Structural Design and Cost Comparison Between a

Concrete Structure and Steel a Structure of a Tall

Residential Building in Dubai Subjected to Seismic and
Wind Loads

‫التصميم اإلنشائي ومقارنة التكلفة بين هيكل خرساني و هيكل حديد لمبنى‬
‫سكني شاهق في دبي معرض ألحمال الزالزل والرياح‬

by
OSMAN OMER MEHMOUD ELNAIM

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment

of the requirements for the degree of
MSc STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
at
The British University in Dubai

October 2022
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 ABSTRACT

There are many materials and structural systems of buildings over the world such as Steel

structures, Concrete, Wood, Stone and Brick/Masonry. Apparently, each one of them is

having its properties and limitation of use.

Nevertheless, the famous structural systems that used for designing and constructing the

skyscraper are the steel and concrete structures since the Wood, Stone and Masonry cannot

be used in the tall buildings.

It is very significant to compare between the steel structure and concrete structure when

designing a skyscraper, to withstand the Seismic, Wind load, Live, Dead loads and to make

the cost analysis related each one to choose the better one.

Obviously, each structural system has advantages and disadvantages which should be taken

into consideration when selecting one of them.

In this dissertation, a comparison is made between the two tall buildings which made of

reinforced concrete and steel in Cross section of structural element, Durability, Resistance

to Earthquake and Wind loads, Load carrying capacity, Self-weight, Construction cost, and

Construction speed.

However, the steel and reinforced concrete skyscrapers are designed using ETABS

program, the post tension slabs and beams are designed by Safe program, and the results

compared by Microsoft excel.

 ‫الملخص‬
‫هناك العديد من المواد واألنظمة اإلنشائية للمباني في جميع أنحاء العالم مثل الصلب والخرسانة والخشب والحجر‬
‫والطوب ‪ /‬البناء‪ .‬على ما يبدو ‪ ،‬كل واحد منهم له خصائصه ‪ ،‬ومحدودية االستخدام‬
‫ومع ذلك ‪ ،‬فإن األنظمة اإلنشائية الشهيرة المستخدمة في تصميم وبناء ناطحة السحاب هي الهياكل الفوالذية والخرسانية‬
‫حيث ال يمكن استخدام الخشب والحجر والبناء في المباني الشاهقة‬
‫من المهم جدًا المقارنة بين الهيكل الفوالذي والهيكل الخرساني عند تصميم ناطحة سحاب ‪ ،‬لتحمل األحمال الزلزالية‬
‫وحمل الرياح واألحمال الحية والميتة‬
‫من الواضح أن كل نظام هيكلي له مزايا وعيوب يجب أخذها في االعتبار عند اختيار أحدها‬
‫في هذه الرسالة ‪ ،‬تم إجراء مقارنة بين مبنيين شاهقين مصنوعان من الخرسانة المسلحة والفوالذ في المقطع العرضي‬
‫للعنصر الهيكلي ‪ ،‬والمتانة ‪ ،‬ومقاومة الزالزل وأحمال الرياح ‪ ،‬والقدرة على تحمل األحمال ‪ ،‬والوزن الذاتي ‪ ،‬وتكلفة‬
‫البناء ‪ ،‬وسرعة البناء‬
‫وقد ‪ ETABS‬ومع ذلك ‪ ،‬فقد تم تصميم ناطحات السحاب المصنوعة من الفوالذ والخرسانة المسلحة باستخدام برنامج‬
‫تم ‪ ، Microsoft Excel.‬وتم مقارنة النتائج بواسطة ‪ Safe‬تم تصميم ألواح وعوارض ما بعد الشد بواسطة برنامج‬
‫تصميم ناطحتي السحاب المصنوعتين من الصلب والخرسانة باستخدام برنامج ايتابس و اكسل‬
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Oh God, praise be to you as it should be to the majesty of your countenance and the

greatness of your power over all your blessings, outward and inward, what I know of them

and what I do not know.

I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Abid Abu-Tair and Dr. Gul Ahmed Jokhio for

the great effort they made for me without tiring or boredom.

I extend my thanks to my dear mother, my great father, my wife and my children who have

been sowing the hope to continue learning

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. i

LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... iv
Table of figures ................................................................................................ v
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1
1.1 Research Background: ..........................................................................................1
1.2 The skyscrapers importance .................................................................................1
1.3 Skyscraper drawbacks ..........................................................................................2
1.4 The best materials for constructing skyscrapers. ...............................................2
1.5 Advantages of Steel structures: ............................................................................2
1.6 Disadvantages of steel structures: ........................................................................3
1.7 pros of concrete structure .....................................................................................4
1.8 Cons of Concrete structure:..................................................................................5
1.9 Objectives of research: ..........................................................................................5
1.10 Research questions ................................................................................................6
1.11 Scope of research: ..................................................................................................6
1.12 Significance and motivation of the study: ...........................................................7
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................... 8
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................8
2.2 Seismic load on buildings ...........................................................................................9
2.3 Wind load on tall buildings ......................................................................................13
2.4 Wind-Design of Skyscraper .....................................................................................13
2.5 Torsion irregularity ..................................................................................................16
2.6 Rating P-Delta influence on skyscrapers: ..............................................................17
2.7 Evaluation of Wind-output Dislocation of Structures with several horizontal
forces withstanding Schemes .........................................................................................19
2.8 Investigation on the Dynamical properties of low-weight Steel Housing
construction Schemes .....................................................................................................19
2.9 Sustainability of Concrete Structures. ....................................................................22
2.10 Sustainability of buildings made of steel ..............................................................23
2.11 Analysis of cost and seismic performance of skyscrapers in UAE through
Ductile Attached Shear-Walls: ......................................................................................25
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................... 27
3.1 Introduction: ........................................................................................................27
i
 3.2 Research Strategy and Approach ......................................................................27
3.3 The design codes and Material properties: .......................................................28
3.4 Seismic load factors, and other loads values determination: ..........................29
3.5 Post tension slab design by CSI Safe 2020 program ........................................32
3.6 Selection of steel member dimensions: ..............................................................32
3.7 Using Microsoft Excel to compare the analysis results: ...................................33
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: ......................................... 34
4.1 Final computer design output: ...........................................................................34
4.2 Design and Analysis results for Steel skyscraper .............................................38
4.3 Discussion of composite columns sizing: ...........................................................40
4.4 Discussion of main beams sizing: .......................................................................40
4.5 Discussion of secondary beams sizing:...............................................................40
4.6 Discussion of bracing at external elevations: ....................................................41
4.7 Analysis results for the reinforced concrete skyscraper and steel
skyscraper........................................................................................................................41
4.8 Comparison charts for the analysis results for the concrete and steel
skyscrapers: .....................................................................................................................42
4.9 Discussion of Auto Lateral loads in steel and concrete buildings: ..................43
4.10 Discussion of maximum storey displacement: ..................................................44
4.11 Discussion of Story drifts of concrete and steel tall buildings: ........................44
4.12 Discussion of overturning moments and shear forces: .....................................45
4.13 Discussion of story stiffness: ...............................................................................46
4.14 Calculation of Cost of steel skyscraper: ............................................................46
4.15 The Cost calculation of concrete skyscraper .....................................................52
4.16 Discussion of cost comparison: ...........................................................................55
4.17 Roughly Construction Time estimate for construction of the reinforced
Concrete Skyscraper: .....................................................................................................56
4.18 Roughly Construction Time Estimate for construction of the steel
skyscraper: ......................................................................................................................56
4.19 Discission of Time of construction: ....................................................................57
4.20 ETABS design output for one of the shear walls in the skyscraper ................58
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................. 59
5.1 Conclusion of Structural analysis and Design results ......................................59
5.2 Conclusion of Lateral loads results:...................................................................59
5.3 Conclusion of Maximum Story displacement ...................................................60

ii
 5.4 Conclusion of maximum story drifts .................................................................60
5.5 Conclusion of maximum shear forces: ...............................................................60
5.6 Conclusion of maximum overturning moment: ................................................61
5.7 Conclusion of maximum story stiffness: ............................................................61
5.8 Availability of Raw materials: ............................................................................61
5.9 Conclusion of construction duration comparison: ...........................................62
5.10 The answers to the research questions: .............................................................62
5.11 Recommendations: ..............................................................................................64
5.12 Areas of upcoming researches: ...........................................................................64
References ...................................................................................................... 66
Appendix ........................................................................................................ 68
Appendix A- Results of post tension slab and beam design ........................................68
Appendix B: Story stiffness from ETABS output........................................................90
Appendix C: Story forces from ETABS output ...........................................................93
Appendix D: Centers of Mass and Rigidity for the steel structure: .......................106
Appendix E – shear and drift ......................................................................................109
Appendix F: Verification of steel skyscraper design and some sections of the
members: .......................................................................................................................113

iii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: The initial sizes for reinforced concrete members ................................................ 28

Table 2: Response Modification R, System over strength factor Omega, Deflection
amplification factor Cd........................................................................................................ 29
Table 3: The loads, factors and wind speed which will be used in ETABS ....................... 30
Table 4: initial and final dimensions of Steel structure elements ....................................... 39
Table 5: The Reinforced concrete structure analysis results ............................................... 41
Table 6: The Steel structure analysis result (storey response) ............................................ 42
Table 7: Total volume of composite columns ..................................................................... 47
Table 8: number of secondary beams in all floors of steel building ................................... 48
Table 9: Total weight of main beams and bracing(kg) ....................................................... 49
Table 10: The cost Estimate of decking slabs ..................................................................... 51
Table 11: Total cost of steel skyscraper .............................................................................. 52
Table 12: The Cost estimation of Post tension slabs and beams ......................................... 52
Table 13: The Cost estimation of the Shear walls for staircases and Lifts ......................... 53
Table 14: The Cost estimation of Shear walls at corner of each floor (4 shear walls at
corner L shape) .................................................................................................................... 53
Table 15: The Cost estimate of Shear walls rectangular shape ........................................... 54
Table 16: Total cost of reinforced concrete tall building .................................................... 55
Table 17: Total duration for constructing the reinforced concrete tall building ................. 56
Table 18: Total duration for constructing the steel tall building ......................................... 57
Table 19: Material Properties .............................................................................................. 58
Table 20: Design Code Parameters ..................................................................................... 58
Table 21: Flexural Design for Pu, Mu2 and Mu3 ............................................................... 58
Table 22: Shear Design ....................................................................................................... 58
Table 23: Concrete Beam Design Summary - ACI 318-19 for some of beams .................. 69
Table 24: Shear Wall Pier Design Summary - ACI 318-14 ................................................ 70
Table 25: Base Reactions .................................................................................................... 85
Table 26: Story Stiffness ..................................................................................................... 90
Table 27: Story Forces ........................................................................................................ 93
Table 28: Centers of Mass and Rigidity ............................................................................ 106
Table 29: Shear and drift ................................................................................................... 109

iv
 TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1: The total subsidence (Zhang Xiang-Dong*,, et al., 2013) ................................................ 12

Figure 2: The maximum subsidence of each observation point ....................................................... 12
Figure 3: The Wind movement directions (Y. Abu-Zidan, et al., 2022) .......................................... 14
Figure 4: Effects of wind on buildings (Y. Abu-Zidan, et al., 2022) ............................................... 14
Figure 5: Diverse systems of Bracing in skyscrapers for analysis of wind (1st group) .................... 15
Figure 6: Diverse systems of Bracing in skyscrapers for analysis of wind (2nd group) ................... 15
Figure 7: Diverse systems of Bracing in skyscrapers for analysis of wind (3rd group) .................... 15
Figure 8: Buckling model and roof displacement ............................................................................ 17
Figure 9: Pushover curve for base shear and roof displacement ...................................................... 18
Figure 10: Horizontal displacement due to vertical loads ................................................................ 18
Figure 11: Low-weight Steel Housing construction Scheme 1 ........................................................ 20
Figure 12: Low-weight Steel Housing construction Scheme 2 ........................................................ 20
Figure 13: The frame shear-wall structure system ........................................................................... 21
Figure 14: The staggered truss system ............................................................................................. 21
Figure 15: Light weight steel framed construction (ArcelorMittal & LoGeCa, 2009) .................... 24
Figure 16: The reinforced Concrete skyscraper (55 floors) 3D model. ............................................ 35
Figure 17: Plan for level 1 to 20 of reinforced concrete skyscraper................................................. 35
Figure 18: Plan for level 21 to 40 of reinforced concrete skyscraper............................................... 36
Figure 19: Plan for level 41 to 55 of reinforced concrete skyscraper............................................... 36
Figure 20: The Steel skyscraper (55 floors) 3D model .................................................................... 37
Figure 21: Plan of steel tall building from level 1 to level 20 .......................................................... 37
Figure 22: Plan of steel tall building from level 21 to 40 ................................................................. 38
Figure 23: Plan of steel tall building from level 41 to level 55 ........................................................ 38
Figure 24: Composite columns shape............................................................................................... 40
Figure 25: Auto Lateral Loads to stories (KN) in Concrete and steel skyscrapers .......................... 43
Figure 26: Maximum Story displacement (mm) in concrete and steel tall buildings ....................... 43
Figure 27: Maximum Story drifts (unitless) in concrete and steel skyscrapers ................................ 44
Figure 28: Story shear force (KN) in concrete and steel sky scrapers ............................................. 45
Figure 29: Overturning moments (KN.m) in concrete and steel structures ...................................... 45
Figure 30: Story Stiffness (Kn/m) in concrete and steel tall building .............................................. 45
Figure 31: cost comparison between the reinforced concrete and steel skyscrapers ........................ 55
Figure 32: Comparison between the construction time of reinforced concrete and steel tall building
.......................................................................................................................................................... 57
Figure 33: Sample of Beam reinforcement section .......................................................................... 68
Figure 34: sample of Tendon distribution plan in post tension slabs ............................................... 68
Figure 35: Sample of tendon profile................................................................................................. 69
Figure 36: Sample of Moment diagram- due to Seismic load in X direction ................................. 112
Figure 37: Sample of shear force diagram- due to Seismic load in Y direction ............................. 112
Figure 38: Checking of the stress capacity of steel frame. ............................................................. 113
Figure 39: Sample of Bracing and external main beams sections .................................................. 113
Figure 40: Sample of Selected sections of Main steel beams......................................................... 114
Figure 41: composite columns design check .................................................................................. 114
Figure 42: composite beams design check ..................................................................................... 115
Figure 43: steel frames stress capacity check ................................................................................. 115
Figure 44: Deck slab property data ................................................................................................ 116
v
Figure 45:Partial Zoom in view of the of steel building showing the external steel columns, beams
and bracings.................................................................................................................................... 116
Figure 46: Erection of Steel column............................................................................................... 117
Figure 47: Connection of steel column and beams ........................................................................ 117
Figure 48: Shape of Deck slab reinforcement and concrete ........................................................... 118

vi
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research Background:

The tall buildings (skyscrapers) have been increasing hastily in most of countries due to

shortage of lands and significance rise of population. For instance, constructing a big

number of apartments in Highrise building vertically in specific area can be more

economical than building the same number of apartments in horizontal areas since the

first option of building vertically will save the areas for another use. Moreover,

skyscrapers similarly allow for a more revenue margin, because they normally create

further rent income for its owner. Hence, the Engineers have to think about the

advantages of constructing the skyscrapers taking the disadvantages into consideration.

1.2 The skyscrapers importance

Skyscrapers are the greatest system to get maximum units trade space in small urban

blocks. Height generates areas for building in crowded towns. Moreover, skyscrapers

are likewise inventive in the conservational division. They decrease urban extension, so

a better conservation of natural zones. Relying on how skyscrapers are constructed,

many of them are similarly energy resourceful even though they are from recycled

resources. A lively town Centre with sufficiently of space for cafeterias, shops is

supporting people transport, which change to more public with fewer pollution.

Furthermore, Skyscrapers also provide reasonable living. Persons can be living nearby

town center and have entree to shop and facilities, which decreases travel-associated

costs like insurance of car, oil and maintenances. Many inexpensive housing units are

skyscrapers as the capacity can decrease rental costs.

