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Damped Oscillation

The document discusses damped oscillation, detailing the setup involving a mass attached to a spring and the effects of frictional forces on motion. It presents the equations of motion, solutions for different cases of damping (overdamped, critically damped, and underdamped), and examples of each type. Additionally, it defines relaxation time as the duration for amplitude to decay to 1/e of its initial value.

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Siddharth Manna
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7 views16 pages

Damped Oscillation

The document discusses damped oscillation, detailing the setup involving a mass attached to a spring and the effects of frictional forces on motion. It presents the equations of motion, solutions for different cases of damping (overdamped, critically damped, and underdamped), and examples of each type. Additionally, it defines relaxation time as the duration for amplitude to decay to 1/e of its initial value.

Uploaded by

Siddharth Manna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Damped Oscillation

Tanay K. Dey
Physics, SMIT
Set Up
• Consider a spring of constant 𝑘 whose one end is attached
to a mass m and other end is attached to the rigid wall.

• The mass is displaced from the


equilibrium position by 𝑥 amount
and then released.
• The mass start to oscillates.
This time we consider the
fictional/resistive force of the medium.

• Frictional force is proportional to


the velocity and oppose the motion
Equation of Motion
• Forces acting on the oscillator:
• Restoring Force: F = −𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑥
• Frictional Force: 𝐹1 = −𝑏𝑣 = −𝑏
𝑑𝑡
• Where 𝑘 and 𝑏 are spring constant and
damping coefficient.
• 𝑥 is the displacement.
• Then the total force acting on the oscillator is
𝑑𝑥 𝑑2𝑥
• −𝑘𝑥 −𝑏 =𝑚 (From Newton’s Law)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
Equation of Motion
𝑑2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• 𝑚 + 𝑏 + 𝑘𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

𝑑2𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑘
• + + 𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 𝑚

𝑏 𝑘
• Consider: = 2𝑠 and = 𝜔0 2
𝑚 𝑚

𝑑2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• We get : + 2s + 𝜔0 2 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

• This is the equation of motion.


Solution
𝑑2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• We get: + 2s + 𝜔0 2 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
• Auxiliary equation
• (𝐷 2 - 2s𝐷 + 𝜔0 2 ) 𝑥 = 0
2𝑠 ± 4𝑠 2 −4.1. 𝜔0 2
• 𝐷= = s ± 𝑠 2 − 𝜔0 2
2.1
Displacement Equation
• So the most general solution of the damped
oscillation can be written as;
− s+ 𝑠 2 − 𝜔0 2 𝑡 − s− 𝑠2 − 𝜔0 2 𝑡
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶1 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑒
• Depending on the values of 𝑠 and 𝜔0 ; there are
three types oscillations.
• Case 1: 𝑠 2 > 𝜔0 2 (Over damped case)
• Case 2: 𝑠 2 = 𝜔0 2 (Critically damped case)
• Case 3: 𝑠 2 < (Under damped case)
Over Damped Oscillation
• Case 1: 𝑠 2 > 𝜔0 2 (Over damped case)
• 𝑠 2 − 𝜔0 2 = 𝛽 2 with 𝛽 is positive.
• 𝛽<𝑠
• So in
− s+ 𝑠 2 − 𝜔0 2 𝑡 − s− 𝑠2 − 𝜔0 2 𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶1 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑒
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶1 𝑒 − s+𝛽 𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 − s−𝛽 𝑡
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝜌𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝜎𝑡
• Where 𝜌 and 𝜎 both are positive.
Over Damped Oscillation
• So displacement will goes to zero slowly.
• No negative displacement and repetition of
path.
• So No oscillation in this case.
Over Damped
• The example of this type is:
• Dead Beat Galvanometer: When current is passed
through a galvanometer, the coil oscillates about its
mean position before comes to rest. To bring the coil to
rest immediately, the coil is wound on a metallic frame.
Now, when the coil oscillates, eddy currents are set up
in a metallic frame, which opposes further oscillations
of the coil. This inturn enables the coil to attain its
equilibrium position almost instantly. Since the
oscillations of the coil die out instantaneously, the
galvanometer is called dead beat galvanometer
Critically Damped Oscillation
• Case 2: 𝑠 2 = 𝜔0 2 Critically damped case)
• 𝑠 2 − 𝜔0 2 = 0
• So the 𝛼 value of the assumption 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 becomes
2𝑠 ± 4𝑠2 −4.1. 𝜔0 2
• 𝛼= = s ± 𝑠 2 − 𝜔0 2 = s
2.1
• So it has only one value or the two values became same.
• In this case the general solution can be written as,
• 𝑥 𝑡 = (𝐶1 +𝐶2 𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
• Again due to 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 term the displacement will goes to zero
slowly.
• So No oscillation in this case.
• Example: Galvanometer, Ammeter,
• Voltmeter etc.
Under Damped Oscillation
• Case 3: 𝑠 2 < 𝜔0 2 (Under damped case)
• 𝑠 2 − 𝜔0 2 = −𝛽 2 with 𝛽= 𝜔0 2 − 𝑠 2 is
positive.
• 𝑠 2 − 𝜔0 2 = −𝛽 2 = 𝛽 −1 = 𝑖𝛽
• So in
− s+ 𝑠 2 − 𝜔0 2 𝑡 𝑠2 − 𝜔0 2 𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶1 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑒 − s−
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶1 𝑒 − s+𝑖𝛽 𝑡
+ 𝐶2 𝑒 − s−𝑖𝛽 𝑡

• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 +𝑖𝛽𝑡


• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 +𝑖𝛽𝑡 )
Under Damped Oscillation
• Use: 𝑒 ±𝑖𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 ± 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
• We can expand
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 +𝑖𝛽𝑡 ) as
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 [𝐶1 (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑡 − 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑡) + 𝐶2 (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑡 + 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑡)]
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 [(𝐶1 +𝐶2 )𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑡 + 𝑖[(𝐶2 −𝐶1 )𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑡]
• Consider: 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿 and (𝐶2 −𝐶1 )𝑖 = 𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛿
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 [𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑡 + 𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛿 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑡]
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 [𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑡 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛿 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑡]
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 [𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝛽𝑡 + 𝛿)]
Since there is Sin function, so the displacement goes to + 𝐴𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 to
−𝐴𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . So there is an oscillatory nature of the displacement with
angular frequency 𝛽 and amplitude 𝐴𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
Under Damped Oscillation
• In amplitude 𝐴𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 there is 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 term the
amplitude decay slowly and goes to zero at
large time.

• Example:
• Ballistic Galvanometer.
Comparison of three oscillations
Relaxation Time
• Relaxation Time: In all damped harmonic oscillations
the amplitude decays with time. The time in which the
amplitude decays to 1/eth of its initial amplitude is known
as the relaxation time.
• If A is the initial displacement at t=0 and τ is the time in
which the amplitude falls to 1/e of A then it can be found
as follows.

= A𝑒 −𝑠τ
𝐴
•
𝑒
• 𝑒 −1 = 𝑒 −𝑠τ
1 2𝑚
• 𝑠τ =1 or 𝜏 = 1/𝑠 Or 𝜏 = =
𝑏/2𝑚 𝑏
Definition of Damped Oscillation
• In real condition when an oscillator vibrates,
the amplitude slowly decays due to fractional
resistance and the vibration die after some
time. This motion is said to be damped by the
friction and called damped oscillation.

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