COIMBATORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY: COIMBATORE-641 014.

(Government Aided Autonomous Institution)

DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Academic Year 2022-2023
19EE62 – DIGITAL PROTECTION OF POWER SYSTEM
MID SEM TEST – II
III Year BE EEE Section I & II
Marks: 50

Q.No Part – A ( 10 x 1 = 10 Marks) Marks

1 A Lightning arrester provides

a. A low impedance path between line and ground during operation

b. A high impedance path between line and ground during operation 1
c. A low resistance path between line and ground, during operation
d. A high resistance path between line and ground, during operation

2 The over voltage surge in power systems may be caused by

a. Lightning
b. Resonance 1
c. Switching
d. All of the above
3 Which of the following arresters is also called as a protector tube?
a. Valve Gap Arrester.
b. Horn Gap Arrester. 1
c. Multiple-Gap Arrester.
d. Expulsion Type Lightning Arrester.
4 Surge absorber........... the energy of travelling waves
a. Absorbs
b. Reflects 1
c. Diverts
d. Partly absorbs and partly diverts
5 Surge absorbers are used for protection against___
a. High-voltage low-frequency oscillations
b. High-voltage high-frequency oscillations 1
c. Low-voltage high frequency oscillations
d. Low-voltage low-frequency oscillations
6 Identify the goal of Artificial Intelligence.
a. To solve artificial problems
b. To extract scientific causes 1
c. To explain various sorts of intelligence
d. To solve real-world problems
7 The complexity of ANN is dependent upon____
a. Number of Nodes
b. Number of Anodes
c. Number of Layers 1
d. Number of Neurons
 8 The function of SCADA systems in power system protection by using
a. Sensors
b. Communication Networks 1
c. Remote Telemetry Unit (RTU)
d. All of the above
9 Fuzzy logic is usually represented as_______
a. if-then-else rules
b. if-then rules 1
c. both if-then-else rules & if-then rules
d. None of above
10 The objectives of advanced controllers in the power system network___
a. Better the control of power flow (Real and Reactive) in transmission lines.
b. Limits SC current
1
c. Increase the load ability of the system
d. All of above

Q.No Part – B ( 5 x 2 =10 Marks) Marks RBT

11 Write the factors to be consider while selecting a fuse for a given system 2 L1
● Normal operating current.
● Operating Voltage.
● Ambient Temperature.
● Inrush Currents.
● Maximum Fault Current.
● Length of time in which the fuse must open.
● Maximum allowable I 2t.
12 Draw the voltage waveform due to lightning. 2 L2

13 Write the function of surge absorber 2 L1

A protective device that absorbs the high voltage surges and reduces the
steepness of the surge wave fronts.
14 Compare: Wavelet Transform and Discrete Fourier Transform 2 L3
Wavelet Transform compared to the Fourier Transform is the ability to
extract both local spectral and temporal information.(Time and
Frequency)

15 Mention the advantages of AI techniques used in power system 2 L1

protection
● Planning for Generation expansion, power system reliability,
transmission expansion, and reactive power.
● Control of voltage, frequency and stability, and power flow.
 ● Control of a Fuel Cell and thermal power plant.
● Automation for restoration management, fault analysis and network
security
● Planning and operation of the distribution system, demand-side
response and management, smart grids operation and control, and
network reconfiguration.
● Forecasting for electricity market, solar power, and wind power.

Q. Part – C ( 2 x 15 = 30 Marks) Marks

No
15a Describe the mechanism of lightning discharge and its effect in power system 10

Lightning is the phenomenon of electrical discharge from Cloud to ground. during

lighting stroke the cloud and ground act as two plates of a gigantic capacitor and air act
as a dielectric medium between ground and cloud. Since the lower part of the cloud is
negatively charged and Earth becomes positively charged by induction.The Lightning
discharge is required to puncture air between cloud and earth, At standard temperature
and pressure breakdown voltage of air is 30kv/cm but cloud contain a large amount of
moisture and also because of high altitude and low-pressure breakdown voltage of air
dropped drastically it is only 10kv/cm.

The current in a streamer is about an order of a hundred amperes and the speed of
streamer is 2.5ft/usec this starting streamer also called as a pilot streamer this
causes lightning phenomena. Depending upon the degree of ionization of air
surrounding by the streamer it provides several paths and is known as a stepped
leader as shown in figure .Stepped leader is about 50 meters long in length and lasts for
few microseconds the charge brought from charge cloud true ionized path to pause, the
air surrounding to pause is again ionized and the leader reaches the earth. Once the
stepped leader makes contact with the earth, power return stroke moves very fast
toward the cloud through the ionized path by the stepped leader.
This streamer is very strong and the current varies is between 1 KA to 200KA. At this
instant where the negative charge of the cloud is neutralized by positively charged on
the earth and gives rise to lightning flash which we can see by eye. There is another
charge in the cloud near a neutralized charge. This charge tries to neutralize through an
ionized path and this streamer known as dart leader.
15b List out the causes of over voltages in power system.

