Group 3 assignment

1. Joseph Lekerai.
2. Caroline Njuguna.
3. Hellen Wanja.
4. Kelvin Mutie.
5. Laban
6. Alex Oluoch.
7. Joy
1.Basic digital electronics devices
Basic digital electronic devices are the building blocks of complex digital systems. Here are some
of the most common basic digital electronic devices:

● Logic Gates: Logic gates are the most fundamental building blocks of digital circuits. They
perform basic logical operations on binary inputs, producing a single binary output.
Common logic gates include AND, OR, NOT, XOR, NAND, and NOR gates.
Here are the truth tables for the logic gates:

AND Gate

| Input A | Input B | Output |

|---------|---------|--------|
|0 |0 |0 |
|0 |1 |0 |
|1 |0 |0 |
|1 |1 |1 |

OR Gate

| Input A | Input B | Output |

|---------|---------|--------|
|0 |0 |0 |
|0 |1 |1 |
|1 |0 |1 |
|1 |1 |1 |

NOT Gate
 | Input | Output |
|-------|--------|
|0 |1 |
|1 |0 |

XOR Gate

| Input A | Input B | Output |

|---------|---------|--------|
|0 |0 |0 |
|0 |1 |1 |
|1 |0 |1 |
|1 |1 |0 |

NAND Gate

| Input A | Input B | Output |

|---------|---------|--------|
|0 |0 |1 |
|0 |1 |1 |
|1 |0 |1 |
|1 |1 |0 |

NOR Gate

| Input A | Input B | Output |

|---------|---------|--------|
|0 |0 |1 |
|0 |1 |0 |
|1 |0 |0 |
|1 |1 |0 |
● Flip-Flops: Flip-flops are memory elements that store a single bit of data. They can be used
to build counters, registers, and other memory-based circuits. Common types of flip-flops
include SR, JK, D, and T flip-flops.
● Multiplexers (MUX): Multiplexers select one of multiple inputs and output it to a single
output line. They are used for data routing and selection.
● Demultiplexers (DEMUX): Demultiplexers do the opposite of multiplexers. They take a
single input and route it to one of multiple outputs. They are used for data distribution.
● Encoders: Encoders convert a set of inputs into a single output code. For example, a binary-
to-decimal encoder converts a binary input into its decimal equivalent.
● Decoders: Decoders do the opposite of encoders. They take a single input code and
convert it into a set of outputs. For example, a decimal-to-binary decoder converts a
decimal input into its binary equivalent.
● Adders: Adders are circuits that perform arithmetic addition on binary numbers. They are
used in calculators, computers, and other digital systems.
● Comparators: Comparators compare two binary numbers and produce an output
indicating whether they are equal, greater than, or less than. They are used in decision-
making circuits.
● Shift Registers: Shift registers are used to store and shift data bits. They are used in
communication systems, memory systems, and other applications.
● Counters: Counters are circuits that count events or pulses. They are used in clocks, timers,
and other applications.
● Integrated circuits: are tiny electronic circuits fabricated on a single semiconductor
chip,intergrated multiple transistors and other components.
 2. counters
A sequential logic circuit that tracks and stores the number of input pulses or events, often using
flip flops to represent a binary value.
● Flip-flops are basically memory cells that can be in one of two states: 0 or 1. They have
inputs that control their state and outputs that reflect the stored value.
● S-R flip-flop: This flip-flop has two inputs, S (set) and R (reset), and one output, Q. Setting S
to 1 sets the output to 1, and setting R to 1 resets the output to 0.
● D flip-flop: This flip-flop has one data input, D, and one output, Q. The output Q takes on
the value of the D input on the clock edge.
● JK flip-flop: This flip-flop has two inputs, J and K, and one output, Q. It can toggle its
output (change state) based on the inputs.
● Latches: They store a single bits of data and change the output levels continuously in
response to input changes.
Flip-flops are essential for building counters because they provide the memory needed to keep
track of the count.
3. Binary counters
Binary counters are circuits that count in a binary. They use flipflops which are like tiny switches
that can be set to either 0 or 1. Each flipflop represents a bit in the binary number. when the
counter receives a clock pulse, it increments the binary count by one.
Types of binary counters;
● Parallel counters; all flipflops are triggered by the same clock signal at the same time also
known as synchronous counter.
● Serial counters; only the first flipflop is triggered by the external clock, subsequential
flipflops are triggered by the outputs of the previous flipflops also known as asynchronous
counters.
4. Decade counters
It is a type of counter that counts from 0 to 9 and then resets back to 0.it is called a decade
counter because it counts in base-10 system.

● Encoder: An encoder converts a set of inputs into a single output code. In a decade
counter, an encoder takes the outputs of the flip-flops (representing the current count)
and generates a single output code that corresponds to the decimal equivalent of the
count. For example, if the flip-flops are in the state 1001 (representing 9), the encoder
would output a code representing 9.

● Decoder: A decoder does the opposite of an encoder. It takes a single input code and
converts it into a set of outputs. In a decade counter, a decoder takes the output code
from the encoder and converts it into a set of outputs that can drive a 7-segment
display to display the decimal equivalent of the count. For example, if the encoder
output code represents 9, the decoder would activate the appropriate segments on
the 7-segment display to show the digit "9."
 Encoders and Decoders in decade counters act as a bridge between the binary
representation of the count in the flip-flops and the decimal representation that we want to
display or use in other parts of the circuit.

5.Multiplexers and demultiplexers

Multiplexers and demultiplexers are digital circuits that manage data signals.

● Multiplexer (MUX): A multiplexer selects one out of many input signals and routes it to
a single output. Think of it like a switch that directs traffic from multiple lanes to a
single lane.

● Demultiplexer (DEMUX): A demultiplexer does the opposite of a multiplexer. It takes a

single input signal and routes it to one of many output lines. It's like splitting a single
lane of traffic into multiple lanes.

Both multiplexers and demultiplexers are used in various applications, including

communication systems, data processing, and memory addressing.
6. Light Emitting Diode(led)
LED stands for Light Emitting Diode. It's a semiconductor device that emits light when an
electric current passes through it.
LCDs and 7-segment displays are both visual display technologies used to show
information.

● LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): An LCD uses liquid crystals to block or allow light to pass
through, creating images. They are commonly found in TVs, computer monitors, and
mobile phone screens.

● 7-Segment Display: A 7-segment display uses seven LEDs arranged in a specific

pattern to display digits from 0 to 9. They are often used in clocks, calculators, and
other devices that need to display numbers.