1
 Lastly, everybody like to see a nice view, and skyscrapers offer them. A huge number

of travelers are visiting the tall Building to enjoy the fantastic views, having natural

lighting, good aeriation, not as much of noise and feeling of stylish life.

1.3 Skyscraper drawbacks

One of the main worries of skyscraper is the stability of the structure. These massive tall

buildings maybe damaged by natural calamity for the reason that how large they are.

The greater the structure meaning that it need a bigger foundation. Additionally, the

Initial cost of construction and maintenance is very high. Further, there is vulnerability

of the skyscrapers regarding fire accidents since it is extremely difficult to evacuate

people during fire. So, the system of suppression of fire, and routs of scape are very

important.

1.4 The best materials for constructing skyscrapers.

The selection of materials and structural system which to be used is based on many

aspects like Strength, Lifetime of the material, Budget/Cost of material, Local

availability, Climate, Skill required and availability, Sustainability and Maintenance.

Hence, the comparison should be done accurately to reach the correct decision.

The main type of materials that are used in skyscrapers are steel structure and concrete.

1.5 Advantages of Steel structures:

1. Reliability because of regularity in properties, improved quality control due to

manufacturing in factory, great elasticity, and ductility.

2. Smaller Construction duration / higher Erection Speed.

2
 3. Strength is high, and Weight Nature is Light.

4. The steel structure is ductile and giving Warning Before Failure.

5. It can be constructed in Long Spans.

6. It is easy to add additional steel structure, connections between the existing and

new are effective and quick.

7. Steel elements cab be used again afterward a construction is take to pieces.

8. Steel structure has a worth of scrap although it is not used in its current

arrangement.

1.6 Disadvantages of steel structures:

1. Cost of maintenance of steel is high, furthermost steels are vulnerable to rust

once visible to air and water, so it shall be occasionally painted. This needs

additional fee and special care. If not accurately maintained, then about 1 to 1.5

mm of its thickness can be lose yearly. Consequently, such structures can miss

mass equal to 35% throughout their lifespan and may have failure due to the

exterior forces.

2. Fireproofing is expensive Even though steel elements are fire-resistant, their

strength is extremely reduced usual in fires. At around 400ºC, creep develops

much more obvious. This result in extremely big deflections/buckles of elements

forcing the others to more stresses or may be failure. Additional fee is

compulsory to accurately fire resistant the steel structure.

3. Weakness To Buckling: The steel elements are generally consisted of a grouping

of tinny plates. Furthermore, the steel element sizes are lesser than reinforced

concrete elements. If these slim elements are under compression, there are more

3
 probabilities of buckling. Buckling is a kind of failure of the element as a result

of unexpected great bending due to critical compressive force. Sometimes the

steel columns are not very cheap for the reason that extensive material shall be

used to harden the columns to resist buckling.

4. High Primary Price / Fewer Availability.

5. Aesthetics

6. In most of housing and workplace constructions, if the false ceiling and cladding

not used in steel structures, then it will be poor aesthetically. A significant fee is

to be paid to make better look.

1.7 pros of concrete structure

There are many pros concrete such as:

1. Components of concrete are effortlessly accessible in more places.

2. There is no defect in Concrete like the natural stone.

3. Concrete can be factory-made to the wanted strength.

4. The Concrete’s durability is so high.

5. The concrete can be poured to any wanted profile.

6. The concrete can be casted in place and that will reduce the cost.

7. The cost of maintenance concrete is tiny.

8. The concrete deterioration is not considerable with time of life.

9. Due to its non-flammable nature, Concrete has a great fire resistant, so it makes

a building safe

10. It can resist sever weather, gust and rain. Consequently, it is very beneficial in

hurricane housings.

4
 (https://civiltoday.com -Civil Engineering)

1.8 Cons of Concrete structure:

1. The concrete’s tensile strength is low when it is compared to other materials used

in binding construction.

2. Ductile of Concrete is fewer.

3. weight of concrete elements is high which increase the dead loads (self-weigh)

when designing and analyzing.

4. The raw materials of Concrete may have salts which reduce the durability.

5. The formwork is expensive but it is compulsory for pouring and to keep the

concrete in place till hardening.

6. Concrete is virtual-brittle and shows a strain-softening performance

7. When comparing concrete to steel, the concrete has lower toughness about 1-2%

of steel toughness.

8. Compared to steel, the concrete has significantly low toughness. Toughness of

concrete is only 1-2% of steel.

9. The shrinkage cracks in concrete cause loss of strength.

10. Concrete is vulnerable to different types of cracks.

11. Concrete creep – rise in deformation over period with constant forces.

(https://civiltoday.com -Civil Engineering)

1.9 Objectives of research:

The essential objectives of this study are:

1. To conduct a structural analysis and design for seismic loads for two skyscrapers

5
 (55 floors) in Dubai mad of reinforced concrete and steel using ACI 318 – 19

requirement and to find out the differences between structural elements

(Columns, Beams, and Slabs) in both towers.

2. To conduct a structural analysis and design for wind load for the above-

mentioned skyscrapers (55 floors) in Dubai using ACI 318 – 19 requirement and

to find out the differences between structural elements (Columns, Beams, and

Slabs) in both towers.

3. Comparing the Cost of construction of the reinforced concrete skyscraper with

the steel skyscraper.

4. Comparing the time of construction of the reinforced concrete skyscraper with

the steel skyscraper.

1.10 Research questions

The fundamental target of this research is to response to the following questions:

1. What are the suitable design and members sections for the reinforced concrete

and steel tall buildings to withstand the seismic and wind loads in Dubai?

2. What is the estimated budget for constructing reinforced concrete skyscraper and

steel skyscraper to resist the earthquake and wind loads in Dubai? Which one is

more expensive (concrete skyscraper or steel skyscraper)?

3. What is the period for constructing the reinforced concrete skyscraper and steel

skyscraper to resist the earthquake and wind loads in Dubai?

1.11 Scope of research:

The scope of this research is containing the following:

6
 1. Performing structural analysis and design of two skyscrapers which consist of 55

floors in Dubai, made of reinforced concrete and steel, for resisting seismic and

wind loads, to compare the suitable structural elements for both tall buildings.

2. To estimate the cost of constructing the steel and reinforced concrete tall buildings,

conduct comparison between budget of both building.

3. To estimate the duration of constructing the steel and reinforced concrete tall

buildings, conduct comparison between budget of both building.

1.12 Significance and motivation of the study:

This research is so important since it compares between the design and analysis results

of steel structure and reinforced concrete structure for a 55 floors skyscraper in Dubai,

estimates the cost for constructing both tall buildings to know which one is cheaper,

evaluate the total time of building the reinforced concrete skyscraper and the steel

skyscraper in order to distinguish the faster one.

Furthermore, from the business point of view, it is necessary to select which material

to be used in construction. However, to achieve that, it is mandatory to compare

between them and find the best one. Accordingly, this study will benefit businessmen,

students and researchers.

It can be said that, the benefit of this research for businessmen is discovering the better

material for building skyscraper for investment.

On the other hand, the benefit for students and researchers’ is to differentiate between

the two systems in term of resistance to seismic, wind loads, time, cost, lifetime,

sustainability, Ease of construction and maintenance.

7
 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Skyscrapers have been speedily rising globally as a result of lacking of availability of

land-living in occupied zones also their main character as important structures in up-

to-date towns. Nevertheless, skyscrapers are very complex because of the vast number

of structural mechanisms and members dissimilar small constructions, in addition to

these tall buildings required high construction stability for security and needs of

design. (Imad Shakir Abbood; Mohammed Ahmed Jasim; Sardasht S. Weli, 2021)

Skyscrapers continually have depended on scientific modernization in engineering

field. modern technical advances unceasingly happening in the universe. Thoroughly

it is connected to find effective materials for construction. Thus, this allow structures

to be built higher, quicker and more secure. (Szolomicki, Jerzy; Hanna Golasz-

Szolomicka, 2019)

Innovative progresses of skyscrapers have been endlessly organized international.

Therefore, several inventions in structural schemes are occurred. New designs of tube-

shaped structural schemes in an improved systems as well as the braced super tubes

are presented. Moreover, a structural system of Core-outrigger is presented by

importance on their flexibility. However, to resolve current several project’s design

wants, several structural schemes for skyscrapers are offered. So, the forthcoming of

skyscraper is forecast by means of the competition for tallness remains. (Ali, Mir M.;

Kyoung Sun Moon, 2018)

The talent of designing sustainable skyscrapers is that specified the comprehensive

difficulties of conservative high-rise building, any enhancements in their proposal,

erection and related relations through their towns will be important. Subsequently
8
 skyscrapers assist an excessive quantity of persons and create a great claim on the

atmosphere at huge and the instant substructure of transport, drain, and electric net,

“sustainable” strategy might well help renters, ease environmental influences and

improve incorporation with the urban set-up. (Al-Kodmany, 2018)

Steel-concrete composite structure has expanded extensive consent international as an

alternate to clear steel and clear concrete structure. Nevertheless, this method is a

comparatively novel idea for the building field. Steel-concrete complex fundamentals

are used widely in current constructions. comprehensive study on composite (column,

beam) and deck-slab in which steel structure sector are enclosed with concrete are

executed. Yet, for intermediate to tall buildings Reinforced Concrete structure is not

commercial for the reason that the enlarged dead-load, fewer stiffness, span constraint

besides risky formwork. The outcome of this effort present that the Composite-

structures are the greatest concept for skyscrapers when equated to Reinforced

Concrete structure. (S. S. Charantimath; Swapnil B.Cholekar; Manjunath M. Birje,

2014)

2.2 Seismic load on buildings

The requirements of Seismic design for building as per ASCE 7-22

The structural model for buildings should contain comprehensive sideways and

perpendicular withstanding arrangements for forces accomplished of as long as

satisfactory strengthening, stiffening, and energy squandering capacity to resist the

ground moves during the arranged restrictions of deforming and strengthening

requirement. The ground movement going to be presumed to happen horizontally in

the structure.

9
 A continual force-path with suitable strengthens and stiffness to be considered to

transmit all loads from application point to resistance ending one. Joining design loads

shall not surpass ultimate forces which the structure system may carry to the joining.

With regard to chosen of structural systems, the fundamental horizontal and

perpendicular seismic load withstand scheme intend to be from the schedule-12.2-1

otherwise a mixture of schemes as allowed in Units 12.2.2, 12.2.3, in addition 12.2.4.

Every scheme is split by the kinds of perpendicular elements designed to withstand

horizontal seismic-loads. The factors R; Ω0; and Cd, specified in Table 12.2-1 should

be used in calculating the shear force in base, forces-design, and story-drift.

The type of Systems indicated in ASCE 7-22 are as following:

 Dual System.

 System of Cantilever column

 System of Inverted pendulum Form structures, which boosted the limits of

structural height for many types of braced frames, special steel plate shear-

walls, compound plate shear wall from concrete and steel, Ductile reinforced

concrete attached walls, and distinctive shear walls from concrete.

 Particular moment frames which determined to Seismic Design categories D

and F.

 Normal moment frames from steel.

 Medium moment frame from steel.

 Interactive system frames from shear walls.

Generally, the diaphragms are classified as fixable or rigid during the structural analysis

taking into consideration the stiffness of structure. Furthermore, Buildings be about to

grouped by way of having an irregularity subject to their structural formations, however

10
there are horizontal and vertical irregularity and the types are listed in table 12.3-1. The

Ratio of Torsion’s irregularity is calculated by the equation:

TIR = ∆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ÷ ∆ 𝑎𝑣𝑔

However, full details of ASCE 7-22 seismic load will be presented since the analysis

and design of the concrete and steel skyscrapers are done using it. (Engineers, n.d.)

Seismic load on steel buildings

The steel is one of the most materials used for construction in the world. By developing

the steel as a material of construction, the construction of skyscraper has been

commenced. The original characteristics of steel such as strength, hardiness,

ductileness and other suitable characteristics result in choosing it as a construction

substantial as well the properties that are beneficial for design of seismic. Thus, the

structural engineer shall distinguish the steel usage and design principles that specified

in standards and code of earthquake. The STAAD pro and the codes IS 1893-2002, IS

800- 2007 are used for design and analysis of seismic. However, Equivalent static load

technique and Response Spectrum approach are used for the analysis. Further, P-∆

method is used for checking analysis and the desired modifications done accordingly.

(I.Anusha & U.Arun Kumar , December, 2016)

Analyzing the high-rise building structure features, by the observation method, gains

each remark argument’s over-all of subsiding, realize that no settlement happens in

the building. Via the software of finite-element to model the structure, modal-analysis

displays that the excellence of structural arrangement, the stiffness is extra consistently

dispersed the building of the torsion-capacity in order to achieve the wants. The input

of model Tianjin movement, analyses characteristically model’s dynamic , however,

outcomes presents that: buildings under the intermediate and minor classes, with the

height of building reduces the displacement in horizontal direction and decreasing the
11
size of the building of the intermediate and higher classes, with the height of structure

rises, the displacement in horizontal direction growths, a smaller amount of shear walls

with significant limits in the bottommost of the horizontal displacement, comparing to

the higher structure of the horizontal displacement boundary volume.

Figure 1: The total subsidence (Zhang Xiang-Dong*,, et al., 2013)

Figure 2: The maximum subsidence of each observation point

(Zhang Xiang-Dong*,, et al., 2013)
As a result of the modal- analysis besides dynamic-analysis observation display that

high-level structure of the settlement steady after completion of construction and no

extreme settlement happen. Furthermore, the frame-shear wall structure design of the

plan regularity, realistic guidelines, the facade quality, the distribution of stiffness is

further standardized construction of torsion size to achieve the wants, lead to a great

general performance, appropriate for the design and calculation for earthquake.

(Zhang Xiang-Dong*,, et al., 2013)

12
2.3 Wind load on tall buildings

The requirements of Wind design for building as per ASCE 7-22

Determination of Wind-forces on structures intend to be done by means of one of the

subsequent approaches:

Maneuvering Technique for structures of entirely elevations as stated in 27th Chapter

for structures matching the wants detailed there.

Envelope Technique for low structures as detailed in 28th chapter for structures

complying with the specifications mentioned there

Directional Technique for structure belongings mentioned in 29th chapter.

Wind-Tunnel Technique for all structures as mentioned in 31st Chapter.

After determining the basic wind-speed, the Directionality Factor Kd shall be picked

out from schedule 26.6-1 based on type of structure. For every direction of wind, the

exposed revelation will be depended on roughness at ground-surface which is

specified from ordinary geography, plants, and built services.

2.4 Wind-Design of Skyscraper

Wind loads may create excessive pressures on the structure and huge side forces on

the model, subsequent in higher requirement on structural-members and elevations

cladding. Likewise, wind forces may encourage serious responses which may cause

extreme acceleration on floors and occupant inconvenience mostly at upper levels of

building.

13
 Figure 3: The Wind movement directions (Y. Abu-Zidan, et al., 2022)

Figure 4: Effects of wind on buildings (Y. Abu-Zidan, et al., 2022)

The Wind-drift define as a horizontal-deflection of the structure subjected to wind-

pressure and is frequently computed in relations of the whole structure-deflection or

storey-drift. Limits of Drift are stated as a fraction of deflection at top to the height of

building, however it is among H/600, H/400 which are valuable to estimate the

structure performance before accomplishment of comprehensive analysis.

Furthermore, the fundamental methods to lessen wind effect in skyscrapers are two:

adjusting the aerodynamic concert of the structure, also amending of structural

characteristics. (Y. Abu-Zidan, et al., 2022)

14
Figure 5: Diverse systems of Bracing in skyscrapers for analysis of wind (1st group)
(P.G, et al., 2016)

Figure 6: Diverse systems of Bracing in skyscrapers for analysis of wind (2nd group)
(P.G, et al., 2016)

Figure 7: Diverse systems of Bracing in skyscrapers for analysis of wind (3rd group)
(P.G, et al., 2016)

In addition to kind of bracing, the bracing positions are similarly significant for

withstanding horizontal forces. However, the study results are as following:

1. The results of analyzing several bracing-models gained that diverse bracing schemes

on several positions of the building may be efficiently applied to decrease extreme

bending-moment at columns by reason of side (Wind) force.

