπ) 1
= − + 2 sin (2nπ) − (0 + 0)
π n n
2π(−1)n
" #
1
= − +0
π n
2
=−
n
Fourier Series Representation:
Putting it all together, the Fourier series for f (x) = x in (0, 2π) is:
∞
X
f (x) = π + bn sin(nx)
n=1
where bn = − n2 .
= − + cos (nx) dx
de
π n n 0
rin
" #π
2 x cos (nx) 1
= − + 2 sin (nx)
π n n
Na
0
" #
2 π cos (nπ) 1
= − + 2 sin (nπ) − (0 + 0)
π n n
π(−1)n
" #
2
= −
π n
2
= − (−1)n
n
Therefore, the Fourier series expansion of f is given as
∞
2
− (−1)n sin (nx)
X
x=
n=1 n
a = −π
b=π
b−a π − (−π)
c= = =π
2 2
1Z b
a0 = f (x)dx
c Za
1 π 2
= x dx
π −π
2Zπ 2
= x dx ( As x2 is an even function)
π "0 #
π
2 x3
=
π 3 0
2π 2
=
3
gh
1 Zb nπx
an = f (x) cos dx
U Sin
c a c
1 Z π
nπx
= x2 cos dx
LP r
π −π π
de
1 Z π
= x2 cos (nx) dx
rin
π −π
2 Zπ 2
[∵ x2 cos nx is an even function]
Na
= x cos (nx) dx
π "0 ! #π
2 2Z Z
d 2 Z
= x cos (nx) dx − (x ) cos (nx) dx dx
π dx 0
" #π
2 x2 sin (nx) 2 Z
= − x sin (nx) dx
π n n 0
" !#π
2 x2 sin (nx) 2 −x cos (nx) 1
= − + 2 sin(nx)
π n n n n
" !0 #
2
2 π sin (nπ) 2 −π cos (nπ) 1
= − + 2 sin(nπ) − 0
π n n n n
4
= 2 (−1)n
n
=
π 3 0
2π 2
LP r
de
=
3
rin
1 Zb nπx
an = f (x) cos dx
c a c
Na
1 Zπ nπx
= (x + x2 ) cos dx
π −π π
1
Z π Z π
= x cos (nx) dx + x2 cos (nx) dx
π −π −π
1 Z π
2
= 0+2 x cos (nx) dx [∵ x2 cos nx is even and x cos nx is odd.]
π" 0
! #π
2 2Z Z
d 2 Z
= x cos (nx) dx − (x ) cos (nx) dx dx
π dx 0
" #π
2 x2 sin (nx) 2 Z
= − x sin (nx) dx
π n n 0
" !#π
2
2 x sin (nx) 2 −x cos (nx) 1
= − + 2 sin(nx)
π n n n n
" !0 #
2 π 2 sin (nπ) 2 −π cos (nπ) 1
= − + 2 sin(nπ) − 0
π n n n n
4(−1)n
=
n2
50 Narinder Singh 4. Fourier Series
1 Z b
nπx
bn = f (x) sin dx
c a c
1 Z π
nπx
2
= (x + x ) sin dx
π −π π
1
Z π Z π
2
= x sin (nx) dx + x sin (nx) dx
π −π −π
1
Z π
= 2 x sin (nx) dx + 0 [∵ x2 sin nx is odd and x sin nx is even.]
π " Z
0
! #π
2 Z
d Z
= x sin (nx) dx − (x) sin (nx) dx dx
π dx 0
" #π
2 −x cos (nx) 1 Z
= + cos (nx) dx
π n n
" #π 0
2 −x cos (nx) 1
= + 2 sin (nx) dx
π n n 0
#π
n
"
2 −π(−1)
= + 0 − (0 + 0)
π n 0
−2(−1)n
gh
=
n
U Sin
∞
4(−1)n −2(−1)n
" #
π2 X
2
x+x = + cos (nx) + sin(nx)
rin
3 n=1 n2 n
Na
2. Find the Fourier series for f (x) = x in (0, 2π), f (x) = f (x + 2π) for x ∈ R.
4. (No need to do this problem for CA) Expand f (x) = x sin x as a Fourier series in the
interval 0 < x < 2π.
∞
π2
X
6. Prove that x2 = 3
+4 (−1)n cosn2nx , −π < x < π. Hence show that
n=1
P 1 π2 P 1 π2
(a) n2
= 6
(b) (2n−1)2
= 8
1 1 1 1 π2 P 1 π4
(c) 12
− 22
+ 32
− 42
+ ··· = 12
(d) n4
= 90
.
2.
2 −4(−1)n −2(−1)n
3. a0 = − 2π3 , an = n2
, bn = n
.
2
4. a0 = −2, an = n2 −1
. (n ̸= 1), a1 = −1/2, bn = 0, (n ̸= 1). b1 = π
5.
gh
6. See example 4.2.2.
U Sin
Example 4.2.5. Expand f (x) = x sin x as a Fourier series in the interval 0 < x < 2π.
Na
! !
1 1 1
= −2π + + (0 + 0) (∵ cos 2mπ = 1; sin 2mπ = 0)
2π (1 + n) (1 − n)
!