External overvoltage happens mainly for lighting and the atmosphere. Over voltage
due to external causes is not predictable as it depends on the external source. However,
the over-voltage of the equipment is designed in a way that can withstand the external
overvoltage.

Lightning: Lightning over voltage is a very serious issue in a power system. The
height magnitude of surge over voltage was found due to the lightning. It can damage
the connected equipment in the substation. To protect the substation equipment,
lightning surge arresters are used in substations and transmission lines to protect the
system.
Atmosphere: Electrostatically induced voltage can generate due to the presence of
charged cloud around the long transmission line. Due to changes in weather conditions,
the capacitance with the ground can increase and it will create over-voltage during the
switch of the transmission line. Over voltage due to the atmosphere may not be as high
as the lightning over voltage.
5
Internal over voltage generates due to the internal operation mood of the system and
fault conditions in the power system. Inter over voltage can generate at power
frequency, resonance frequency and at high frequency as transient over voltage.
Followings are the causes of internal overvoltage.
Switching over voltage: switching over voltage is commonly observed in long-length
transmission line. Due to high ground capacitance in long length transmission line,
over-voltage was observed in the transmission line. A line reactor installs in the
transmission line to control the switching over voltage.
Resonances Effects: When inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are equal in
the power system, the resonance occurs. Du to the resonance of the circuit, the over
voltage found in the system.
Restriking or Transient Over Voltage: During the opening of the circuit breaker in at
load or fault condition, transient over voltage is found across the CB contacts. It will
heavily affect the circuit breaker and due to restriking voltage, the circuit breaker can
damage

16 What is the necessity of protecting electrical equipment against travelling waves?

Describe in brief the protective devices used for protection against such waves.

Travelling wave is a temporary wave that creates a disturbance and moves along the
transmission line at a constant speed. Such type of wave occurs for a short duration
(for a few microseconds) but cause a much disturbance in the line. The transient
wave is set up in the transmission line mainly due to switching, faults and lightning.
15
The over voltage of the power system leads to insulation breakdown of the
equipments. It causes the line insulation to flash over and may also damage the
nearby transformer, generators and the equipment connected to the line. The
transient wave is set up in the transmission line mainly due to switching, faults and
lightning. The travelling wave plays a major role in knowing the voltages and
currents at all the points in the power system.
Types of Lightning Arresters:

There are several Types of Lightning Arresters in general use. They differ only in
constructional details but operate on the same principle viz. providing low resistance
path for the surges to the ground. We shall discuss the following Types of Lightning
Arresters:

1. Rod Gap Arrester

2. Horn Gap Arrester
3. Multi Gap Arrester
4. Expulsion Type Lightning Arrester
5. Valve Type Lightning Arrester
1. Rod Gap Arrester:

It is a very simple Line type of diverter and consists of two 1.5 cm rods which are
bent at tight angles with a gap in between as shown in Fig.. One rod is connected to
the line circuit and the other rod is connected to earth. The distance between gap and
insulator Transformer distance must not be less than one-third of the gap length so
that the arc may not reach the insulator and damage it. Generally, the gap length is so
adjusted that breakdown should occur at 80% of spark- over voltage in order to
avoid cascading of very steep wave fronts across the insulators. The string of
insulators for an overhead line on the bushing of transformer has frequently a rod
gap across it. Fig 1 shows the rod gap across the bushing of a transformer.
Under normal operating conditions, the gap remains non-conducting. On the
occurrence of a high voltage surge on the line, the gap sparks over and the surge
current is conducted to earth. In this way, excess charge on the line due to the surge
is harmlessly conducted to earth.

2. Horn Gap Arrester:

Fig. shows the horn gap arrester. It consists of two horn shaped metal rods A and B
separated by a small air gap. The horns are so constructed that distance between
them gradually increases towards the top as shown. The horns are mounted on
porcelain insulators. One end of horn is connected to the line through a resistance R
and choke coil L while the other end is effectively grounded. The resistance R helps
in limiting the follow current to a small value. The choke coil is so designed that it
offers small reactance at normal power frequency but a very high reactance at
transient frequency. Thus the choke does not allow the transients to enter the
apparatus to be protected. The gap between the horns is so adjusted that normal
supply voltage is not enough to cause an arc across the gap.
Under normal conditions, the gap is non-conducting i.e. normal supply voltage is
insufficient to initiate the arc between the gap. On the occurrence of an overvoltage,
spark-over takes place across the small gap G. The heated air around the arc and the
magnetic effect of the arc cause the arc to travel up the gap. The arc moves
progressively into positions 1, 2 and 3. At some position of the arc (perhaps position
3), the distance may be too great for the voltage to maintain the arc. Consequently,
the arc is extinguished. The excess charge on the line is thus, conducted through the
arrester to the ground.