2. It has been observed that Chevron-Bracing method with alternately way is more

efficient in dropping bending-moment in columns by reason of sideways wind-force

decreasing bending-moment successfully up to about third in Y and Z direction.

3. From the results of analyzing several bracing schemes gained there is no substantial
15
 discrepancy in Shear-Force at Y and Z way also is not more valuable to decrease

shear-force in the building.

4. There is tiny rise in the mass of building because of adding of several braces.

5. Accordingly, the systems of braces may successfully enhance the structure

performance without addition of extensive further dead-load to the building. (P.G, et

al., 2016)

2.5 Torsion irregularity

Examination of torsion-irregularity factor in this sector, the associated extreme torsion-

irregularity constants is specified, then the results is debated. Firstly, horizontal-analysis

is performed for ten-floor type A building, subsequently the outcomes of all the buildings

in that collection is offered in schedules. The difference of extreme torsion-irregularity

constant in addition to outcomes is debated afterward the check-up of wholly building

kinds. However, examination is executed for six kinds of buildings taking into

consideration dissimilar position of shear-wall also numbers of stories, beside variable

grids amount. Results of analyses for horizontal forces are rated, with the subsequent

suppositions:

 All of the examined buildings, torsion-irregularity constants rise by way of the

floor numbers decline, i.e., extreme irregularity constants happen for one story

buildings.

 Floor turnings rise proportionally to the number of floors, i.e., the maximum

rotations of floor happen for the highest floor-numbers.

 Torsion-irregularity constants achieve the maximum amounts once shear-

walls are located at the nearest position of centers of mass without matching

them.
16
  In contrast as it is predictable, obviously at what time the rigidity centre is

near to the mass Centre, torsion-irregularity constants rise as a result of

declining torsion-rigidity of construction.

 Rotations of Floor achieve their extreme amounts for the buildings wherever

the walls are in furthermost locations from mass-centers.

 It is realized that outcomes gained of torsion-irregularity constants and

rotations of floor are so paradoxical.

 Because the rotations of floor probably took into consideration as the actual

demonstrative of torsional performance, torsion-irregularity constants would

be fully modified. (Gu¨nay O¨ zmen, et al., 2014)

2.6 Rating P-Delta influence on skyscrapers:

P-Delta-analysis can be defined as a nonlinear 2nd order outcome which happens in each

construction wherever structural members are under horizontal forces. It is an actual

“influence” that is related to the size of horizontal force (F) beside a movement (delta).

Uncertainty a P-Delta influenced element is exposed to side force at that moment it will be

susceptible to bend additional and that might be calculated by P-Delta study.

However, the size of P-delta outcome is associated to the quantity of horizontal force,

Stiffening (Dhadve, et al., 2015)

Figure 8: Buckling model and roof displacement

(Dhadve, et al., 2015)

17
 Figure 9: Pushover curve for base shear and roof displacement
(Dhadve, et al., 2015)

Figure 10: Horizontal displacement due to vertical loads

(Dhadve, et al., 2015)

Moreover, when analyzing by ETAB with confirmation with further writers’ subsequent

suppositions are achieved:

1. By way floors number rises P-delta influence be supplementary significant.

2. P-delta influence is alone recognized in part of beams /columns (External

columns and their close-by beams) in part of load-cases.

3. Consequently, as a minimum it is essential to review the outcomes of analysing

by considering P-delta and without it.

4. There is no change observed when Iterative analysis of P-delta approach using

ETABS. (Dhadve, et al., 2015)

18
2.7 Evaluation of Wind-output Dislocation of Structures with several
horizontal forces withstanding Schemes
This journal studied the three structure schemes that used for limiting the deflection

(shear wall, moment-frame in addition to dual-system) obviously applied in high-rise

constructions to find their comparative efficiency.

However, the outcomes of this study as succeeding:

1. The displacement in horizontal direction in moment-frames is the highest amongst the

three horizontal force withstanding systems examined; the displacement in horizontal

direction in dual-frames is the smallest whereas the displacement in horizontal

direction in shear wall systems is a little more than dual-system.

2. Internal-drift is minimum in dual-systems and highest in moment-frames whereas in

shear-wall is somewhat more than the internal drift in dual-system.

3. The highest internal-drift happened at the lowest tertiary in moment-frames.

However, in shear-wall besides dual system, the highest drift in floors placed inside

the mid third of the structure tallness. (Chinwuba Arum1, & Akinloye Akinkunmi,

2011)

2.8 Investigation on the Dynamical properties of low-weight Steel

Housing construction Schemes

A various widespread kinds of low-weight steel Housing construction system were

analyzed, and the Dynamical properties are described, also summarize the pros of low-

weight Steel Housing construction Schemes.

low-weight steel structure is defined as a construction that has insignificant element

magnitude, light-weight beside slight load. It is the system which consist of inexpensive

steel composition as housing frame, low-weight wall ingredients by means of covering

19
inclusion. Cost-effective steel mechanisms principally contain cold twisting crucifixion,

hot-rolled or h-shaped joined steel, linking otherwise continuous pipe and its assemblage.

The frequently low-weight steel construction scheme can be classified to five-classes due

to their withstand of seismic and wind force in addition to durability: context-support

structure scheme, staggered-truss scheme and composite structure system from concrete

and steel, the shear-wall scheme, purely frame structural scheme.

Figure 11: Low-weight Steel Housing construction Scheme 1

(Wenwei Yang & Qili Yang, 2017)

Figure 12: Low-weight Steel Housing construction Scheme 2

(Wenwei Yang & Qili Yang, 2017)

20
 Figure 13: The frame shear-wall structure system
(Wenwei Yang & Qili Yang, 2017)

Figure 14: The staggered truss system

(Wenwei Yang & Qili Yang, 2017)

The below are advantages of low-weight Steel Housing construction:

1. Light-Mass, High Strength and Respectable earthquake resistance.

2. The speed of construction is Fast so the recovery of investment is

3. quicker.

4. The easiness for Huge-Scale Manufacture.

5. There are big spaces for different architectural design.

6. The Environmental Protection beside power reserve.

7. The great Fire-resistant.

21
 8. Nevertheless, the low-weight steel Housing construction Schemes similarly has

limitations, for instance, price is probably high so the demand is not high,

however this will be improved.

(Wenwei Yang & Qili Yang, 2017)

2.9 Sustainability of Concrete Structures.

The valuation of sustainability consists of evaluating the environmentally, socially and

economically with considering the technical and practical needs. The necessity of

sustainability evaluation is rising.

The pros of concrete constructions as of social standpoint as following:

1. The mass of concrete is big as a result of its density; accordingly, it can assist by

storing the thermal-energy which happen by absorbing or releasing hotness and coldness.

Thus, participate in saving the energy related to heating and cooling.

2. Acoustical insulation due to high mass of concrete elements, it will decrease the

sound movement.

3. The concrete is having high fire resistance when it is compared to timber or steel

structure.

4. The concrete having great resistance to abrasion, sun-rays, ice, gust and overflows

with good robustness.

5. Durability of concrete is high; hence the maintenance need is less specifically the

internal concrete elements.

The pros of concrete constructions as of economic standpoint as following:

1. The concrete has long-lasting service-lifespan when compared to other construction

materials. Moreover, the concrete has a great withstanding to weather, so the cost

of maintenance and demolition is less.

22
 2. Fewer harm produced throughout disaster as a result of great strength in addition

fire resistance, hence minor economical effect, minor price of patch-up besides

rebuilding.

3. The cost of concrete ingrediencies, transportation is low.

4. The concrete (precast) can be dismounted so this enable using of precast concrete

parts.

5. Slighter dimensions of external concrete elements are resulting in encouraging

result effectiveness (specifically in zones with controlled magnitude of urban part)

The pros of concrete constructions as of social standpoint as following:

1. Usage of secondary cement-base materials (microsilica, flyash, ..etc) in concrete

mix contribute in decreasing the energy embodied, and emission of (CO2, Sox).

2. The concrete which is recycled may use as alternatives of aggregate in building for

concrete producing.

3. The precast members will decrease waste producing in factory and building sites.

(Hajek, 2017)

2.10 Sustainability of buildings made of steel

Equated to present normal building repetition, up to date steel structure has significant

benefits:

1. Effectiveness of Material - subsequent such as fewer ordinary source application,

fewer transportations, fewer releases to unhealthy gasses beside a lesser amount of

power uses, recyclability is so high - ensuing that the using of natural-resource is

fewer, beside fewer waste, energy and gas emissions.

2. Robustness and Quality – consequential in sustainability favors.

23
 3. The construction is dray and that resultant in smaller amount healthiness threats,

using of natural-resource is fewer, beside fewer waste, energy and gas emissions.

However, enhancements of Sustainability results in creating economic profits, such

as but not limited to lesser prices for heating system and upkeep, helpfulness and

marketplace rewards, in addition to an upcoming world for better live. The

International Commercial Board for Sustainable evolution specified that “Business

will have advantage from following sustainability by creating maximum

development by invention besides innovative marketplaces, in addition to price

effectiveness”. The advantage aimed at man and atmosphere is great excellence

existence.

The chief environmental factors are World-wide heating, Acidity, Eutrophication,

depletion of Ozone-layer, Poisonousness, reduction of resource. Whereas

production fresh steel, approximately more than two thirds the structural steel’s

involved energy can be kept and not used. Around 50% of the involved energy in

flammable production can be recycled to heat in addition further objectives. The

operative stage contains 85-95% of the life cycle power applications in tall

building.

Figure 15: Light weight steel framed construction (ArcelorMittal & LoGeCa, 2009)
When using Steel different systems in external walls is so effective when using it

properly. Agile steel frame joint with thermal isolation, stopper of wind, humidity

insulation will have a U-value less than 0,15 W/m2, K (= R > 7).
24
Recent knowledge illustrates that steel frames shall be designed to achieve a main

execution relating to thermal concert. International construction rules determine the

warmness flow limits for dissimilar kinds of structures. Furthermore, with regard to

heavyweight transportations, (excluding electrical trains operated by carbon-free energy),

produce SOX, CO2, HC NOX, in addition to more toxins, and apply limited remains

sources.

computing of power concert of constructions as stated by the E. P. D. be about to as a

minimum include the below:

1. thermal features of the structure cover contain wind-stiffness

2. solar heating setting up in addition to supply of hot water

3. air conditioning fixing

4. freshening and integral light setting up

5. location in addition to direction of structures, as well as outside weather

6. inactive solar equipment and solar defense.

7. Nonetheless, there are many opportunities for steel which shall be recognized. On

the other hand, many challenges are there to be included with the purpose of

securing a wealthy expansion with regard to sustainability matters for steel.

(ArcelorMittal & LoGeCa, 2009)

2.11 Analysis of cost and seismic performance of skyscrapers in UAE

through Ductile Attached Shear-Walls:
The higher mechanical features of extreme high behavior concrete

Enticed the attention of several investigators global. This article discovers an inclusive

assessment for performance of seismic in addition to analyzing the cost of four 60 floors

model structures. The strengths are 60, 150, 185 and 200 MPA.

25
The foremost outputs of this paper can be summarized as following:

1. Entirely structures displayed alike seismic retort nonetheless with lesser structural

members in UHPC structures.

2. A decrease of self-weight of the structure was noticed as well as a lesser value for

turn over moments for the UHPC structure equated to high strength concrete

structure and that consequence in cost saving in foundation’s design.

3. By growing the concrete strength from high-strength with 60-Mpa to the UHPC of

150-MPA, 185-MPA and 220-MPA, the over-all primary prices were decreased by

quarter, third and little above quarter respectively.

4. With regard to economical choices and resistance of seismic loads, the finest

outcome noticed when using the UHPC of 185-MPA concrete. Thus, this paper

mentions using the UHPC in skyscrapers rather than high strength one.

5. The decrease in price is related to lessening of dead-loads.

(Mohammad AlHamaydeh, et al., 2022)

26
 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction:

This chapter includes the method and strategy used to make structural analysis and design

for two skyscrapers (55 floors – 202 m height) constructed from reinforced concrete and

steel in Dubai, which are subjected to Seismic and Wind Loads in order to find out the

suitable structural elements, to estimate the total budget for construction of both buildings,

and to estimate the duration of construction for both structures in order to compare between

them.

Many papers have been reviewed and summarized regarding the earthquake load, wind

load in high rise building, Torsion irregularity, Rating P-Delta influence on skyscrapers,

Rapport among normal shaking period beside structure tallness for skyscraper, Evaluation

of Wind-output Dislocation of Structures with several horizontal forces withstanding

Schemes, Investigation on the Dynamical properties of low-weight Steel Housing

construction Schemes, sustainability of concrete and steel.

3.2 Research Strategy and Approach

To conduct the comparison between the two tall buildings which are made of Reinforced

concrete and steel, The ETAB, SAFE and Excel computer program has been used to model,

analyze, design the reinforced concrete skyscraper (55 stories). The codes which used are:

ACI 318 -19 for concrete design, AISC 360 -16 for steel design.

The foundations and staircases design are excluded from this study.

27
Table 1: The initial sizes for reinforced concrete members

from 1st floor to from 21st floor to from 41st floor to

20th Floor 40th Floor 55th Floor

Columns

size 1.0 m x 1.0 m 0.75 m x 0.75 m 0.6 m x 0.6 m

Wall

thickness 0.3 m 0.3 m 0.3 m

Beam size 0.6m x 0.3m 0.6m x 0.3m 0.6m x 0.3m

slab

thickness 0.25 m 0.25 m 0.25 m

The primary structural system which selected to resist the lateral loads (seismic and wind)

is consist of columns and shear walls which can be used for lifts and staircase (two of them

from 1st floor to 20th floor), (one of them from 1st floor to 40th floor) and the last one

(from 1st floor to 55th floor) as shown in the drawings.

3.3 The design codes and Material properties:

The code which is used for concrete design is ACI 318- 19 and for the steel is AISC 330-

16.

The concrete compressive strength = 60 Mpa.

The minimum yield strength fy for tendon = 1680 Mpa

The minimum yield strength fy for rebars = 416 Mpa

The minimum yield strength fy for steel structure elements = 344.74 Mpa
28
 3.4 Seismic load factors, and other loads values determination:

To determine the seismic factors values, the following shall be found:

Risk Category:

From the International Building Code (IBC) 2012 table 1604.5, the building is Category

III

Importance factor:

From the table 1.5-2, 𝐼𝐸 The importance factor = 1.25 for Risk Category III buildings

from the above schedule 1.5-2 of ASCE 7-10.

Site Coefficients:

From table 20.3-1, the assumption is that the soil is very dense, accordingly the site class

is C.

Spectral acceleration factors at 0.2 sec. and 1 sec. Ss and S1

From Dubai Municipality building code:

Ss= 0.51

S1= 0.18

Long period transition period =24

Table 2: Response Modification R, System over strength factor Omega, Deflection

amplification factor Cd

Response System over

Type of structure Modificatio strength factor

n (R) Omega Deflection

amplification

factor Cd

Concrete sky scraper -shear wall 4.5 2.5 4

29
 frame-No. F in the above table

Steel skyscraper (Steel and

concrete composite intermediate

moment frame) 5 3 4.5

Table 3: The loads, factors and wind speed which will be used in ETABS

Value Reference

4.79

Live Load KN/m2 Table 4-1 from ASCE 7 /10

Super Dead load 1 KN/m2

Cladding load 5 KN/m

Dubai Municipality building

Wind speed 45 m/s code

Earthquake load factors:

Dubai Municipality building

0.2 sec. spectrum accel. Ss 0.51 code

Dubai Municipality building

1 sec. spectrum accel. S1 0.18 code

Response Modification R 5 Table 12.2-1 from ASCE 7 /10

System over strengthening,

Omega 3 Table 12.2-1 from ASCE 7 /10

Deflection amplification, Cd 4.5 Table 12.2-1 from ASCE 7 /10

Occupancy Importance, I 1 from ASCE 7 /10

30
The live load, super dead load, wind load, and seismic loads are assigned in ETABs models

using the above values and factors.

The load combinations selected is the default combinations for concrete frame design,

shear wall design, concrete slab design and steel structure design.