1 1
=− +
(1 + n) (1 − n)
−2
= (n ̸= 1)
1 − n2
We have to find a1 separately
1 Z 2π 1 Z 2π
a1 = x sin x cos xdx = x sin 2xdx
π 0 2π 0
2π
1
Z Z Z
= x sin 2xdx − 1. sin 2xdx dx
2π 0
2π
1 cos 2x − cos 2x
Z
= −x − dx
2π 2 2 0
2π
1 cos 2x sin 2x
= −x +
2π 2 4 0
1 cos 4π sin 4π
gh
= −2π + −0
2π 2 4
U Sin
1 1
= −2π
2π 2
1
LP r
=−
de
2
rin
In a similar way we will find the value of bn and then we will substitute these values in
equation (4.5).
Na
(a) cosecx
∞
f (d+ ) + f (d− )
gh
1 nπ x nπ x
X
= a0 + an cos + bn sin
2 2 c c
U Sin
n=1
LP r
de
Deduce that
1 1 1 π2
+ + + · · · = .
12 32 52 8
∞
0, −π ≤ x < 0
X
2. If f (x) = , prove that f (x) = 1
π
+ sin2 x − π2 cos 2nx
4n2 −1
. Hence show
sin x, 0≤x≤π
n=1
that
1 1 1 1
− + − · · · − ∞ = (π − 2)
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
54 Narinder Singh 4. Fourier Series
x, 0≤x≤π
3. Find the Fourier series expansion of f (x) = . Hence show that
2π − x, π ≤ x ≤ 2π
1 1 1 π2
+ + + ··· = .
12 32 52 8
−1 for −π ≤ x < −π/2
4. Find the Fourier series for the function If f (x) = 0 for −π/2 < x < π/2 .
1 for π/2 < x < π
f (−x) = f (x).
gh
e.g. cos x, sec x, x2 , x4 , . . . are all even functions. Graphically an even function is symmetrical
U Sin
about y−axis.
LP r
f (−x) = −f (x).
Na
Rl Rl
−l f (x)dx = 2 0 f (x)dx
Rl
−l f (x)dx = 0
∞ h
X i
1 nπ x nπ x
f (x) = 2
a0 + an cos c
+ bn sin c
n=1
2 Zc
a0 = f (x) dx
c 0
gh
2 Zc nπ x
an = f (x) cos dx,
c 0 c
U Sin
bn = 0
LP r
de
∞ h
X i
nπ x
f (x) = bn sin c
n=1
a0 = 0
an = 0
2 Zc nπ x
bn = f (x) sin dx.
c 0 c
4.6.2 Problems
(a) If f (x) = | cos x|, expand f (x) as a Fourier series in the interval (−π, π).
56 Narinder Singh 4. Fourier Series
(c) Obtain the Fourier series expansion of f (x) = x2 in (0, π). Hence show that
π2 1 1 1
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
6 1 2 3
3 2
n=1 n
LP r
R α+2π
1. α cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= 0)
Na
R α+2π
2. α sin nx dx = 0 (n ̸= 0)
R α+2π
3. α cos mx cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= m)
R α+2π
4. α cos2 nx dx = π (n ̸= 0)
R α+2π
5. α sin mx cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= m)
R α+2π
6. α sin nx cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= 0)
R α+2π
7. α sin mx sin nx dx = 0 (n ̸= m)
R α+2π
8. α sin2 nx dx = π (n ̸= 0)
R 2π
A4. 0 cos2 nx dx = π (n ̸= 0)
R 2π
A5. 0 sin mx cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= m)
R 2π
A6. 0 sin nx cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= 0)
R 2π
A7. 0 sin mx sin nx dx = 0 (n ̸= m)
R 2π
A8. 0 sin2 nx dx = π (n ̸= 0)
Rπ
B6. −π sin nx cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= 0)
LP r
Rπ
B7. sin mx sin nx dx = 0 (n ̸= m)
de
−π
Rπ
rin
B8. −π sin2 nx dx = π (n ̸= 0)
Na
Chapter 5
The meaning of limit of a function of two variables f (x, y) at a point (a, b) is that we have
gh
to check where the values of functions are tending when (x,y) is approaching near the point
U Sin
(a, b).
LP r
de
5.1 Limits
rin
Na
1. lim k = k.
(x,y)→(a,b)
lim f (x,y)
f (x,y) (x,y)→(a,b)
4. lim = provided we must have lim g(x, y) ̸= 0.
(x,y)→(a,b) g(x,y) lim
(x,y)→(a,b)
g(x,y) (x,y)→(a,b)
Remark 5.1.1. If limit exist then it must be unique and finite number.
x3 y y
−1
(c) lim (d) lim tan
(x,y)→(0,0) x6 + y 2 (x,y)→(0,1) x
do not exist
58
59 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
xy x(mx) m m
lim = lim 2 = lim = .
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 +y 2 x→0 x + (mx)2 x→0 1+m2 1 + m2
This depends on the value of m so limit does not exists.
(b) Along the path y = mx2 , we have
√ √ √
x+ y x + mx 1+ m
lim = lim 2 = lim = ±∞.
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y x→0 x + mx2 x→0 x(1 + m)
x3 y mx6 m m
lim = lim = lim = .