Multi Gap Arrester:

Fig. shows the multigap arrester. It consists of a series of metallic (generally alloy of
zinc) cylinders insulated from one another and separated by small intervals of air
gaps. The first cylinder (i.e. A) in the series is connected to the line and the other,to
the ground through a series resistance. The series resistance limits the power arc. By
the inclusion of series resistance, the degree of protection against travelling waves is
reduced. In order to overcome this difficulty, some of the gaps (B to C in Fig. 24.11)
are shunted by a resistance.

Under normal conditions, the point B is at earth potential and the normal supply
voltage is unable to break down the series gaps. On the occurrence of an
overvoltage, the breakdown of series gaps A to B occurs. The heavy current after
breakdown will choose the straight – through path to earth via the shunted gaps B
and C, instead of the alternative path through the shunt resistance. When the surge is
over, the arcs B to C go out and any power current following the Surge Diverter is
limited by the two resistances (shunt resistance and series resistance) which are now
in series. The current is too small to maintain the arcs in the gaps A to B and normal
conditions are restored.

4. Expulsion Type Lightning Arrester:

This Expulsion Type Lightning Arrester is also called ‘protector tube’ and is
commonly used on system operating at voltages upto 33 kV. Fig. (i) shows the
essential parts of an Expulsion Type Lightning Arrester. It essentially consists of a
rod gap AA’ in series with a second gap enclosed within the fibre tube. The gap in
the fibre tube is formed by two electrodes. The upper electrode is connected to rod
gap and the lower electrode to the earth. One expulsion arrester is placed tinder each
line conductor. Fig. 24.12 (II) shows the installation of expulsion arrester on an
overhead line.
 On the occurrence of an overvoltage on the line, the series gap AA’ is spanned and
an arc is struck between the electrodes in the tube. The heat of the arc vaporises
some of the fibre of tube walls, resulting in the production of a neutral gas. In an
extremely short time, the gas builds up high pressure and is expelled through the
lower electrode which is hollow. As the gas leaves the tube violently, it carries away
ionised air around the arc. This de-ionising effect is generally so strong that arc goes
out at a current zero and will not be re-established.

17 Discuss that how to apply the ANN approach to identify the fault location in 15
distance protection. Analyze the implementation of above approach in distance
protection.

AI approaches to power system protection and focuses on the application of ANN and
fuzzy logic techniques. A number of novel application and concepts have been presented
including fuzzy logic approach to differential transformer protection and ANN application
to the transformer protection, CT and CVT transients correction, and. fault-type
classification. Included examples demonstrate application of the AI methods and their
features. Artificial neural network (ANN) has been equipped with distinctiveness of
parallel processing, nonlinear mapping, associative memory, and offline and online
learning abilities. The wide uses of ANN with its conquering outcomes make it an
effective diagnostic mean in electric power systems. It is a complex network of
interconnected neurons where firing of electrical pulses via its connections leads to
information propagation. ANN is trained by using prior chosen fault samples as input and
set of fault information as output for fault diagnosis application. Neural networks are
comprised of primarily three basic learning algorithms such as supervised learning,
unsupervised learning, and reinforced learning. The fundamental principle of distance
protection is that the apparent impedance seen by the relay reduces considerably in case of
line fault. A fault is indicated if the ratio of apparent impedance to the positive sequence
impedance is less than unity. This scheme of protection is inherently directional and used
by impedance and Mho relays. This paper focuses upon the studies of distance protection
scheme applying ANN approach. Adaptive relaying was introduced for widespread
applications including incorrect or fault operations measurement. The learning capacity of
ANN from input and output patterns extended its applicability in several adaptive
protection schemes.
18 Discuss the application of AI techniques in digital protection relays. Analysis the
implementation steps of fuzzy approach in differential protection
The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods in power system protection: .
Particular emphasis has been put on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Wavelet Transform
(WT) and Fuzzy Logic (FL). Several novel concepts have been introduced including ANN
application to CT and CVT transients correction, fuzzy criteria signals, fuzzy settings and
multi-criteria decision making for digital relays. Attached examples illustrate application of
ANN WT and FL techniques to resolve the selected relaying problems such as the fault
classification or CT and CVT dynamic error correction. Differential protection for power
transformers is selected as an important example to show efficiency of the proposed
concepts of FL , WT and ANN application.

Many problems in power systems are based on several non-feasible requirements. Therefore,
AI techniques are the only option to solve them. Current approach of AI in power system
applications are: Planning for Generation expansion, power system reliability, transmission
expansion, and reactive power. Control of voltage, frequency and stability, and power
flow.Control of a Fuel Cell and thermal power plant. Automation for restoration
management, fault analysis and network security Planning and operation of the distribution
system, demand-side response and management, smart grids operation and control, and
network reconfiguration.Forecasting for electricity market, solar power, and wind power.

15

******