Defining of Design strips:

The design strips which are consisting from column strip and middle strips are defined for

the post tension slabs in X and Y direction.

However, the benefit of defining the design strip is that the ETABs and Safe programs are

using them in locating the tendons and steel reinforcement.

Drawing the tendons for post tension:

The tendons in X direction are located in the grid lines which having 6m distance between

them, while the distance between the post tension tendons in Y direction was about 1m so

it results in two strands in each tendon.

Checking the models and running the analysis:

The design code for concrete tall building is ACI 318-14.

The model checked and found that there are no warning messages. Three slabs are selected

to be designed in ETABS which are the master floors in level 20, level 40 and level 55 and

all the other floors are similar to them.

The analysis and design are run, consequently, there are some beams, columns and walls

did not pass the design with the initial selected dimensions. Accordingly, the sizes are

increased with small dimension, and the analysis and design repeated many times for the

beams and columns, but also not passing the shear.

Accordingly, the structural resisting system for the concrete tall building is changed from

columns, and solid slabs with beams to Post tension slab with beams, and shear wall

concrete skyscraper which pass as shown in chapter 4.

31
There are typical floors from level 1 to 20 (54mx54m), then reducing the area to

(42mx42m) from level 21 to 40 (similar floors), and the last typical floors with decreasing

dimensions to (30mx30m) from level 41 to 55.

3.5 Post tension slab design by CSI Safe 2020 program

The CSI Safe program can be used in design of several types of slabs such as flat slab, slab

with beam, waffle slab, ribbed slab and foundation design. It is giving great detailing for

the design and analysis, and generating drawings, sections, tables for steel reinforcement,

tendons profile, number of strands, analysis results for each load combination, and

reactions.

However, Level 20 is selected to be designed by CSI Safe 2020 program using the post

tension slab and beams. Its file exported from ETABs with the same dimensions. Similar

steps which were done in the ETABS program are followed here in safe program by

defining the materials properties, loads, load combination, design strips, drawing the

tendons, checking the model and analysis and design. the results are presented in chapter

four.

3.6 Selection of steel member dimensions:

With regard to the design and analysis of steel tall building, the ETABs program is set to

select the structural elements (steel columns, main and secondary beams) automatically by

defining auto lists consisting from several sections from the ETABS tables which is from

the code, so the ETABS selected the specific members based on the different loads,

dimensions, height of building…etc.

Initially, the maximum displacement found more than one meter which shall not exceed
32
the below value:

Maximum displacement = Height/500 = 203.5m x 1000/500 =407 mm.

For that reason, a steel bracing was added in the external elevations and the columns made

as composite columns (reinforced concrete and steel section) till getting the maximum

displacement less than 407 mm.

However, the selected steel sections are presented in the results.

3.7 Using Microsoft Excel to compare the analysis results:

For comparison and results preview, the Microsoft excel used as shown in chapter 4 to

compare between the Lateral Loads to stories (KN), Maximum Story displacement (mm),

Maximum Story drifts (unitless), Story shear force (KN), Overturning moments (KN.m)

and the Story Stiffness (Kn/m), total duration and cost for the reinforced concrete and steel

tall buildings, by plotting diagrams that presented in the 4th unit.

33
 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

This unit includes the results for analysis and design of seismic and wind load of two

skyscrapers which are from reinforced concrete and steel, and both of them consist of 55

floors, in order to know the suitable structural elements (columns, beams and slabs), to

compare between them regarding the estimate of duration for constructing each building,

to evaluate the construction cost of each skyscraper. The discussion will cover the

comparison to give recommendation for the better option in details since it will help for

selection one of them.

The analysis and design are conducted using CSI ETABS and Safe programs. Moreover,

the results and comparison are presented by Excel.

4.1 Final computer design output:

The below are the 3D shape and plans of the reinforced concrete tall building that

designed by ETABS and Safe program for post tension slabs and beams.

34
Figure 16: The reinforced Concrete skyscraper (55 floors) 3D model.

Figure 17: Plan for level 1 to 20 of reinforced concrete skyscraper

35
 Figure 18: Plan for level 21 to 40 of reinforced concrete skyscraper

Figure 19: Plan for level 41 to 55 of reinforced concrete skyscraper

As mentioned previously, the overall dimensions for the two high rise buildings which are
made from reinforced concrete and steel are same with the below details:

 the slab dimensions of similar floors from (Level1 to level 20) are (54m x54m).

 the slab dimensions of similar floors from (Level21 to level 40) are (42m x42m).

 the slab dimensions of similar floors from (Level41 to level 55) are (30m x30m).
36
 Figure 20: The Steel skyscraper (55 floors) 3D model

Figure 21: Plan of steel tall building from level 1 to level 20

37
 Figure 22: Plan of steel tall building from level 21 to 40

Figure 23: Plan of steel tall building from level 41 to level 55

4.2 Design and Analysis results for Steel skyscraper

The ETABS Design program selected the Main beams and secondary beams automatically

as below final sections in the skyscraper, after many trials. With regard to the composite

columns, there are two types which mentioned in the below table:

38
Table 4: initial and final dimensions of Steel structure elements

Steel Initial section Final section dimension

structure dimension

elements

Comp. Colum.2 (1.0x0.6m), 8 T 25 rebars, W 14 x

W 24 x 162 500, C 60 concrete. From Level 1 to 20

Steel

columns From Level 1 to Comp. Colum.1 (0.9x0.6m), 8 T 20 rebars, W 14 x

55 500, C 60 concrete. From Level 21 to 55

W 30 x 148 Many sections are selected automatically by ETABS:

Main W14 x 370, W16 x45, W 21 x 44, W 18 x 35, W 27 x

beams 539, W 30 x 290,

secondary W 12 x 130 W 14 x 22 From Level 1 to 55

beams

Bracing at - W 14 x 61, W 16 x 40, W 18 x 76

external

elevations

Slab depth Slab depth 87.5mm, rib depth 75mm, shear stud dia.

87.5mm, rib 19mm

Deck slab depth 75mm,

shear stud dia.

19mm

39
4.3 Discussion of composite columns sizing:

Referring to the above schedule, all of the columns for steel skyscraper are designed as

composite columns (reinforced concrete + embedded steel I section), since the steel

columns are not passed due to high seismic and wind forces. However, the sizes of

composite columns in Level 1 to 20 are bigger than the one in Level 21 to 55 due to higher

shear forces and overturning moments.

Figure 24: Composite columns shape

4.4 Discussion of main beams sizing:

The ETABS program is set to select the sizes of main beams automatically from predefined

list based on the different forces and moments on the main beams, it chooses the most

economical section which is safe structurally. However, the main beams are almost similar

in all floors.

4.5 Discussion of secondary beams sizing:

The program selected only one size for all of the secondary beams in all floors which is

W 14 x 22 since it is safe for the Live and Dead Loads.

40
 4.6 Discussion of bracing at external elevations:

There are Three different steel sections which selected automatically by ETABs program

for the bracing in all external elevations from predefined list of different steel sections.

4.7 Analysis results for the reinforced concrete skyscraper and steel
skyscraper
The ETABS analyses results for the reinforced concrete and steel tall buildings are

summarized in the below tables:

Table 5: The Reinforced concrete structure analysis results

Reinforced Concrete structure analysis results

Story response Seismic X Seismic Y Wind X Wind Y

(Maximum values) direction direction direction direction

1 Auto Lateral Loads 1396.2 1396.2 393.6 393.6

to stories (KN)

2 Max. Story 26.3 25.8 10.4 10.4

displacement (mm)

3 Max. Story drifts 0.000628 0.000611 0.000214 0.000214

(unitless)

4 Story shear force 19689.2 19735.2 5784.4 5784.4

(KN)

5 Overturning 545528 1165329 209560 209560

moments (Kn.m)

6 Story Stiffness 73724551 74424608 78529482 78529482

(Kn/m)

41
Table 6: The Steel structure analysis result (storey response)

Steel structure analysis results

Story response Seismic X Seismic Y Wind X Wind Y

(Maximum values) direction direction direction direction

1 Auto Lateral Loads 713.8 713.8 172 411.4

to stories (KN)

2 Max. Story 390.48 350 73.5 122.6

displacement (mm)

3 Max. Story drifts 0.00364 0.00222 0.000751 0.0015

(unitless)

4 Story shear force 19425 19425 6768 16038

(KN)

5 Overturning 2700555 2700555 687445 1499686

moments (Kn.m)

6 Story Stiffness 8345914 8683600 11028668 12579813

(Kn/m)

4.8 Comparison charts for the analysis results for the concrete and steel
skyscrapers:
The below charts are reflecting the data from the tables above in order to compare

between the ETABS analysis results for the two tall buildings.

42
 Auto Lateral Loads to stories (KN)
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Concrete structure Steel Structure

Seismic X Seismic Y Wind X Wind Y

Figure 25: Auto Lateral Loads to stories (KN) in Concrete and steel skyscrapers

4.9 Discussion of Auto Lateral loads in steel and concrete buildings:

The auto lateral loads due to seismic loads are higher than the one from wind loads in

both skyscrapers. On the other hand, the lateral loads on the concrete building are in

excess of the one in the steel building.

Maximum Story displacement (mm)

Steel Structure

Concrete Structure

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Wind Y Wind X Seismic Y Srismic X

Figure 26: Maximum Story displacement (mm) in concrete and steel tall buildings

43
4.10 Discussion of maximum storey displacement:

The steel tower is having displacement higher than the concrete tower. However, the

displacement due to wind loads in X and Y directions are less than the one attributed to

seismic loads.

Maximum Story drifts (unitless)

Wind Y
0.004 Wind X
0.002 Seismic Y
Seismic X
0
Concrete Steel
structure structure

Seismic X Seismic Y Wind X Wind Y

Figure 27: Maximum Story drifts (unitless) in concrete and steel skyscrapers

4.11 Discussion of Story drifts of concrete and steel tall buildings:

All of the values of story drifts related to seismic and wind loads in X and Y directions

for the concrete and steel skyscrapers are less than the allowed value by ACI 318-19

which is 2.5%. However, the story drifts in the steel structure is more than the one in

concrete structure.

Story shear force (KN)

20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Concrete Structure Steel Structure

Seismic X Seismic Y Wind X Wind Y

44
 Figure 28: Story shear force (KN) in concrete and steel sky scrapers

Overturning moments (KN.m)

3000000

2500000

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000

0
Concrete Structure Steel Structure

Seismic X Seismic Y Wind X Wind Y

Figure 29: Overturning moments (KN.m) in concrete and steel structures

4.12 Discussion of overturning moments and shear forces:

The minimum overturning moments and shear forces are on the top of building and

increasing till the maximum at bottom. Moreover, their values due to wind loads are less

than the values due to seismic loads in X and Y directions.

Chart Title

100000000 Wind Y
Wind X
50000000 Seismic Y
Seismic X
0
Concrete Steel structure
Structure

Seismic X Seismic Y Wind X Wind Y

Figure 30: Story Stiffness (Kn/m) in concrete and steel tall building

45
 4.13 Discussion of story stiffness:
The story stiffness in concrete skyscraper is (6 to 8) times the story stiffness in steel

skyscraper due to seismic and wind loads in X and Y direction.

4.14 Calculation of Cost of steel skyscraper:

The average cost estimated per KG is AED 10

The Cost estimate of composite columns:

* The length of one column (height of floor) = 3.7 m, so the weight of W14 x 500 for

one column = 500 x 3.7 = 1850 kg

** Number of columns from level 21 to 55 (Number of columns in typical floors from

level 21 to 40 are 64 columns in each floor x 20 floors, and number of columns from

level 41 to 55 are 36 columns in each floor x 15 floors = (64 x 20 + 36 x 15) = 1820

columns

***length of one column (height of floor) = 3.7 m, so the weight of W14 x 500 for one

column = 500 x 3.7 = 1850 kg, therefor the weight of 1820 columns = 1850 x 1820

= 3367000 Kg

Composite Column 1 (0.9 x 0.6 m), 8 T 20 rebars, embedded steel column is W 14 x 500,

C 60 concrete. From Level 21 to 55

Composite Column 2 (1.0 x 0.6 m), 8 T 25 rebars, embedded steel column is W 14 x 500,

C 60 concrete. From Level 1 to 20

46
Table 7: Total volume of composite columns

reinforced concrete Number of total for embedded steel

volume in one columns volume column W 14 x 500

column(m3) B x L x from level for weight = 500 kg/m

H, where B=0.6, 1 to 20 concrete *weight of 2000

L=1, H= 3.7 m (100 in columns =

columns in composite 1850x2000=

each floor) column 2

(m3)

Comp.

Colum.2 2.22 2000 4440 3700000

reinforced concrete **Number total for embedded steel

volume in one of columns volume column W 14 x 500

column(m3) from level for weight = 500 kg/m

21 to 55 concrete *** weight of 1820

in columns =

composite 1850x1820=

column

1(m3)

Comp.

Colum.1 1.998 1820 3636.36 3367000

So, the total volume of reinforced concrete for 3820 composite columns (m3) = 8076.36

The weight of embedded W 14 x 500 in 3820 composite columns (kg) = 7067000

The average price for reinforced concrete per m3 = AED 1400, so the estimated cost for
47
 8076.36 m3 for the composite columns = AED 11306904

The average cost estimated per KG for steel elements is AED 10, so the cost of

embedded W14x500 in all columns = 7067000 x 10= 70670000

total cost of 3820 composite columns is = AED 81,976,904

The cost estimate of secondary beams W 12 x 130:

firstly: calculation of secondary beams number since they are typical in all floors

Table 8: number of secondary beams in all floors of steel building

number of secondary beams in number of typical total

each floor floors number

from level 1 243 20 4860

to 20

from level 21 147 20 2940

to 40

from level 41 75 15 1125

to 55

number of secondary beams in all floors 8925

To calculate the total weight and cost of secondary beams, weight of W 12 x 130 is 130

kg/m, and the length of each secondary beam is 6 m

Then total weight of all beams(kg) = 8925 x 6 x 130 = 6961500 kg

The estimated cost AED = 6961500 x 10 = AED 69,615,000

The cost estimate of main beams and bracing beams (calculated by ETABS):

There are several sections selected for design from auto select list which are mentioned in

the below schedule with number of pieces, total length of each type and weight in KN, then

the weight converted to kg.