(x,y)→(0,0) x6 + y 2 x→0 x6 + m2 x6 x→0 1 + m2 1 + m2
This depends on the value of m so limit does not exists.
gh
(d) We have
U Sin
y π
lim tan−1 = lim tan−1 (±∞) = ±
(x,y)→(0,1) x (x,y)→(0,1) 2
LP r
de
√ x x3 −y 3
(a) lim (b) lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 +y 2 (x,y)→(1,−1) x−y
x3 −y 3
(c) lim (d) lim cot−1 √ 1
(x,y)→(1,1) x−y (x,y)→(0,0) x2 +y 2
x2 x4 y 2
(i) lim x 3 +y 3 (j) lim (x4 +y 2 )2
(x,y)→(0,0) (x,y)→(0,0)
xy 2 z 2
z
(k) lim log xy
(l) lim x 4 +y 4 +z 8
(x,y,z)→(0,0,0) (x,y,z)→(0,0,0)
x(x+y+z)
(m) lim 2 2 2
(x,y,z)→(0,0,0) x +y +z
60 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
5.2 Continuity
Definition 5.2.1. A function f (x, y) is said to be continuous at a point (a, b), if
gh
U Sin
(x,y)→(a,b)
rin
x4 y 4
, (x, y) ̸= (0, 0) 2x2 +y2 ,
(x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
(x2 +y 4 )3
(g) f (x) = (h) f (x, y) = 3+sin x
0, (x, y) = (0, 0) 0, (x, y) = (0, 0)
at (0, 0). at (0, 0).
Definition 5.3.1. The partial derivative of function of two variable f (x, y) w.r.t x at
rin
∂f f (x + t, y) − f (x, y)
= lim .
∂x t→0 t
It represents instantaneous rate of change in function in the direction of x keeping y as
constant.
Definition 5.3.2. The partial derivative of function of two variable f (x, y) w.r.t x at
a point (x, y) is given as follows:
∂f f (x, y + t) − f (x, y)
= lim .
∂y t→0 t
It represents instantaneous rate of change in function in the direction of y keeping x as
constant.
Remark 5.3.1. The following notations are also used for partial derivatives:
∂f ∂f ∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2f
fx = , fy = , fxx = , f yy = , f yx =
∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x∂y
62 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
df = fx dx + fy dy + fz dz.
(d) f (x, y) = √ x
at (6, 7).
x2 +y 2
LP r
de
√
(g) f (x, y, z) = ln(x + y 2 + z 2 )
∂2f
(h) f (x, y) = (x − y)/(x + y) find ∂x2
at (1, 1).
∂2f ∂2f
(i) f (x, y) = x ln y, find ,
∂x2 ∂y 2
at (2, 3).
∂2f
(j) f (x, y, z) = (x + y)/(x + z) find ∂x2
at (1, −1, 1).
x y z ∂2f
(k) f (x, y, z) = y
+ z
+ x
find ∂x2
at (1, 2, 3).
du
2. Find dt
in following problems:
3. Check whether the variables in the following problems are functionally related or not?
(a) u = x2 − y 2 − z 2 , v = x2 − y 2 + z 2 , w = x4 + y 4 + z 4 − 2x2 y 2
x
(c) f (x, y) = y n g y
.
LP r
de
In similar manner we can define homogeneous functions of three variables. See some examples
rin
f degree of homogeneity
x2 + xy 2
tan−1 (y/x) 0
1/(x + y) -1
1/(x4 + y 4 + z 4 ) -4
xyz/(x4 + y 4 + z 4 ) -1
√ √ 2
x/ x + y 2 + z 2 -1/2
1. x ∂f
∂x
+ y ∂f
∂y
= nf
2 2 2
2. x2 ∂∂xf2 + 2xy ∂x∂y
∂ f
+ y 2 ∂∂yf2 = n(n − 1)f
64 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
1
1. The value of lim (x + y) sin is
(x + y)
rin
(x,y)→(0,0)
Na
(c) 1 (d) -1
√
x+ y
2. The value of lim q is
(x,y)→(0,0) (x2 + y)
(c) 1 (d) -1
x2 y
3. The value of lim is
(x,y)→(0,0) (x4 + y 2 )
1
(a) 0 (b) 2
x. sin(x2 + y 2 )
4. The value of lim is
(x,y)→(0,0) (x2 + y 2 )
65 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
(a) 0 (b) 1
8x2 y
5. The value of lim is
x→1y→1 (x2 + y 2 + 5)
4(x + y)y
6. The value of lim is
(x,y)→(1,2) 6x2 + y 2
4xy
7. The value of lim is
gh
(x,y)→(1,2) 6x2 + y 2
U Sin
2x2 + y
rin
2x2 + y
9. The value of lim is
(x,y)→(0,0) 4x2 − y
∂ 2u
10. If u = x2 + y 2 then the value of is equal to
∂x∂y
(a) 0 (b) 2
∂u
11. If u = y x , then is
∂x
66 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
(a) 2u (b) u
(c) 0 (d) 1
∂u
14. u = y x then is
∂y
LP r
de
∂u
15. u = xy then is
∂y
(a) 0 (b) xy log x
(a) u (b) 2u
(c) x2 + y 2 (d) 1
∂r
17. If x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, then is equal to
∂x
(a) sec θ (b) sin θ
(a) 0 (b) 1
∂P
19. If P = r tan θ, then equal to
∂r
(a) tan θ (b) sec2 θ
1
(c) tan θ + r sec2 θ (d) tan θ
2
∂Q
20. If Q = r cot θ, then is equal to
∂r
(a) cot θ (b) −cosec2 θ
1
(c) cot θ − rcosec2 θ (d) cot θ
gh
2
U Sin
∂x
21. If f (x, y, z) = 0, then the value of . equal to
∂y
LP r
de
(a) 1 (b) −1
rin
dy
22. If f (x, y) = 0, then is equal to
dx
∂f ∂f
∂y
(a) ∂x (b)
∂f ∂f
∂y ∂x
∂f ∂f
∂y
(c) − (d) − ∂x
∂f ∂f
∂x ∂y
x2 y 2 z 2
23. If f (x, y, z) = + + then xfx + yfy + zfz is
y 2 z 2 x2
(a) 0 (b) −1
(c) 1 (d) 2
68 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
x2 y2 z2
24. If f (x, y, z) = 2 + 3 + 5 then xfx + yfy + zfz is
y2 z2 x2
(a) 0 (b) −1
(c) 1 (d) 2
∂r
25. If x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ then is equal to
∂x
(a) sec θ (b) sin θ
∂u ∂u
26. If u = ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 then x +y is equal to
∂x ∂y
(a) 2u (b) u
∂P
LP r
(a) is equal to
de
∂S
rin
1
(a) tan θ (b) sec2 θ (c) tan θ + s sec2 θ (d) tan θ
2
Na
∂q
(b) is equal to
∂s
1
(a) cot θ (b) −cosec2 θ (c) cot θ−scosec2 θ (d) cot θ
2
∂s
(c) is equal to
∂P
1 1
(a) cot θ (b) cos2 θ (c) 2
(d) cot θ
tan θ + s sec θ 2
∂s
(d) is equal to
∂q
1 1
(a) tan θ (b) − sin2 θ (c) 2
(d) tan θ
cot θ + s sec θ 2
x+y ;
x ̸= y
x−y
28. The function f (x, y) = is
0,
x=y
69 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
(d) f (0, 0) ̸= 0
y sin 1 ;
x ̸= 0
x
29. For the function f (x, y) =
0,
x=0
(d) f (0, 0) ̸= 0
gh
!
x
30. If u = f then
U Sin
y
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
LP r
(a) x −y =0 (b) x +y =0
de
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
rin
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
(c) x +y =u (d) x +y =1
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
Na
∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2
2∂ u
31. If u = x3 ex/y then x2 + 2xy + y is equal to
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
(a) 3u (b) 6u
(c) 9u (d) −u
2
x + xy
(x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
32. If f (x, y) = x+y then fx (0, 0) equals
0
(x, y) = (0, 0)
(a) −1 (b) 0
∂z ∂z l
33. If z = F (xi y k ) satisfies the equation x − 2y = 0, then equals
∂x ∂y k
70 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
∂z ∂z b
34. If z = g(xa y b ) satisfies the equation 2x − 3y = 0 then satisfies
∂x ∂y a
(a) 3b2 = 4a2 (b) 3a2 = 4b2
∂x
36. If u = x2 − y 2 , v = xy then equals
gh
∂u
x y
U Sin
(a) (b)
2(x2 + y2) 2(x2
+ y2)
y x
LP r
(c) (d)
de
(x + y 2 )
2 (x + y 2 )
2
rin
∂z ∂z j
37. If z = f (xi y j ) satisfies the equation x − 2y = 0, then equals
Na
∂x ∂y k
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
!
x ∂x
38. If u = sin−1 then equals to
y ∂u
1 1
(a) √ 2 (b) √ 2
y − x2 x − y2
√
(c) 1 − x2 (d) None
!
y ∂u
−1
39. If u = tan then equals to
x ∂y
1 1
(a) √ 2 (b) √ 2
y − x2 x − y2
√
(c) 1 − x2 (d) None
71 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
40. The number of critical points for the function f (x, y) = 2(x2 − y 2 ) − x4 + y 4 are
(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 6 (d) 9
41. Which of the following is one of the critical point for the function f (x, y) = 2(x2 −
y 2 ) − x4 + y 4
42. The critical point (1, 0) for the function f (x, y) = 2(x2 − y 2 ) − x4 + y 4 is a
43. The critical point (1, 0) for the function f (x, y) = 2(x2 − y 2 ) − x4 + y 4 is a
LP r
de
(a) 0 (b) 2
2xy 2
50. The value of lim , x ̸= 0, y ̸= 0 is
(x,y)→(0,0) (x2 + y 4 )
LP r
de
(a) 0 (b) -1
rin
∂2z
51. If z = cos y + x sin y, then the value of ∂x∂y
is
dz π
52. z = exy , x = sin t, y = cos t, then the value of dt
at t = 2
is
(a) 0 (b) -1
(a) 0 (b) f
dy
54. If 2xy − log xy = 2, then the value of dx
at (1, 1) is
(a) 0 (b) -1
(c) 1 (d) 2
y6
55. The value of lim is
(x,y)→(0,0) (x10 y 2 + x15 )
(a) 0 (b) 1
x3 − y 3
56. The value of lim is
(x,y)→(0,0) x − y
dt
at t = 1.
df π
58. f (x, y) = sin(x) + cos(y) + xy 2 ; x = cos(t); y = sin(t) Find dt
at t = 2
(a) 0 (b) -2
(c) 2 (d) 1
∂(x,y)
59. If x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ then the value of ∂(r,θ)
is
(c) θ (d) r
60. If z = xyf x
y
, then x ∂f
∂x
+ y ∂f
∂y
=?