48
Table 9: Total weight of main beams and bracing(kg)

Material List by Section Property

Section Object Number Length Weight Weight

Pieces
Type

m kN KG

W14X370 Beam 3370 20220 98504.311 10044644.3

W14X90 Brace 4 28.1965 37.1061 3783.769177

W14X68 Beam 4 24 19.8639 2025.554088

W14X61 Brace 444 3129.8064 2782.1182 283697.1035

W14X53 Beam 12 72 47.1013 4802.995926

W14X53 Brace 92 648.5184 502.4027 51230.81786

W14X48 Beam 40 240 142.0012 14480.09259

W14X48 Brace 172 1212.4475 848.9598 86569.80722

W14X43 Brace 990 6978.6223 4366.6192 445271.2394

W30X124 Beam 4 24 36.2517 3696.644624

W30X116 Beam 16 96 137.2279 13993.35145

W30X108 Beam 28 168 222.2793 22666.1806

W27X114 Beam 4 24 34.0388 3470.991623

W27X102 Beam 12 72 90.5795 9236.538471

W27X94 Beam 160 960 1112.3878 113431.9875

W24X84 Beam 8 48 50.0452 5103.190182

W24X76 Beam 32 192 181.5404 18511.96892

W24X62 Beam 76 456 346.701 35353.66308

W21X68 Beam 32 192 162.0896 16528.53931

49
W21X62 Beam 28 168 129.773 13233.16321

W18X60 Beam 8 48 35.6597 3636.277424

W18X55 Beam 6 36 24.6174 2510.27619

W18X50 Beam 20 120 73.7299 7518.357441

W24X55 Beam 214 1284 873.1923 89040.83454

W21X50 Beam 4 24 14.892 1518.561384

W18X35 Beam 1660 9960 4272.629 435686.9063

W21X44 Beam 466 2796 1518.6567 154859.8859

W16X36 Brace 6 42.2947 22.2637 2270.265585

W14X38 Beam 12 72 33.5939 3425.624449

W14X38 Brace 112 789.5007 439.1123 44776.99316

W14X34 Brace 190 1339.3315 665.1095 67822.29406

W14X30 Brace 1004 7077.3099 3110.4023 317172.7654

W14X22 Beam 8925 53550 17258.7465 1759902.362

W14X22 Brace 48 338.3574 109.05 11120.0053

W16X40 Beam 316 1896 936.0537 95450.91341

W16X40 Brace 82 578.0273 338.7158 34539.39929

W16X45 Beam 14 84 47.158 4808.777717

W16X50 Beam 46 276 170.8198 17418.77196

W16X67 Brace 8 56.3929 54.889 5597.120321

W18X76 Brace 8 56.3929 62.4503 6368.158342

W18X97 Beam 8 48 57.1783 5830.563954

W21X111 Beam 4 24 33.0258 3367.694371

W24X146 Beam 4 24 43.5616 4442.046978

50
 W27X146 Beam 4 24 42.9061 4375.204581

W27X258 Beam 4 24 77.0939 7861.389975

W27X336 Beam 4 24 100.4956 10247.69927

W27X368 Beam 4 24 110.4236 11260.07352

W27X539 Beam 12 72 473.7546 48309.52466

W30X173 Beam 44 264 564.1792 57530.26773

W30X191 Beam 24 144 336.5386 34317.38667

W30X211 Beam 16 96 248.742 25364.62502

W30X235 Beam 12 72 209.2386 21336.39928

W30X292 Beam 8 48 172.5381 17593.98979

Total weight of main beams and 14509013.31

bracing(kg)

The price of main beams and bracing beams (AED 10/kg)

= 14509013.31 x 10 = AED 145,090,133.1

Average of price for decking slab considered is AED 65 /m2

Table 10: The cost Estimate of decking slabs

area of one floor number of typical total area

(m2) floors

from level 1 to 20 (54 x 2916 20 58320

54 m)

from level 21 to 40 (42 x 1764 20 35280

42 m)

51
 from level 41 to 55 (30 x 900 15 13500

30 m)

Summation of area for deck slab in all floors 107100

Cost of decking slab in all floors (AED) AED

6,961,500

Table 11: Total cost of steel skyscraper

Item Cost (AED)

Composite columns 81,976,904

Secondary beam 69,615,000

Main beams and bracing beams 145,090,133.10

Deck slabs 6,961,500

Total (AED) 303,643,537

Accordingly, total estimated cost for steel skyscraper is AED 303,643,537

4.15 The Cost calculation of concrete skyscraper

Table 12: The Cost estimation of Post tension slabs and beams

PT slab Area per Area of Unit price per Total Price

area floor m2 typical floors m2 (AED) (AED)

From level 1 2916 58320 500 29160000

to 20

From level 1764 35280 500 17640000

21 to 40

52
 From level 900 13500 500 6750000

41 to 55

Total cost (AED) 53,550,000

Table 13: The Cost estimation of the Shear walls for staircases and Lifts

Area of one Area of total Volu Price total

wall in one 3 walls height of me for one price

floor 55 floors m3 m3 (AED)

From 9.6 28.8 203.5 5860 1400 8,205,12

level 1 to .8 0

55

Table 14: The Cost estimation of Shear walls at corner of each floor (4 shear walls at
corner L shape)

Area walls in Numbe Heigh Vol Price Total

of each r of t of ume for price

wall floor floors floor m3 one m3 (AED)

m2

From 2.4 12 20 3.7 213 1400 2983680

level 1 1.2

to 20

From 2.4 8 20 3.7 142 1400 1989120

level 21 0.8

to 40

From 2.4 4 15 3.7 532. 1400 745920

level 41 8

53
 to 55

Total price (AED) 5,718,7

20

Table 15: The Cost estimate of Shear walls rectangular shape

Area walls in Numbe Heigh Vol Price Total

of wall each r of t of ume for one price

m2 floor floors floor m3 m3 (AED)

From 1.5 76 20 3.7 843 1400 118104

level 1 6 00

to 20

From 1.5 44 20 3.7 488 1400 683760

level 21 4 0

to 40

From 1.5 20 15 3.7 166 1400 233100

level 41 5 0

to 55

Total price (AED) 20,979,

000

54
Table 16: Total cost of reinforced concrete tall building

Total cost of concrete tall building: Cost

Post tension slabs and beams 53,550,000

Shear walls for staircases and Lifts 8,205,120

Shear walls at corner of each floor (4 shear walls at corner L

shape) 5,718,720.00

Shear walls rectangular shape 20,979,000.00

AED

Total 88,452,840

So, the total estimated cost for concrete skyscraper is AED 88,452,840

Cost comparison
350000000
300000000
250000000
200000000
150000000
100000000
50000000
0
Steel structure Concrete

Figure 31: cost comparison between the reinforced concrete and steel skyscrapers

4.16 Discussion of cost comparison:

The estimated total cost of concrete 55 floors structure is AED 88,452,840, while the cost

of steel building is AED 303,643,537

The cost estimate of steel tall building is more than three times the cost estimate of the

concrete one.

55
 4.17 Roughly Construction Time estimate for construction of the
reinforced Concrete Skyscraper:

The time estimate for construction of 55 floors skyscraper, which has three ranges of

typical floors, including casting shear walls, and Post tension slabs with beams as below:

Table 17: Total duration for constructing the reinforced concrete tall building

Time for one floor Total period

Area (m2)
(days) (days)

From Level 1 to level 54x54 m= 2916

14 280
2
20 m

From Level 21 to
42x42= 1764 m2 10 200
level40

From Level 41 to
30x30 = 900 m2 8 120
level55

Total duration for constructing the reinforced concrete tall

600 days
building

4.18 Roughly Construction Time Estimate for construction of the steel

skyscraper:
The time estimate for construction of 55 floors skyscraper, which has three ranges of

typical floors, including erection of steel columns, main beams, secondary beams and

decking slabs as per below.

56
Table 18: Total duration for constructing the steel tall building

Area (m2) Time for one Total period

floor(days)

From Level 1 to 54 x54 m= 2916 9 = 9 x 20 =180

level20 m2

From Level 21 to 42 x 42= 1764 7 = 7 x 20 =140

level 40 m2

From Level 41 to 30 x 30 = 900 m2 6 = 6 x 15 = 90

level 55

Total duration for constructing the steel tall building 410 days

The above time estimate excluding Authority approvals, fabrication and foundation

Time (Days)
700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
Steel building Concrete building

Steel building Concrete building

Figure 32: Comparison between the construction time of reinforced concrete and
steel tall building

4.19 Discission of Time of construction:

The Estimated time for construction of Steel skyscraper found 410 days, whereas the

57
estimated time for Concrete structure found 600 days.

Hence, the time estimate of constructing the concrete skyscraper is about one and half the

one of steel structure.

4.20 ETABS design output for one of the shear walls in the
skyscraper
ETABS Shear Wall Design

ACI 318-19 Pier Design Pier Details

Story Pier Centroid X (mm) Centroid Y Length Thickness (mm) LLRF

Story41 P55 30000 12000 3000 400 0.43
ID ID (mm) (mm)

Table 19: Material Properties

Ec (MPa) f'c (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)

24855.58 60 1 413.69 413.69

Table 20: Design Code Parameters

ϕT ϕC ϕv ϕv (Seismic) IPMAX IPMIN PMAX
0.9 0.65 0.75 0.6 0.04 0.0025 0.8

Table 21: Flexural Design for Pu, Mu2 and Mu3

Station Require Require Curren Flexural Pu kN Mu2 kN- Mu3 Pier Ag

Locatio
Top d 3000
Rebar d
0.0025 t
0.0026 Combo
UDWalS1 3465.332 m
166.512 kN-m
- mm²
120000
Bottom 3000 0.0025 0.0026 UDWalS1 3549.028 - 15.069 120000
n Area Reinf Reinf 8 7 8 18.388 0
8 9 235.329 6 0
(mm²) Ratio Table 22: Shear Design
Ratio 7
8
Station ID Rebar Shear Pu kN Mu kN-m Vu kN ϕVc kN ϕVn kN

Location
Top Leg mm²/m Combo
1000 UDWalS11 5945.5282 698.6768 384.2968 1389.2771 2133.911
Bottom Leg 1000 UDWalS11 6081.5345 2131.7459 384.2968 1389.2771 2133.911
1
1

58
 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This dissertation is about Structural analysis and design to find out the suitable structural

elements for two tall buildings consisting of 55 floors in Dubai, which are designed from

reinforced concrete and steel to resist the seismic and wind loads.

Moreover, it includes calculation of the total cost, and estimation of total duration of

construction of each skyscraper, in order to make comparison between the reinforced

concrete structure and the steel a structure of the above mentioned tall residential

building. However, there are few references, journal writing about the same topic.

5.1 Conclusion of Structural analysis and Design results

This study contains a comprehensive investigation for the requirements of lateral loads

(seismic and wind loads) of the two skyscrapers from concrete and steel which are

consist of 55 floors is reflected in this dissertation.

However, both of the structures passed the design with different results due to difference

in materials and codes used for the design. The design output is mentioned in the attached

appendixes.

5.2 Conclusion of Lateral loads results:

The lateral loads in Steel frame due to Seismic and wind loads found about 400 KN

which are near to the values for wind load in concrete structure, however it is found in

concrete due to seismic load about 1400 KN which is 3.5 times more than the one in steel

structure.

59
 5.3 Conclusion of Maximum Story displacement

The maximum displacement of concrete structure due to earthquake loads found two and

half time the one due to wind load. On the other hand, the extreme displacements in steel

structure due to seismic in X direction, wind X and wind Y, are almost equals, while the

displacement due to seismic load in Y direction found near to three times the value for

the other cases.

Generally, the concrete structure displacements due to seismic and wind loads about 6%

of the steel structure displacements

5.4 Conclusion of maximum story drifts

With regard to the maximum story drifts in the reinforced concrete skyscraper, it is found

that the drift due to seismic load is almost three times the one due to wind load.

Furthermore, the values of story drift in the steel skyscraper due to wind load in X and Y

direction are equal, while the value is little more due to seismic load, but three times due

to seismic in Y direction

5.5 Conclusion of maximum shear forces:

The maximum shear forces in the reinforced concrete tall building due to wind load in X

and Y direction are equal, however, it is about quarter the value due to Seismic load in X

and Y direction.

Moreover, the shear forces in the steel tall building due to wind load is more than the

values due to seismic loads.

Nonetheless, the maximum shear force in concrete tall building is 1.14 times the one in
60
steel tall building.

5.6 Conclusion of maximum overturning moment:

The maximum overturning moments values in the reinforced concrete structure due to

seismic in Y direction found more than double the value due to seismic in X direction,

and more than 5.5 times the value due to wind load.

On the other hand, the maximum overturning moment values in steel structure are equals

for the seismic in X and Y directions and also equal for the wind load in both dictions.

However, the values due to wind are higher than the values due to earthquake loads.

Generally, the maximum overturning moment in steel structure is near to one and half the

one in concrete structure.

5.7 Conclusion of maximum story stiffness:

The story stiffness due to wind load is equal in the reinforced concrete structure and greater than

the value due to seismic load.

Nevertheless, the story stiffness values in the steel structure due to seismic in X direction is

almost six times the value resulted from seismic load in Y direction.

Overall, the maximum story stiffness of the reinforced concrete structure is more than 20 times

the one in steel tall building.

5.8 Availability of Raw materials:

The reinforced concrete materials (cement, aggregates, admixtures, reinforcement rebars) and

steel structure materials are available in Dubai.

61
 5.9 Conclusion of construction duration comparison:

By assuming good construction conditions of construction of both skyscrapers (reinforced

concrete and steel), without any issues, and with availability of the required resources, materials,

and fund, it is found that the roughly estimate duration for constructing the reinforced concrete

tall building is 600 days, and for steel skyscraper is 410 days. Hence, this mean that the duration

of construction of steel building is shorter than the one for constructing the reinforced concrete by

190 days, or it can be said that the total period of steel building is 68% of the concrete one.

5.10The answers to the research questions:

The questions of research will be answered in this part from the results of analysis and

design conducted in this research.

The first Research question:

What are the suitable design and members sections for the reinforced concrete and steel

tall buildings to withstand the seismic and wind loads in Dubai? With regard to the

member sections for the concrete skyscraper (55 floors), located in Dubai in order to

withstand seismic and wind load in X and Y direction, the following is the answer for the

concrete and steel buildings

The Suitable design and members sections for the reinforced concrete skyscraper:

In the beginning, there were many trials to design the vertical elements as columns but

not pass the design, hence most of the vertical elements are designed as shear walls with

40 cm thickness and the length is shown in the drawings, moreover, there are other

rectangular shear walls for staircase and lifts which presented in chapter 4.

The Post tension slab with thickness of 20 cm and beams which design by (SAFE 20), the

62
design details shown in the appendix.

The Suitable design and member sections for steel skyscraper:

After performing many trials of designing and analyzing the steel tall building, and

regarding the columns it is found that the normal steel sections did not pass the design

due to the heigh lateral loads (seismic and wind loads).

Therefore, two composite columns which consist of reinforced concrete and embedded

steel I section are passed the design. However, their details as following:

The Composite Column 1 (0.9x0.6m), 8 T 20 rebars, embedded steel column is W 14 x

500, C 60 concrete. From Level 21 to 55

The Composite Column2 (1.0x0.6m), 8 T 25 rebars, embedded steel column is W 14 x

500, C 60 concrete. From Level 1 to 20.

The bracing, main and secondary beams are steel sections W with different sizes as

explained in chapter 4.

The Deck slab consist of corrugated metal sheet, shear studs and C 60 concrete as shown

in the appendix.

The Second Research question:

What is the estimated budget for constructing reinforced concrete skyscraper and steel

skyscraper to resist the earthquake and wind loads in Dubai? Which one is more

expensive (concrete skyscraper or steel skyscraper)?

The cost calculation and comparison are excluding the cost of foundations, staircase, lift,

and finishing materials.

However, the cost calculation and comparison done after computing the total price of

reinforced concrete and steel 55 floors buildings, which are having the same dimensions

and subjected to seismic, wind, live and dead loads. However, the difference is only in

the construction materials. The two skyscrapers are designed from the reinforced
63
concrete and steel materials since this is the best-known materials suitable for tall

buildings to resist the above-mentioned loads in Dubai.

The results of the cost comparison shows that the total budget for construction of the steel

skyscraper cost is AED 303,643,537, while the total budget for construction of concrete

skyscraper cost is AED 88,452,840, and that mean the total cost of steel building is more

than 3.4 times the cost of concrete building.

The third Research question:

What is the period for constructing the reinforced concrete skyscraper and steel

skyscraper to resist the earthquake and wind loads in Dubai?

The estimated total duration to construct the above-mentioned steel sky scraper is 410

days, while the period to construct the reinforced concrete tall building is 600 days.

5.11Recommendations:

There are pros and cons for concrete structure and steel structure which mentioned in

chapter 1. However, due to the significant difference in cost of materials, the steel structure

cost is more than 6 times the concrete structure, While the duration of constructing the

Concrete is longer than the steel by about one and half time.

So, it is recommended to use the concrete if there is money constrain, and to use steel if

there is time constrain. Moreover, the designer must study all of constrains which

contributed and influenced in selection of the best construction materials and structural systems

to take the correct decision.

5.12Areas of upcoming researches:

There are very few researches which comparing between the design and analysis results
64
for steel and concrete materials in high rise structures.

This study is about finding the suitable design and members sections for the concrete and

steel tall buildings, in addition to comparing the cost of both buildings.

However, there are many subjects of upcoming researches related to the same subject

such as but not limited to:

Comparing between the sustainability of steel and concrete buildings.

Comparing between the fire resistance of steel and concrete buildings

Comparing between the Durability of steel and concrete buildings.