(a) z (b) 0
1
(c) z
(d) 2z
(c) 8 (d) −8
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) −2 (d) 0
R 5 R x2
1. 0 0 x(x2 + y 2 )dxdy =
56 58 56 58 55 58 54 58
(a) + (b) + (c) + (d) +
3 12 6 24 3 12 6 24
R2R3
2. 1 1 xy 2 dydx =
R 1 R √x
3. 0 x (x2 + y 2 )dxdy =
LP r
R 1 R √1+x2 1
4. 0 0 dxdy =
1 + x2 + y 2
Na
π √ π √ π π
(a) ln(1 + 2) (b) ln(1 − 2) (c) (d) −
4 4 4 4
R 1 R x2 2
R 1 R x2
(a) 0 y (x + y) dxdy (b) 0 x (x + y)dxdy
R 1 R √y 2
R1Ry
(c) 0 y (x + y) dxdy (d) 0 y 2 (x + y)2 dxdy
RaRbRc 2
6. 0 0 0 (x + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz.
abc 2 abc 3
(a) (a + b2 + c2 ) (b) (a + b3 + c3 )
3 3
abc a2 b 2 c 2
(c) (a + b + c) (d) (a + b + c)
2 2
Rc Rb Ra 2
7. −c −b −a (x + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz.
75 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
4 2 12
(a) (a + b2 + c2 ) (b) abc(a2 + b2 + c2 )
3 3
8 1
(c) abc(a2 + b2 + c2 ) (d) (a2 + b2 + c2 )
3 3
R 1 R 1 R 1−x
8. 0 y2 0 xdzdxdy.
R a R x R x+y x+y+z
9. 0 0 e 0 dzdxdy.
1 4a 3 2a 3 1 4a 3 2a 3
(a) e + e + ea + (b) e − e + ea +
8 4 8 8 2 8
1 4a 3 2a 3 1 3 4a 3
(c) e − e + ea − (d) e4a − e + ea +
8 4 8 8 4 8
3 47 33 23
de
1 2
(x + y 2 )dxdy =
RR
12.
Na
x2 +y 2 ≤1
π
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1/3 (d) 1/2
√
R tan x
13. dx is equal to
sin x cos x
√
√ √ tan x
(a) 2 tan x + c (b) 2 cot x + c (c) +c (d) None of these.
2
R a R √a2 −x2
14. −a 0 dxdy =
R0R1
15. 1 0 (x + y)dxdy =
R1Rx x
16. e dxdy
0 0 =
76 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
Ra Rx
17. −a 0 dydx =
R0R1
18. 1 0 (x + y)dxdy =
y
R1Rx
19. 0 0 e x dxdy =
1 1
(a) (e − 1) (b) (e + 1) (c) (e − 1) (d) (e + 1)
2 2
R π R a(1−cos θ) 3
20. 0 0 r sin θdrdθ
gh
15 4 8 4
(a) a (b) a
U Sin
16 5
16
(c) a4 (d)
LP r
15
de
R π R 4 sin θ 3
rin
21. 0 r drdθ
2 sin θ =
Na
R2Rx
22. 0 0 (x + y)dxdy =
R 2a R √2ax−x2
23. 0 0 (x + y)dxdy =
R π R 2a cos θ R π/2 R 2a sin θ
(a) 0 0 rdrdθ (b) 0 0 rdrdθ
R π/2 R 2a sin θ
(c) 0 0 rdrdθ (d) None
R π R a(1+cos θ) 2
24. 0 0 r sin θdθdr =
4 3 4 3 1 3
(a) a3 (b) π (c) a (d) a
3 3 3
R 1 R 2−x
25. 0 x2 xydxdy =
77 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
3 3 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 8 5 7
R a/2 R √a2 −x2
26. 0 0 dydx =
πa2 πa2
(a) πa2 (b) 8
(c) 4
(d) None
R π/2 R √sin θ
27. 0 0 rdθdr =
1 1
(a) (b) − (c) 1 (d) −1
2 2
Ra Rx
28. −a 0 dydx =
R 2π R 1 2r
29. 0 dθ e dr
0 = gh
π 2
(a) (e2 − 1) (b) (e − 1) (c) π(e2 − 1) (d) 2π(e2 − 1)
2
U Sin
30. The transformations x + y = u, y = uv transform the area element dydx into |J|dudv,
LP r
de
2
+ y 2 )dxdy =, where D is bounded by y = x and y 2 = 4x.
RR
32. D (x
RR 3 x2 y2
33. D x ydxdy =, where D is region enclosed by the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 in the first
a b
quadrant.
b 2 a4 b 3 a4 ba4 b 2 a2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
24 24 24 24
R 3 R 4x−x2
34. 0 x ydxdy =
78 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
54 54 34
(a) (b) (c) (d) 54
7 17 5
R 1 R 10y √
35. 0 y xy − y 2 dxdy =
R ∞ R ∞ e−y
36. 0 x dydx =
y
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
RR RR
37. f (x, y)dxdy = J f (r, θ)drdθ, where J =
∂(x, y) ∂(r, θ)
(a) r2 (b) (c) (d) r, θ
∂(r, θ) ∂(x, y)
R∞R∞
38. For 0 x f (x, y)dxdy = the change of order of integration is
gh
R∞R∞ R∞Ry
(a) 0 0 f (x, y)dxdy (b) 0 0 f (x, y)dxdy •
U Sin
R∞R∞ R∞Rx
(c) 0 y f (x, y)dxdy (d) 0 0 f (x, y)dxdy
LP r
de
4 3 2 3
(a) πa2 (b) 2πa2 (c) πa (d) πa
3 3
Na
41. If A is the area under the curve y = sin x above x−axis in the interval [0, π/4], then
the area included between y = cos x, and x-axis in the interval [0, π/4] is given by
42. If A is the area under the curve y = sin x above x−axis such that 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2, then
the area under the curve y = sin 2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2, is
43. If A is the area under the curve y = cos x, above x-axis, 0 ≤ x ≤ π/3, then the area
under the curve y = cos 2x in the same interval is
79 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
√
3
(a) A (b) 2A (c) A/2 (d) A
2
44. The area bounded by the rectangular hyperbola xy = c2 , the axis of x, and the ordinates
x = c and x = 2c is
46. The line which divide the area of curvilinear triangle bounded by y = 2x − x2 , y =
0, x = 1, into two equal areas, is
49. The area bounded by the line y = x, x-axis and the ordinates x = −1 and x = 2.
50. The area of the circle centered at (1, 2) and passing through (4, 6) is
51. The area between the parabola y 2 = ax and its latus rectum is
a2 a2 4a2 8a2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 3 3
x2 y 2
52. The area bounded by the ellipse + = 1 is
9 4
(a) 3π (b) 4π (c) 5π (d) 6π
80 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
RRR
54. The volume of the integral E xyzdxdydz over the domain E bounded by planes
x = 0, y = 0, x + y + z = 1 is
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) df rac1800
20 40 720
RRR
55. The triple integral T dxdydz gives
56. The volume of the solid under the surface az = x2 + y 2 and whose base is the circle
gh
x2 + y 2 = a2 is given as
U Sin
π πa3 4 3
(a) (b) (c) πa (d) None
2a 2 3
LP r
de
R 1 R z R x+z
57. The value of the integral −1 0 x−z (x + y + z)dydxdz =
rin
R1R1R1
58. 0 0 0 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )dzdydx ==
(a) rdθdϕdr (b) r sin θdθdϕdr (c) r2 sin θdθdϕdr (d) r2 dθdϕdr
R 1 R x R x+y
63. 0 0 0 dxdydz =
R0R1
66. 1 0 (x + y)dxdy = . . .
U Sin
R1Rx x
67. 0 e dxdy
0 =
LP r
de
Ans: 1
rin
Ra Rx
68. −a 0 dydx =
Na
Ans: 0
R1Re dydx
69. 0 ex =
log y
Ans: e-1
RaRa xdxdy
70. 0 y =
x2 + y 2
πa
Ans: 4
R1R2
71. 0 2y e2x dxdy =
e4 − 1
Ans:
4
R 1 R √1−x2 2
72. 0 0 y dydx =
π
Ans:
16
Changing the order of integration:
82 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
R1Rx
73. 0 0 f (x, y)dydx = . . .
R a R √a2 −x2
74. 0 0 f (x, y)dxdy = . . .
R ∞ R x e−y
75. 0 0 dxdy = . . .
y
R 2 R ex
76. 0 1 dydx = . . .
R π R 2π R 1 2 2
77. 0 0 r (r sin θdθdϕdr)
0 =
4π
Ans:
3
R1 R2 R3
−1 −2 −3 dxdydz is equal to
Ans: 48
R1 R2 R3
79. −1 −2 −3 dxdydz =
LP r
Ans: 48
de
rin
R 4 R x R x+y
80. 0 0 0 zdzdydx =
Na
Ans: 70
R2R1R1 2
81. 1 0 −1 (x + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz =
Ans: 6
82. In double integral we can change variables from (x, y) to (u, v) by replacing dxdy by
∂(x, y) ∂(u, v) ∂(u, v)
(a) dudv (b) dudv (c) (d) dudv
∂(u, v) ∂(x, y) ∂(x, y)
R1Rx
83. On changing the order of integration of 0 0 f (x, y)dydx, the new limits of x would be
(a) y ≤ x ≤ 1 •
(b) 1 ≤ x ≤ y
(c) 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
(d) 0 ≤ x ≤ y/x
83 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
(a) 1 ≤ y ≤ e2 •
(b) e2 ≤ y ≤ 1
(c) 1 ≤ y ≤ ey
65. (b)