65
 REFERENCES

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Emerging Developments for Contemporary Urban Giants. Buildings 2018,, 8(104), p. 1.
Al-Kodmany, K., 2018. The Sustainability of Tall Building Developments A Conceptual
Framework. Buildings , Volume 8010007, p. 3.
ArcelorMittal & LoGeCa, 2009. Sustainability of buildings made of steel. Conference:
Meed Conference on EnvironmentAt: Dubai, pp. 1-15.
Chinwuba Arum1, & Akinloye Akinkunmi, 2011. Comparison of Wind-Induced
Displacement Characteristics of Buildings with Different Lateral Load Resisting Systems.
Scientific Resarch, 3(33028), pp. 236-247.
Dhadve, P. et al., 2015. Assessment of P-Delta Effect on High Rise Buildings.
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication,
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Engineers, A. S. o. C., n.d. Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings
and Other Structures. 22 ed. s.l.:American Society of Civil Engineers.
Gu¨nay O¨ zmen, Konuralp Girgin & Yavuz Durgun, 2014. Torsional irregularity in multi-
story structures. Int J Adv Struct Eng, Volume 6:121, p. 122 to 131.
Hajek, P., 2017. Concrete Structures for Sustainability in a Changing World.
ScienceDirect, Volume 171, pp. 207-2014.
I.Anusha & U.Arun Kumar , December, 2016. ANALYSIS OF A STEEL BUILDING
AGAINST EARTHQUAKE LOADS. IJESRT: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY, Volume 5(12), p. 228.
Imad Shakir Abbood; Mohammed Ahmed Jasim; Sardasht S. Weli, 2021. High Rise
Buildings: Design, Analysis, and Safety ‒ An Overview. International Journal of
Architectural Engineering Technology, Volume 1-13, p. 1.
Mohammad AlHamaydeh, Mohamed Elkafrawy & Shaziya Banu , 2022. Seismic
Performance and Cost Analysis of UHPC Tall Buildings in UAE with Ductile Coupled
Shear Walls. MDPI Materials, 14 April, 15(5), p. 1 to 23.
P.G, D. Y. Patil, Lohegaon & D. Y., 2016. Wind Analysis of High Rise Building with
Different Bracing Systems. International Journal of Advanced Research in
Science,Engineering and Technology, 3(4), pp. 1923-1930.
Peifu Xu, Congzhen Xiao & Jianhui Li, 2014. Relationship between natural vibration
period and structural height for high rise building in China.. International Lournal of
highris building , Volume 3, p. 50 to 64.

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S. S. Charantimath; Swapnil B.Cholekar; Manjunath M. Birje, 2014. Comparative Study
on Structural Parameter of R.C.C and Composite Building. The International Institute for
Science, Technology and Education (IISTE), 6(6), p. 98.
Szolomicki, Jerzy; Hanna Golasz-Szolomicka, 2019. Technological Advances and Trends
in Modern High-Rise Buildings. Buildings 2019,, p. 1.
Wenwei Yang & Qili Yang, 2017. Study on the Dynamic Characteristics of Light Steel
Residential Structural System. Scintific Research Publishing - Engineering, Volume 9, pp.
591-598.
Y. Abu-Zidan, et al., 2022. Wind Design of Tall Buildings: The State of the Art. Electronic
Journal of Structural Engineering, Volume 1, pp. 53-58.
Zhandong, N., 2021. Stability Analysis of High-Rise Steel Structure Joints Based on BIM
Technology. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 636(012001), pp.
1-7.
Zhang Xiang-Dong*,, Fan Shi-Xing, & Wang Pu and Guan Jian, 2013. Study on Stability
of Tall Buildings Under Earthquake. The Open Civil Engineering Journal, Volume 7, pp.
237, 241.

67
 APPENDIX

Appendix A- Results of post tension slab and beam design

The below results for Post tension slab and design for level 20 by SAFE-CSI rev.20

Figure 33: Sample of Beam reinforcement section

Figure 34: sample of Tendon distribution plan in post tension slabs

68
 Figure 35: Sample of tendon profile
Table 23: Concrete Beam Design Summary - ACI 318-19 for some of beams
Unique Design Sect Status As As As Bot As Min As Bot AsTop AsBot

Name Min Top Combo Bot Total Total

Top

mm² mm² mm² mm² mm² mm²

B1 PT beam 0.4x No 215 2152 DConS2 2160 2160 2152 2160

0.9 Message 2

B2 PT beam 0.4x No 216 2160 DConS2 2160 2160 2160 2160

0.9 Message 0

B4 PT beam 0.4x No 216 2160 DConS2 2160 2160 2160 2160

0.9 Message 0

B5 PT beam 0.4x No 215 2151 DConS2 2156 2156 2151 2156

0.9 Message 1

B6 PT beam 0.4x No 215 2156 DConS2 2160 2160 2156 2160

0.9 Message 6

B21 PT beam 0.4x No 216 2160 DConS2 2160 2160 2160 2160

0.9 Message 0

B98 PT beam 0.4x No 201 2013 DConS2 0 0 2013 1264

0.9 Message 3

B90 PT beam 0.4x No 0 0 DConS2 2098 2098 0 2098

0.9 Message

B166 PT beam 0.4x No 0 0 DConS2 2158 2158 0 2158

0.9 Message

B107 PT beam 0.4x No 0 0 DConS2 2159 2159 0 2159

0.9 Message

69
 Shear wall Pier Design summary

Table 24: Shear Wall Pier Design Summary - ACI 318-14

Story Pier Station Edge End Rebar Required Current Pier Leg Thickness Shear

Labe Rebar Rebar Spacin Reinf. Reinf. Rebar

l g Percentage Percentage

mm % % mm mm²/

Story20 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.46 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story20 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story19 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story19 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story18 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story18 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story17 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story17 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story16 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story16 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story15 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story15 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story14 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story14 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story13 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story13 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story12 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story12 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

70
Story11 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story11 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story10 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story10 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story9 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story9 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story8 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story8 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story7 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story7 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story6 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story6 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story5 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story5 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story4 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story4 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story3 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story3 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story2 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story2 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story1 P30 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story1 P30 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

71
Story20 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.46 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story20 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story19 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story19 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story18 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story18 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story17 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story17 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story16 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story16 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story15 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story15 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story14 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story14 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story13 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story13 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story12 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story12 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story11 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story11 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story10 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story10 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

72
Story9 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story9 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story8 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story8 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story7 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story7 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story6 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story6 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story5 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story5 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story4 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story4 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story3 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story3 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story2 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story2 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story1 P33 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story1 P33 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story20 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story20 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story19 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story19 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

73
Story18 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story18 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story17 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story17 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story16 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story16 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story15 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story15 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story14 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story14 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story13 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story13 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story12 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story12 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story11 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story11 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story10 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story10 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story9 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story9 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story8 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story8 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

74
Story7 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story7 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story6 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story6 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story5 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story5 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story4 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story4 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story3 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story3 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story2 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story2 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story1 P58 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story1 P58 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story20 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story20 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story19 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story19 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story18 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story18 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story17 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story17 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

75
Story16 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story16 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story15 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story15 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story14 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story14 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story13 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story13 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story12 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story12 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story11 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story11 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story10 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story10 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story9 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story9 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story8 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story8 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story7 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story7 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story6 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story6 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

76
Story5 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story5 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story4 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story4 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story3 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story3 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story2 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story2 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story1 P73 Top 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Top Leg 500 1250

Story1 P73 Botto 14 14 250 0.25 0.3 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story20 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story20 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story20 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story20 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story19 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story19 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story19 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story19 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story18 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story18 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story18 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story18 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

77
Story17 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story17 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story17 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story17 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story16 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story16 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story16 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story16 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story15 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story15 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story15 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story15 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story14 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story14 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story14 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story14 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story13 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story13 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story13 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story13 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story12 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story12 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

78
Story12 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story12 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story11 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story11 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story11 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story11 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story10 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story10 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story10 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story10 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story9 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story9 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story9 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story9 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story8 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story8 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story8 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story8 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story7 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story7 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story7 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story7 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

79
Story6 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story6 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story6 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story6 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story5 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story5 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story5 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story5 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story4 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story4 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story4 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story4 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story3 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story3 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story3 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story3 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story2 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story2 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story2 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story2 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story1 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story1 P129 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

80
Story1 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story1 P129 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story20 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story20 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story20 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story20 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story19 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story19 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story19 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story19 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story18 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story18 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story18 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story18 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story17 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story17 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story17 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story17 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story16 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story16 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story16 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story16 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

81
Story15 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story15 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story15 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story15 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story14 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story14 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story14 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story14 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story13 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story13 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story13 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story13 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story12 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story12 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story12 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story12 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story11 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story11 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story11 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story11 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story10 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story10 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

82
Story10 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story10 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story9 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story9 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story9 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story9 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story8 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story8 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story8 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story8 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story7 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story7 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story7 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story7 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story6 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story6 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story6 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story6 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story5 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story5 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story5 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story5 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

83
Story4 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story4 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story4 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story4 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story3 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story3 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story3 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story3 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

Story2 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story2 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story2 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story1 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story1 P130 Top 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Top Leg 500 1250

Story1 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 1

Story1 P130 Botto 20 20 250 0.25 0.54 Bottom 500 1250

m Leg 2

84
 Analysis Results:

Base Reactions from ETABS output

Table 25: Base Reactions

Output Case Type FX FY FZ MX MY MZ

Case

kN kN kN kN-m kN-m kN-m

Dead LinStatic 0 0 424778.334 11434177 -11482091 0.000002207

Live LinStatic 0 0 484556.4 13026118 -13083023 0.000003795

SDead LinStatic 0 0 169948.8 4568659.2 -4588618 0.000001331

EQ X LinStatic - 0 0 0.000001774 -1420008 276427.384

10283.9449

EQ Y LinStatic 0 -10283.945 0 1420008.109 - -

0.000003502 277803.6252

Wx LinStatic -17337.12 0 0 0.000001221 -1688714 468102.2403

WY LinStatic -17337.12 0 0 0.000001221 -1688714 468102.2403

WY LinStatic 0 - 0 1688713.936 - -

17337.1201 0.000004377 468102.2424

WY LinStatic -13002.84 0 0 0.00002563 -1266535 264602.8064

WY LinStatic -13002.84 0 0 -0.0000238 -1266535 437550.5541

WY LinStatic 0 - 0 1266535.452 - -

13002.8401 0.000003254 437550.5556

WY LinStatic 0 - 0 1266535.452 - -264602.808

13002.8401 0.000003312

WY LinStatic -13002.84 13002.8401 0 -1266535 -1266535 702153.3621

WY LinStatic -13002.84 - 0 1266535.452 -1266535 -0.0016

13002.8401

WY LinStatic -9760.7986 9760.7986 0 -950745.946 - 397257.0145

950745.9412

WY LinStatic -9760.7986 9760.7986 0 -950745.946 - 656909.233

950745.9412

WY LinStatic -9760.7986 -9760.7986 0 950745.946 - -

950745.9412 129826.1104

WY LinStatic -9760.7986 -9760.7986 0 950745.946 - 129826.1081

950745.9412

Cladding LinStatic 0 0 34164 930312 -931626 -9.598E-07

DCmcS1 Combination 0 0 832617.9876 22403971 -22498992 0.000004953

DCmcS2 Combination 0 0 1488962.801 40045192 -40217687 0.00001032

DCmcS3 Combination -17337.12 0 1198228.961 32229521 -34056587 468102.2403

DCmcS4 Combination 17337.12 0 1198228.961 32229521 -30679159 -

468102.2403

DCmcS5 Combination 0 13002.8401 1198228.961 33918235 -32367873 702153.3621

DCmcS5 Combination -17337.12 - 1198228.961 30962986 -34056587 -

85
 17337.1201 468102.2424

DCmcS6 Combination 17337.12 17337.1201 1198228.961 33496057 -30679159 468102.2424

DCmcS6 Combination 0 - 1198228.961 30540808 -32367873 -702153.362

13002.8401

DCmcS7 Combination -17337.12 0 535254.4206 14402553 -16152352 468102.2403

DCmcS8 Combination 17337.12 0 535254.4206 14402553 -12774924 -

468102.2403

DCmcS9 Combination 0 13002.8401 535254.4206 16091267 -14463638 702153.3621

DCmcS9 Combination -17337.12 - 535254.4206 13136017 -16152352 -

17337.1201 468102.2424

DCmcS10 Combination 17337.12 17337.1201 535254.4206 15669088 -12774924 468102.2424

DCmcS10 Combination 0 - 535254.4206 12713839 -14463638 -

13002.8401 702153.3621

DCmcS11 Combination - 0 1257701.674 33829805 -35394952 276427.384

10283.9449

DCmcS12 Combination 10283.9449 0 1257701.674 33829805 -32554936 -276427.384

DCmcS13 Combination 0 -10283.945 1257701.674 35249813 -33974944 -

277803.6252

DCmcS14 Combination 0 10283.945 1257701.674 32409797 -33974944 277803.6252

DCmcS15 Combination - 0 475781.7072 12802269 -14276575 276427.384

10283.9449

DCmcS16 Combination 10283.9449 0 475781.7072 12802269 -11436559 -276427.384

DCmcS17 Combination 0 -10283.945 475781.7072 14222277 -12856567 -

277803.6252

DCmcS18 Combination 0 10283.945 475781.7072 11382261 -12856567 277803.6252

DSlbS1 Combination 0 0 832617.9876 22403971 -22498992 0.000004953

DSlbS2 Combination 0 0 1488962.801 40045192 -40217687 0.00001032

DSlbS3 Combination -17337.12 0 1198228.961 32229521 -34056587 468102.2403

DSlbS4 Combination 17337.12 0 1198228.961 32229521 -30679159 -

468102.2403

DSlbS5 Combination 0 13002.8401 1198228.961 33918235 -32367873 702153.3621

DSlbS5 Combination -17337.12 - 1198228.961 30962986 -34056587 -

17337.1201 468102.2424

DSlbS6 Combination 17337.12 17337.1201 1198228.961 33496057 -30679159 468102.2424

DSlbS6 Combination 0 - 1198228.961 30540808 -32367873 -702153.362

13002.8401

DSlbS7 Combination -17337.12 0 535254.4206 14402553 -16152352 468102.2403

DSlbS8 Combination 17337.12 0 535254.4206 14402553 -12774924 -

468102.2403

DSlbS9 Combination 0 13002.8401 535254.4206 16091267 -14463638 702153.3621

DSlbS9 Combination -17337.12 - 535254.4206 13136017 -16152352 -

17337.1201 468102.2424

DSlbS10 Combination 17337.12 17337.1201 535254.4206 15669088 -12774924 468102.2424

DSlbS10 Combination 0 - 535254.4206 12713839 -14463638 -

86
 13002.8401 702153.3621

DSlbS11 Combination - 0 1257701.674 33829805 -35394952 276427.384

10283.9449

DSlbS12 Combination 10283.9449 0 1257701.674 33829805 -32554936 -276427.384

DSlbS13 Combination 0 -10283.945 1257701.674 35249813 -33974944 -

277803.6252

DSlbS14 Combination 0 10283.945 1257701.674 32409797 -33974944 277803.6252

DSlbS15 Combination - 0 475781.7072 12802269 -14276575 276427.384

10283.9449

DSlbS16 Combination 10283.9449 0 475781.7072 12802269 -11436559 -276427.384

DSlbS17 Combination 0 -10283.945 475781.7072 14222277 -12856567 -

277803.6252

DSlbS18 Combination 0 10283.945 475781.7072 11382261 -12856567 277803.6252

DSlbI1 Combination 0 0 424778.334 11434177 -11482091 0.000002207

DSlbN1 Combination 0 0 594727.134 16002837 -16070709 0.000003538

DSlbN2 Combination 0 0 1079283.534 29028954 -29153732 0.000007333

DSlbL1 Combination 0 0 594727.134 16002837 -16070709 0.000003538

DSlbL2 Combination 0 0 837005.334 22515895 -22612220 0.000005435

DStlS1 Combination 0 0 880447.5876 23706408 -23803269 0.000003609

DStlS2 Combination 0 0 1529959.601 41161566 -41335638 0.000009166

DStlS3 Combination -17337.12 0 1239225.761 33345896 -35174538 468102.2403

DStlS4 Combination 17337.12 0 1239225.761 33345896 -31797111 -

468102.2403

DStlS5 Combination 0 13002.8401 1239225.761 35034610 -33485825 702153.3621

DStlS5 Combination -17337.12 - 1239225.761 32079360 -35174538 -

17337.1201 468102.2424

DStlS6 Combination 17337.12 17337.1201 1239225.761 34612431 -31797111 468102.2424