84 Narinder Singh 5. Limits, Continuity,...
RaRb 2
2. 0 0 (x + y 2 )dxdy =
a2 b2 (a2 + b2 ) (a2 + b2 )2 (a + b)(a2 + b2 ) ab(a2 + b2 )
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
R 1 R √y
3. 0 y (x2 + y 2 )dxdy =
R 1 R x2 y/x
4. 0 0 e dxdy = gh
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (c) 0 (d) 2
U Sin
R1R2
5. 0 0 (x + y)dxdy =
LP r
de
R a R √a2 −x2 2
Na
6. 0 0 x ydxdy =
R 2 R √2x−x2
7. 0 0 xdxdy =
R 2 R 3y
9. 1 0 ydydx =
R 1 R √y
11. 0 y (x2 + y 2 )dydx =
R π/2 R π
12. 0 π/2 sin(x + y)dydx =
gh
U Sin
LP r
de
rin
Na
Chapter 6
R2R3
2. 1 1 xy 2 dydx =
LP r
de
R 1 R √x
3. 0 x (x2 + y 2 )dxdy =
Na
R 1 R √1+x2 1
4. 0 0 dxdy =
1 + x2 + y 2
π √ π √ π π
(a) ln(1 + 2) (b) ln(1 − 2) (c) (d) −
4 4 4 4
R 1 R x2 2
R 1 R x2
(a) 0 y (x + y) dxdy (b) 0 x (x + y)dxdy
R 1 R √y 2
R1Ry
(c) 0 y (x + y) dxdy (d) 0 y 2 (x + y)2 dxdy
RaRbRc 2
6. 0 0 0 (x + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz.
abc 2 abc 3
(a) (a + b2 + c2 ) (b) (a + b3 + c3 )
3 3
abc a2 b 2 c 2
(c) (a + b + c) (d) (a + b + c)
2 2
86
87 Narinder Singh 6. Unit 6 Multiple Integrals
Rc Rb Ra 2
7. −c −b −a (x + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz.
4 2 12
(a) (a + b2 + c2 ) (b) abc(a2 + b2 + c2 )
3 3
8 1
(c) abc(a2 + b2 + c2 ) (d) (a2 + b2 + c2 )
3 3
R 1 R 1 R 1−x
8. 0 y2 0 xdzdxdy.
R a R x R x+y x+y+z
9. 0 0 e 0 dzdxdy.
1 4a 3 2a 3 1 4a 3 2a 3
(a) e + e + ea + (b) e − e + ea +
8 4 8 8 2 8
1 4a 3 2a 3 1 3 4a 3
(c) e − e + ea − (d) e4a − e + ea +
8 4 8 8 4 8
a2 a2 3a2 16a2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 16 4 3
LP r
de
3 47 33 23
(a) (b) (c) (d)
56 56 56 56
Na
1 2
(x + y 2 )dxdy =
RR
12. x2 +y 2 ≤1
π
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1/3 (d) 1/2
√
R tan x
13. dx is equal to
sin x cos x
√
√ √ tan x
(a) 2 tan x + c (b) 2 cot x + c (c) +c (d) None of these.
2
R a R √a2 −x2
14. −a 0 dxdy =
R0R1
15. 1 0 (x + y)dxdy =
R1Rx x
16. 0 e dxdy
0 =
Ra Rx
17. −a 0 dydx =
R0R1
18. 1 0 (x + y)dxdy =
y
R1Rx
19. 0 0 e x dxdy =
1 1
(a) (e − 1) (b) (e + 1) (c) (e − 1) (d) (e + 1)
2 2
gh
R π R a(1−cos θ) 3
20. r sin θdrdθ
U Sin
0 0
15 4 8 4
(a) a (b) a
LP r
16 5
de
16
(c) a4 (d)
rin
15
Na
R π R 4 sin θ 3
21. 0 2 sin θr drdθ =
R2Rx
22. 0 0 (x + y)dxdy =
R 2a R √2ax−x2
23. 0 0 (x + y)dxdy =
R π R 2a cos θ R π/2 R 2a sin θ
(a) 0 0 rdrdθ (b) 0 0 rdrdθ
R π/2 R 2a sin θ
(c) 0 0 rdrdθ (d) None
R π R a(1+cos θ) 2
24. 0 0 r sin θdθdr =
4 3 4 3 1 3
(a) a3 (b) π (c) a (d) a
3 3 3
89 Narinder Singh 6. Unit 6 Multiple Integrals
R 1 R 2−x
25. 0 x2 xydxdy =
3 3 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 8 5 7
R a/2 R √a2 −x2
26. 0 0 dydx =
πa2 πa2
(a) πa2 (b) 8
(c) 4
(d) None
R π/2 R √sin θ
27. 0 0 rdθdr =
1 1
(a) (b) − (c) 1 (d) −1
2 2
Ra Rx
28. −a 0 dydx =
R 2π R 1 2r
29. 0 dθ 0 e dr =
U Sin
π 2
(a) (e2 − 1) (b) (e − 1) (c) π(e2 − 1) (d) 2π(e2 − 1)
2
LP r
de
30. The transformations x + y = u, y = uv transform the area element dydx into |J|dudv,
rin
2
+ y 2 )dxdy =, where D is bounded by y = x and y 2 = 4x.
RR
32. D (x
RR 3 x2 y2
33. D x ydxdy =, where D is region enclosed by the ellipse + = 1 in the first
a2 b2
quadrant.