DStlS6 Combination 0 - 1239225.761 31657182 -33485825 -

13002.8401 702153.3621

DStlS7 Combination -17337.12 0 566002.0206 15239834 -16990815 468102.2403

DStlS8 Combination 17337.12 0 566002.0206 15239834 -13613387 -

468102.2403

DStlS9 Combination 0 13002.8401 566002.0206 16928548 -15302101 702153.3621

DStlS9 Combination -17337.12 - 566002.0206 13973298 -16990815 -

17337.1201 468102.2424

DStlS10 Combination 17337.12 17337.1201 566002.0206 16506369 -13613387 468102.2424

DStlS10 Combination 0 - 566002.0206 13551120 -15302101 -

13002.8401 702153.3621

DStlS11 Combination - 0 1302114.874 35039211 -36606066 276427.384

10283.9449

DStlS12 Combination 10283.9449 0 1302114.874 35039211 -33766050 -276427.384

DStlS13 Combination 0 -10283.945 1302114.874 36459219 -35186058 -

277803.6252

DStlS14 Combination 0 10283.945 1302114.874 33619203 -35186058 277803.6252

87
DStlS15 Combination - 0 503112.9072 13546519 -15021876 276427.384

10283.9449

DStlS16 Combination 10283.9449 0 503112.9072 13546519 -12181860 -276427.384

DStlS17 Combination 0 -10283.945 503112.9072 14966527 -13601868 -

277803.6252

DStlS18 Combination 0 10283.945 503112.9072 12126511 -13601868 277803.6252

DStlD1 Combination 0 0 628891.134 16933149 -17002335 0.000002578

DStlD2 Combination 0 0 1113447.534 29959266 -30085358 0.000006373

DConS1 Combination 0 0 880447.5876 23706408 -23803269 0.000003609

DConS2 Combination 0 0 1529959.601 41161566 -41335638 0.000009166

DConS3 Combination -17337.12 0 1239225.761 33345896 -35174538 468102.2403

DConS4 Combination 17337.12 0 1239225.761 33345896 -31797111 -

468102.2403

DConS5 Combination 0 13002.8401 1239225.761 35034610 -33485825 702153.3621

DConS5 Combination -17337.12 - 1239225.761 32079360 -35174538 -

17337.1201 468102.2424

DConS6 Combination 17337.12 17337.1201 1239225.761 34612431 -31797111 468102.2424

DConS6 Combination 0 - 1239225.761 31657182 -33485825 -

13002.8401 702153.3621

DConS7 Combination -17337.12 0 566002.0206 15239834 -16990815 468102.2403

DConS8 Combination 17337.12 0 566002.0206 15239834 -13613387 -

468102.2403

DConS9 Combination 0 13002.8401 566002.0206 16928548 -15302101 702153.3621

DConS9 Combination -17337.12 - 566002.0206 13973298 -16990815 -

17337.1201 468102.2424

DConS10 Combination 17337.12 17337.1201 566002.0206 16506369 -13613387 468102.2424

DConS10 Combination 0 - 566002.0206 13551120 -15302101 -

13002.8401 702153.3621

DConS11 Combination - 0 1302114.874 35039211 -36606066 276427.384

10283.9449

DConS12 Combination 10283.9449 0 1302114.874 35039211 -33766050 -276427.384

DConS13 Combination 0 -10283.945 1302114.874 36459219 -35186058 -

277803.6252

DConS14 Combination 0 10283.945 1302114.874 33619203 -35186058 277803.6252

DConS15 Combination - 0 503112.9072 13546519 -15021876 276427.384

10283.9449

DConS16 Combination 10283.9449 0 503112.9072 13546519 -12181860 -276427.384

DConS17 Combination 0 -10283.945 503112.9072 14966527 -13601868 -

277803.6252

DConS18 Combination 0 10283.945 503112.9072 12126511 -13601868 277803.6252

DCmpD1 Combination 0 0 628891.134 16933149 -17002335 0.000002578

DCmpD2 Combination 0 0 1113447.534 29959266 -30085358 0.000006373

DCmpS1 Combination 0 0 880447.5876 23706408 -23803269 0.000003609

DCmpS2 Combination 0 0 1529959.601 41161566 -41335638 0.000009166

88
DCmpC1 Combination 0 0 594689.6676 16007848 -16074928 0.000003089

DCmpC2 Combination 0 0 509734.0008 13721013 -13778509 0.000002648

DWalS1 Combination 0 0 880447.5876 23706408 -23803269 0.000003609

DWalS2 Combination 0 0 1529959.601 41161566 -41335638 0.000009166

DWalS3 Combination -17337.12 0 1239225.761 33345896 -35174538 468102.2403

DWalS4 Combination 17337.12 0 1239225.761 33345896 -31797111 -

468102.2403

DWalS5 Combination 0 13002.8401 1239225.761 35034610 -33485825 702153.3621

DWalS5 Combination -17337.12 - 1239225.761 32079360 -35174538 -

17337.1201 468102.2424

DWalS6 Combination 17337.12 17337.1201 1239225.761 34612431 -31797111 468102.2424

DWalS6 Combination 0 - 1239225.761 31657182 -33485825 -

13002.8401 702153.3621

DWalS7 Combination -17337.12 0 566002.0206 15239834 -16990815 468102.2403

DWalS8 Combination 17337.12 0 566002.0206 15239834 -13613387 -

468102.2403

DWalS9 Combination 0 13002.8401 566002.0206 16928548 -15302101 702153.3621

DWalS9 Combination -17337.12 - 566002.0206 13973298 -16990815 -

17337.1201 468102.2424

DWalS10 Combination 17337.12 17337.1201 566002.0206 16506369 -13613387 468102.2424

DWalS10 Combination 0 - 566002.0206 13551120 -15302101 -

13002.8401 702153.3621

DWalS11 Combination - 0 1302114.874 35039211 -36606066 276427.384

10283.9449

DWalS12 Combination 10283.9449 0 1302114.874 35039211 -33766050 -276427.384

DWalS13 Combination 0 -10283.945 1302114.874 36459219 -35186058 -

277803.6252

DWalS14 Combination 0 10283.945 1302114.874 33619203 -35186058 277803.6252

DWalS15 Combination - 0 503112.9072 13546519 -15021876 276427.384

10283.9449

DWalS16 Combination 10283.9449 0 503112.9072 13546519 -12181860 -276427.384

DWalS17 Combination 0 -10283.945 503112.9072 14966527 -13601868 -

277803.6252

DWalS18 Combination 0 10283.945 503112.9072 12126511 -13601868 277803.6252

89
Appendix B: Story stiffness from ETABS output

Table 26: Story Stiffness

Story Output Case Case Type Shear X Drift X Stiff X Shear Y Drift Y Stiff Y

kN mm kN/m kN mm kN/m

Story55 EQ X LinStatic 356.2077 5.471 65109.764 0 0.02 0

Story54 EQ X LinStatic 716.0557 5.832 122776.113 0 0.024 0

Story53 EQ X LinStatic 1062.6994 6.204 171295.111 0 0.029 0

Story52 EQ X LinStatic 1396.3857 6.562 212811.627 0 0.033 0

Story51 EQ X LinStatic 1717.3612 6.903 248793.818 0 0.037 0

Story50 EQ X LinStatic 2025.8729 7.226 280360.947 0 0.04 0

Story49 EQ X LinStatic 2322.1675 7.53 308382.278 0 0.044 0

Story48 EQ X LinStatic 2606.4919 7.814 333549.25 0 0.047 0

Story47 EQ X LinStatic 2879.0928 8.078 356421.528 0 0.051 0

Story46 EQ X LinStatic 3140.2171 8.319 377460.64 0 0.054 0

Story45 EQ X LinStatic 3390.1115 8.538 397057.791 0 0.056 0

Story44 EQ X LinStatic 3629.023 8.733 415570.936 0 0.059 0

Story43 EQ X LinStatic 3857.1982 8.896 433571.464 0 0.061 0

Story42 EQ X LinStatic 4074.8841 8.988 453373.078 0 0.062 0

Story41 EQ X LinStatic 4282.3273 8.591 498463.589 0 0.053 0

Story40 EQ X LinStatic 4675.0374 7.018 666139.688 0 0.03 0

Story39 EQ X LinStatic 5055.0414 7.234 698805.711 0 0.031 0

Story38 EQ X LinStatic 5415.8079 7.431 728811.652 0 0.031 0

Story37 EQ X LinStatic 5757.8365 7.614 756235.594 0 0.031 0

Story36 EQ X LinStatic 6081.6269 7.778 781949.358 0 0.031 0

Story35 EQ X LinStatic 6387.6788 7.923 806269.304 0 0.031 0

Story34 EQ X LinStatic 6676.4919 8.049 829493.202 0 0.031 0

Story33 EQ X LinStatic 6948.5658 8.157 851878.49 0 0.031 0

Story32 EQ X LinStatic 7204.4002 8.246 873659.611 0 0.031 0

Story31 EQ X LinStatic 7444.4948 8.317 895054.346 0 0.031 0

Story30 EQ X LinStatic 7669.3493 8.37 916270.026 0 0.031 0

Story29 EQ X LinStatic 7879.4633 8.405 937508.993 0 0.031 0

Story28 EQ X LinStatic 8075.3365 8.421 958973.843 0 0.031 0

Story27 EQ X LinStatic 8257.4686 8.418 980872.858 0 0.031 0

Story26 EQ X LinStatic 8426.3593 8.398 1003426.202 0 0.03 0

Story25 EQ X LinStatic 8582.5082 8.358 1026882.526 0 0.03 0

Story24 EQ X LinStatic 8726.4151 8.298 1051579.724 0 0.029 0

Story23 EQ X LinStatic 8858.5795 8.212 1078766.67 0 0.029 0

Story22 EQ X LinStatic 8979.5012 8.047 1115816.741 0 0.028 0

Story21 EQ X LinStatic 9089.6799 7.248 1254021.333 0 0.019 0

Story20 EQ X LinStatic 9254.4612 5.071 1825102.55 0 0.001 0

Story19 EQ X LinStatic 9405.216 5.133 1832320.281 0 0.004 0

90
Story18 EQ X LinStatic 9540.4608 5.182 1841014.341 0 0.015 0

Story17 EQ X LinStatic 9660.8344 5.217 1851852.656 0 0.023 0

Story16 EQ X LinStatic 9767.463 5.221 1870850.318 0 0.023 0

Story15 EQ X LinStatic 9861.1794 5.209 1893022.728 0 0.023 0

Story14 EQ X LinStatic 9942.8169 5.184 1918042.384 0 0.022 0

Story13 EQ X LinStatic 10013.2084 5.146 1945939.224 0 0.022 0

Story12 EQ X LinStatic 10073.187 5.096 1976870.956 0 0.021 0

Story11 EQ X LinStatic 10123.5856 5.034 2011066.09 0 0.021 0

Story10 EQ X LinStatic 10165.2374 4.961 2048825.711 0 0.021 0

Story9 EQ X LinStatic 10198.9753 4.879 2090529.93 0 0.02 0

Story8 EQ X LinStatic 10225.6325 4.786 2136649.298 0 0.02 0

Story7 EQ X LinStatic 10246.0418 4.683 2187761.644 0 0.02 0

Story6 EQ X LinStatic 10261.0365 4.571 2244579.461 0 0.019 0

Story5 EQ X LinStatic 10271.4494 4.45 2308031.304 0 0.019 0

Story4 EQ X LinStatic 10278.1137 4.319 2379769.52 0 0.019 0

Story3 EQ X LinStatic 10281.8624 4.168 2467064.546 0 0.019 0

Story2 EQ X LinStatic 10283.5284 3.908 2631198.251 0 0.018 0

Story1 EQ X LinStatic 10283.9449 2.714 3789179.154 0 0.014 0

Story55 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.001 0 356.2077 6.419 55493.611

Story54 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.001 0 716.0557 8.104 88356.583

Story53 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.001 0 1062.6995 9.751 108988.341

Story52 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.001 0 1396.3857 11.335 123196.2

Story51 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.001 0 1717.3612 12.856 133584.928

Story50 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.001 0 2025.8729 14.314 141534.522

Story49 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.001 0 2322.1675 15.707 147843.229

Story48 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.001 0 2606.4919 17.035 153005.58

Story47 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.001 0 2879.0928 18.298 157344.966

Story46 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.001 0 3140.2171 19.494 161082.525

Story45 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.001 0 3390.1116 20.624 164375.424

Story44 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.001 0 3629.023 21.687 167339.201

Story43 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.001 0 3857.1982 22.681 170064.452

Story42 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.001 0 4074.8841 23.607 172615.601

Story41 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.001 0 4282.3273 23.918 179041.105

Story40 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 4675.0374 16.893 276746.287

Story39 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 5055.0414 17.99 280995.76

Story38 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 5415.8079 18.945 285872.991

Story37 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 5757.8365 19.843 290165.525

Story36 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 6081.627 20.683 294042.192

Story35 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 6387.6789 21.465 297590.31

Story34 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.003 0 6676.4919 22.19 300881.644

Story33 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.003 0 6948.5658 22.859 303974.487

Story32 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.003 0 7204.4002 23.473 306917.357

Story31 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.003 0 7444.4948 24.034 309751.56

91
Story30 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.003 0 7669.3493 24.541 312513.097

Story29 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.003 0 7879.4633 24.996 315234.129

Story28 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.003 0 8075.3365 25.399 317944.129

Story27 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.003 0 8257.4686 25.751 320670.828

Story26 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.004 0 8426.3593 26.052 323441.036

Story25 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.004 0 8582.5082 26.304 326281.391

Story24 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.004 0 8726.4151 26.506 329218.694

Story23 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.004 0 8858.5795 26.659 332289.097

Story22 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.004 0 8979.5013 26.767 335470.291

Story21 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.008 0 9089.68 26.043 349021.115

Story20 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.013 0 9254.4612 17.141 539886.75

Story19 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.012 0 9405.216 17.543 536119.235

Story18 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.004 0 9540.4608 17.785 536419.668

Story17 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.003 0 9660.8345 17.991 536980.513

Story16 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.003 0 9767.463 18.158 537916.674

Story15 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.003 0 9861.1795 18.289 539192.08

Story14 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 9942.817 18.386 540788.846

Story13 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 10013.2085 18.451 542696.357

Story12 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 10073.187 18.486 544910.489

Story11 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 10123.5857 18.493 547432.743

Story10 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 10165.2374 18.473 550269.667

Story9 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 10198.9754 18.429 553432.51

Story8 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 10225.6325 18.36 556937.059

Story7 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 10246.0419 18.27 560803.647

Story6 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 10261.0365 18.159 565057.326

Story5 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 10271.4495 18.029 569728.211

Story4 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 10278.1138 17.88 574851.717

Story3 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 10281.8624 17.713 580479.878

Story2 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.002 0 10283.5285 17.521 586939.252

Story1 EQ Y LinStatic 0 0.001 0 10283.945 16.212 634338.787

92
Appendix C: Story forces from ETABS output

Table 27: Story Forces

Story Output Case Location P VX VY T MX MY

Case Type

Story55 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -356.2077 0 9546.2556 0 0

Story55 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -356.2077 0 9546.2556 0 -1317.9685

Story55 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -356.2077 -9617.6081 0 0

Story55 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -356.2077 -9617.6081 1317.9685 0

Story55 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -130.2187 0 3515.906 0 0

Story55 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -130.2187 0 3515.906 0 -481.8093

Story54 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -716.0557 0 19193.3707 0 -1317.9685

Story54 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -716.0557 0 19193.3707 0 -3967.3747

Story54 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -716.0557 -19333.5047 1317.9685 0

Story54 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -716.0557 -19333.5047 3967.3747 0

Story54 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -390.0954 0 10532.5768 0 -481.8093

Story54 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -390.0954 0 10532.5768 0 -1925.1625