b 2 a4 b 3 a4 ba4 b 2 a2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
24 24 24 24
90 Narinder Singh 6. Unit 6 Multiple Integrals
R 3 R 4x−x2
34. 0 x ydxdy =
54 54 34
(a) (b) (c) (d) 54
7 17 5
R 1 R 10y √
35. 0 y xy − y 2 dxdy =
R ∞ R ∞ e−y
36. 0 x dydx =
y
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
RR RR
37. f (x, y)dxdy = J f (r, θ)drdθ, where J =
∂(x, y) ∂(r, θ)
(a) r2 (b) (c) (d) r, θ
∂(r, θ) ∂(x, y)
gh
R∞R∞
38. For f (x, y)dxdy = the change of order of integration is
U Sin
0 x
R∞R∞ R∞Ry
(a) 0 0 f (x, y)dxdy (b) 0 0 f (x, y)dxdy •
LP r
de
R∞R∞ R∞Rx
(c) 0 y f (x, y)dxdy (d) 0 0 f (x, y)dxdy
rin
4 3 2 3
(a) πa2 (b) 2πa2 (c) πa (d) πa
3 3
41. If A is the area under the curve y = sin x above x−axis in the interval [0, π/4], then
the area included between y = cos x, and x-axis in the interval [0, π/4] is given by
42. If A is the area under the curve y = sin x above x−axis such that 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2, then
the area under the curve y = sin 2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2, is
43. If A is the area under the curve y = cos x, above x-axis, 0 ≤ x ≤ π/3, then the area
under the curve y = cos 2x in the same interval is
√
3
(a) A (b) 2A (c) A/2 (d) A
2
44. The area bounded by the rectangular hyperbola xy = c2 , the axis of x, and the ordinates
x = c and x = 2c is
46. The line which divide the area of curvilinear triangle bounded by y = 2x − x2 , y =
gh
0, x = 1, into two equal areas, is
U Sin
49. The area bounded by the line y = x, x-axis and the ordinates x = −1 and x = 2.
50. The area of the circle centered at (1, 2) and passing through (4, 6) is
51. The area between the parabola y 2 = ax and its latus rectum is
a2 a2 4a2 8a2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 3 3
92 Narinder Singh 6. Unit 6 Multiple Integrals
x2 y 2
52. The area bounded by the ellipse + = 1 is
9 4
(a) 3π (b) 4π (c) 5π (d) 6π
RRR
54. The volume of the integral E xyzdxdydz over the domain E bounded by planes
x = 0, y = 0, x + y + z = 1 is
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) df rac1800
20 40 720
RRR
55. The triple integral T dxdydz gives
56. The volume of the solid under the surface az = x2 + y 2 and whose base is the circle
de
x2 + y 2 = a2 is given as
rin
π πa3 4 3
Na
R1R1R1
58. 0 0 0 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )dzdydx ==
(a) rdθdϕdr (b) r sin θdθdϕdr (c) r2 sin θdθdϕdr (d) r2 dθdϕdr
R 1 R x R x+y
63. 0 0 0 dxdydz =
R0R1
66. (x + y)dxdy = . . .
rin
1 0
R1Rx x
Na
67. 0 e dxdy
0 =
Ans: 1
Ra Rx
68. −a 0 dydx =
Ans: 0
R1Re dydx
69. 0 ex =
log y
Ans: e-1
RaRa xdxdy
70. 0 y =
x2 + y 2
πa
Ans: 4
R1R2
71. 0 2y e2x dxdy =
e4 − 1
Ans:
4
94 Narinder Singh 6. Unit 6 Multiple Integrals
R 1 R √1−x2 2
72. 0 0 y dydx =
π
Ans:
16
Changing the order of integration:
R1Rx
73. 0 0 f (x, y)dydx = . . .
R a R √a2 −x2
74. 0 0 f (x, y)dxdy = . . .
R ∞ R x e−y
75. 0 0 dxdy = . . .
y
R 2 R ex
76. 0 1 dydx = . . .
R π R 2π R 1 2 2
77. 0 0 r (r sin θdθdϕdr)
0 =
4π
Ans:
3
R1 R2 R3
gh
−1 −2 −3 dxdydz is equal to
U Sin
Ans: 48
LP r
r2 sin θdrdθdϕ.
RRR
Ans: V
Na
R1 R2 R3
79. −1 −2 −3 dxdydz =
Ans: 48
R 4 R x R x+y
80. 0 0 0 zdzdydx =
Ans: 70
R2R1R1 2
81. 1 0 −1 (x + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz =
Ans: 6
82. In double integral we can change variables from (x, y) to (u, v) by replacing dxdy by
∂(x, y) ∂(u, v) ∂(u, v)
(a) dudv (b) dudv (c) (d) dudv
∂(u, v) ∂(x, y) ∂(x, y)
R1Rx
83. On changing the order of integration of 0 0 f (x, y)dydx, the new limits of x would be
95 Narinder Singh 6. Unit 6 Multiple Integrals
(a) y ≤ x ≤ 1 •
(b) 1 ≤ x ≤ y
(c) 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
(d) 0 ≤ x ≤ y/x
(a) 1 ≤ y ≤ e2 •
(b) e2 ≤ y ≤ 1
(c) 1 ≤ y ≤ ey
65. (b)
RaRb 2
2. 0 0 (x + y 2 )dxdy =
a2 b2 (a2 + b2 ) (a2 + b2 )2 (a + b)(a2 + b2 ) ab(a2 + b2 )
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
R 1 R √y
(x2 + y 2 )dxdy =
gh
3. 0 y
U Sin
R 1 R x2 y/x
4. 0 0 e dxdy =
rin
R1R2
5. 0 0 (x + y)dxdy =
R a R √a2 −x2 2
6. 0 0 x ydxdy =
R 2 R √2x−x2
7. 0 0 xdxdy =
R 2 R 3y
9. 1 0 ydydx =
R 1 R √y
11. 0 y (x2 + y 2 )dydx =
R π/2 R π
12. 0 π/2 sin(x + y)dydx =