Story53 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -1062.6994 0 28486.4936 0 -3967.3747

Story53 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -1062.6994 0 28486.4936 0 -7899.3627

Story53 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -1062.6995 -28692.8852 3967.3747 0

Story53 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -1062.6995 -28692.8852 7899.3627 0

Story53 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -649.122 0 17526.2942 0 -1925.1625

Story53 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -649.122 0 17526.2942 0 -4326.9139

Story52 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -1396.3857 0 37432.2409 0 -7899.3627

Story52 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -1396.3857 0 37432.2409 0 -13065.9897

Story52 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -1396.3857 -37702.4134 7899.3627 0

Story52 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -1396.3857 -37702.4134 13065.9897 0

Story52 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -907.2869 0 24496.7464 0 -4326.9139

Story52 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -907.2869 0 24496.7464 0 -7683.8754

Story51 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -1717.3612 0 46037.2294 0 -13065.9897

Story51 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -1717.3612 0 46037.2294 0 -19420.2262

Story51 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -1717.3612 -46368.7533 13065.9897 0

Story51 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -1717.3612 -46368.7533 19420.2263 0

Story51 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -1164.5782 0 31443.6119 0 -7683.8754

Story51 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -1164.5782 0 31443.6119 0 -11992.8148

Story50 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -2025.8729 0 54308.0756 0 -19420.2262

Story50 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -2025.8729 0 54308.0756 0 -26915.9559

Story50 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -2025.8729 -54698.5686 19420.2263 0

Story50 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -2025.8729 -54698.5686 26915.956 0

Story50 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -1420.9836 0 38366.5577 0 -11992.8148

Story50 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -1420.9836 0 38366.5577 0 -17250.4542

Story49 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -2322.1675 0 62251.3964 0 -26915.9559

93
Story49 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -2322.1675 0 62251.3964 0 -35507.9758

Story49 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -2322.1675 -62698.5232 26915.956 0

Story49 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -2322.1675 -62698.5232 35507.9759 0

Story49 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -1676.4904 0 45265.2397 0 -17250.4542

Story49 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -1676.4904 0 45265.2397 0 -23453.4686

Story48 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -2606.4919 0 69873.8083 0 -35507.9758

Story48 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -2606.4919 0 69873.8083 0 -45151.9957

Story48 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -2606.4919 -70375.281 35507.9759 0

Story48 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -2606.4919 -70375.281 45151.9959 0

Story48 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -1931.0852 0 52139.3015 0 -23453.4686

Story48 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -1931.0852 0 52139.3015 0 -30598.484

Story47 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -2879.0928 0 77181.9281 0 -45151.9957

Story47 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -2879.0928 0 77181.9281 0 -55804.6391

Story47 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -2879.0928 -77735.5058 45151.9959 0

Story47 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -2879.0928 -77735.5058 55804.6393 0

Story47 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -2184.7546 0 58988.3739 0 -30598.484

Story47 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -2184.7546 0 58988.3739 0 -38682.0759

Story46 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -3140.2171 0 84182.3724 0 -55804.6391

Story46 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -3140.2171 0 84182.3724 0 -67423.4423

Story46 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -3140.2171 -84785.8615 55804.6393 0

Story46 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -3140.2171 -84785.8615 67423.4425 0

Story46 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -2437.4842 0 65812.0742 0 -38682.0759

Story46 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -2437.4842 0 65812.0742 0 -47700.7676

Story45 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -3390.1115 0 90881.7579 0 -67423.4423

Story45 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -3390.1115 0 90881.7579 0 -79966.855

Story45 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -3390.1116 -91533.0119 67423.4425 0

Story45 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -3390.1116 -91533.0119 79966.8553 0

Story45 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -2689.2594 0 72610.0051 0 -47700.7676

Story45 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -2689.2594 0 72610.0051 0 -57651.0276

Story44 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -3629.023 0 97286.7013 0 -79966.855

Story44 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -3629.023 0 97286.7013 0 -93394.24

Story44 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -3629.023 -97983.6209 79966.8553 0

Story44 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -3629.023 -97983.6209 93394.2403 0

Story44 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -2940.065 0 79381.7544 0 -57651.0276

Story44 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -2940.065 0 79381.7544 0 -68529.268

Story43 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -3857.1982 0 103403.8192 0 -93394.24

Story43 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -3857.1982 0 103403.8192 0 -

107665.8734

Story43 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -3857.1982 - 93394.2403 0

104144.3523

Story43 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -3857.1982 - 107665.8738 0

104144.3523

Story43 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -3189.8849 0 86126.8933 0 -68529.268

Story43 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -3189.8849 0 86126.8933 0 -80331.8422

94
Story42 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -4074.8841 0 109239.7283 0 -

107665.8734

Story42 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -4074.8841 0 109239.7283 0 -

122742.9444

Story42 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -4074.8841 -110021.87 107665.8738 0

Story42 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -4074.8841 -110021.87 122742.9449 0

Story42 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -3438.7028 0 92844.976 0 -80331.8422

Story42 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -3438.7028 0 92844.976 0 -93055.0426

Story41 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -4282.3273 0 114801.0453 0 -

122742.9444

Story41 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -4282.3273 0 114801.0453 0 -

138587.5555

Story41 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -4282.3273 - 122742.9449 0

115622.8378

Story41 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -4282.3273 - 138587.556 0

115622.8378

Story41 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -3686.5014 0 99535.5384 0 -93055.0426

Story41 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -3686.5014 0 99535.5384 0 -

106695.0979

Story40 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -4675.0374 0 125376.9711 0 -

138587.5555

Story40 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -4675.0374 0 125376.9711 0 -

155885.1938

Story40 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -4675.0374 - 138587.556 0

126231.2569

Story40 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -4675.0374 - 155885.1944 0

126231.2569

Story40 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -4031.9674 0 108863.1198 0 -

106695.0979

Story40 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -4031.9674 0 108863.1198 0 -

121613.3773

Story39 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -5055.0414 0 135611.179 0 -

155885.1938

Story39 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -5055.0414 0 135611.179 0 -

174588.8471

Story39 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -5055.0414 - 155885.1944 0

136496.3537

Story39 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -5055.0414 - 174588.8477 0

136496.3537

Story39 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -4375.9551 0 118150.7887 0 -

121613.3773

Story39 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -4375.9551 0 118150.7887 0 -

137804.4113

Story38 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -5415.8079 0 145327.2843 0 -

95
 174588.8471

Story38 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -5415.8079 0 145327.2843 0 -

194627.3363

Story38 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -5415.8079 - 174588.8477 0

146241.7842

Story38 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -5415.8079 - 194627.3371 0

146241.7842

Story38 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -4718.4373 0 127397.8072 0 -

137804.4113

Story38 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -4718.4373 0 127397.8072 0 -

155262.6293

Story37 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -5757.8365 0 154538.7442 0 -

194627.3363

Story37 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -5757.8365 0 154538.7442 0 -

215931.3315

Story37 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -5757.8365 - 194627.3371 0

155481.0463

Story37 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -5757.8365 - 215931.3323 0

155481.0463

Story37 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -5059.3853 0 136603.4037 0 -

155262.6293

Story37 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -5059.3853 0 136603.4037 0 -173982.355

Story36 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -6081.6269 0 163259.016 0 -

215931.3315

Story36 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -6081.6269 0 163259.016 0 -

238433.3512

Story36 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -6081.627 - 215931.3323 0

164227.6377

Story36 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -6081.627 - 238433.3521 0

164227.6377

Story36 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -5398.7693 0 145766.7703 0 -173982.355

Story36 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -5398.7693 0 145766.7703 0 -

193957.8013

Story35 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -6387.6788 0 171501.5569 0 -

238433.3512

Story35 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -6387.6788 0 171501.5569 0 -

262067.7629

Story35 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -6387.6789 - 238433.3521 0

172495.0562

Story35 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -6387.6789 - 262067.7639 0

172495.0562

Story35 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -5736.5578 0 154887.0605 0 -

193957.8013

Story35 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -5736.5578 0 154887.0605 0 -

96
 215183.0652

Story34 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -6676.4919 0 179279.8241 0 -

262067.7629

Story34 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -6676.4919 0 179279.8241 0 -

286770.7829

Story34 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -6676.4919 - 262067.7639 0

180296.7998

Story34 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -6676.4919 - 286770.7841 0

180296.7998

Story34 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -6072.718 0 163963.3858 0 -

215183.0652

Story34 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -6072.718 0 163963.3858 0 -

237652.1217

Story33 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -6948.5658 0 186607.2747 0 -

286770.7829

Story33 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -6948.5658 0 186607.2747 0 -

312480.4764

Story33 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -6948.5658 - 286770.7841 0

187646.3662

Story33 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -6948.5658 - 312480.4776 0

187646.3662

Story33 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -6407.2153 0 172994.8124 0 -

237652.1217

Story33 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -6407.2153 0 172994.8124 0 -

261358.8183

Story32 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -7204.4002 0 193497.366 0 -

312480.4764

Story32 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -7204.4002 0 193497.366 0 -

339136.7572

Story32 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -7204.4002 - 312480.4776 0

194557.2532

Story32 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -7204.4002 - 339136.7585 0

194557.2532

Story32 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -6740.0132 0 181980.3574 0 -

261358.8183

Story32 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -6740.0132 0 181980.3574 0 -

286296.8672

Story31 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -7444.4948 0 199963.5552 0 -

339136.7572

Story31 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -7444.4948 0 199963.5552 0 -

366681.3879

Story31 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -7444.4948 - 339136.7585 0

201042.9587

Story31 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -7444.4948 - 366681.3894 0

97
 201042.9587

Story31 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -7071.0735 0 190918.9845 0 -

286296.8672

Story31 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -7071.0735 0 190918.9845 0 -

312459.8392

Story30 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -7669.3493 0 206019.2995 0 -

366681.3879

Story30 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -7669.3493 0 206019.2995 0 -

395057.9802

Story30 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -7669.3493 - 366681.3894 0

207116.9805

Story30 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -7669.3493 - 395057.9818 -5.314E-07

207116.9805

Story30 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -7400.3555 0 199809.5996 0 -

312459.8392

Story30 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -7400.3555 0 199809.5996 0 -

339841.1547

Story29 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -7879.4633 0 211678.0561 0 -

395057.9802

Story29 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -7879.4633 0 211678.0561 0 -

424211.9943

Story29 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -7879.4633 - 395057.9818 -5.311E-07

212792.8164

Story29 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -7879.4633 - 424211.996 -5.944E-07

212792.8164

Story29 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -7727.8165 0 208651.0452 0 -

339841.1547

Story29 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -7727.8165 0 208651.0452 0 -

368434.0757

Story28 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -8075.3365 0 216953.2823 0 -

424211.9943

Story28 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -8075.3365 0 216953.2823 0 -

454090.7392

Story28 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -8075.3365 - 424211.996 -

218083.9643 0.000000596

Story28 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -8075.3365 - 454090.7411 -6.614E-07

218083.9643

Story28 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -8053.4109 0 217442.0944 0 -

368434.0757

Story28 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -8053.4109 0 217442.0944 0 -398231.696

Story27 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -8257.4686 0 221858.4352 0 -

454090.7392

Story27 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -8257.4686 0 221858.4352 0 -484643.373

Story27 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -8257.4686 -223003.922 454090.7411 -6.638E-07

98
Story27 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -8257.4686 -223003.922 484643.375 -7.322E-07

Story27 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -8377.0905 0 226181.4441 0 -398231.696

Story27 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -8377.0905 0 226181.4441 0 -429226.931

Story26 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -8426.3593 0 226406.972 0 -484643.373

Story26 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -8426.3593 0 226406.972 0 -

515820.9023

Story26 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -8426.3593 - 484643.375 -7.318E-07

227566.1873

Story26 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -8426.3593 - 515820.9044 -8.027E-07

227566.1873

Story26 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -8698.804 0 234867.7075 0 -429226.931

Story26 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -8698.804 0 234867.7075 0 -

461412.5057

Story25 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -8582.5082 0 230612.35 0 -

515820.9023

Story25 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -8582.5082 0 230612.35 5.349E-07 -

547576.1826

Story25 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -8582.5082 -231784.258 515820.9044 -8.037E-07

Story25 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -8582.5082 -231784.258 547576.1849 -8.786E-07

Story25 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -9018.4965 0 243499.4047 0 -

461412.5057

Story25 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -9018.4965 0 243499.4047 0 -

494780.9426

Story24 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -8726.4151 0 234488.0263 5.336E-07 -

547576.1826

Story24 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -8726.4151 0 234488.0263 5.755E-07 -

579863.9183

Story24 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -8726.4151 - 547576.1849 -8.791E-07

235671.6319

Story24 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -8726.4151 - 579863.9208 -9.556E-07

235671.6319

Story24 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -9336.1094 0 252074.9529 0 -

494780.9426

Story24 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -9336.1094 0 252074.9529 0 -

529324.5473

Story23 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -8858.5795 0 238047.4583 5.722E-07 -

579863.9183

Story23 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -8858.5795 0 238047.4583 0.000000615 -

612640.6625

Story23 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -8858.5795 -239241.807 579863.9208 -9.585E-07

Story23 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -8858.5795 -239241.807 612640.6651 -

0.000001038

Story23 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -9651.5798 0 260592.6544 0 -

529324.5473

99
Story23 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -9651.5798 0 260592.6544 0 -

565035.3925

Story22 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -8979.5012 0 241304.103 6.123E-07 -

612640.6625

Story22 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -8979.5012 0 241304.103 6.559E-07 -

645864.8171

Story22 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -8979.5013 - 612640.6651 -

242508.2809 0.000001035

Story22 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -8979.5013 - 645864.8199 -

242508.2809 0.000001118

Story22 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -9964.8401 0 269050.6827 0 -

565035.3925

Story22 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -9964.8401 0 269050.6827 0 -

601905.3009

Story21 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -9089.6799 0 244271.4177 6.531E-07 -

645864.8171

Story21 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -9089.6799 0 244271.4177 0.000000698 -

679496.6328

Story21 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -9089.68 - 645864.8199 -

245484.5516 0.000001119

Story21 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -9089.68 - 679496.6357 -

245484.5516 0.000001204

Story21 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 277447.0664 0 -

10275.8173 601905.3009

Story21 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 277447.0664 0 -

10275.8173 639925.8248

Story20 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -9254.4612 0 248703.9081 0.000000697 -

679496.6328

Story20 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -9254.4612 0 248703.9081 7.435E-07 -

713738.1392

Story20 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -9254.4612 - 679496.6357 -

249950.6252 0.000001207

Story20 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -9254.4612 - 713738.1423 -

249950.6252 0.000001296

Story20 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 288160.4141 0 -

10672.6079 639925.8248

Story20 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 288160.4141 0 -

10672.6079 679414.4742

Story19 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -9405.216 0 252759.3018 7.417E-07 -

713738.1392

Story19 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -9405.216 0 252759.3018 7.895E-07 -

748537.4382

Story19 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -9405.216 - 713738.1423 -

254036.3277 0.000001298

100
Story19 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -9405.216 - 748537.4415 -

254036.3277 0.000001391

Story19 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 298788.7735 0 -

11066.2509 679414.4742

Story19 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 298788.7735 0 -

11066.2509 720359.6024

Story18 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -9540.4608 0 256398.3423 7.873E-07 -

748537.4382

Story18 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -9540.4608 0 256398.3423 8.367E-07 -

783837.1431

Story18 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -9540.4608 - 748537.4415 -

257700.2846 0.000001392

Story18 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -9540.4608 - 783837.1466 -

257700.2846 0.000001488

Story18 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 309328.8842 0 -

11456.6253 720359.6024

Story18 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 309328.8842 0 -

11456.6253 762749.1161

Story17 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -9660.8344 0 259641.1396 8.351E-07 -

783837.1431

Story17 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -9660.8344 0 259641.1396 8.859E-07 -

819582.2304

Story17 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -9660.8345 - 783837.1466 -0.00000149

260955.1112

Story17 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -9660.8345 - 819582.2341 -

260955.1112 0.000001589

Story17 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 319777.1678 0 -

11843.5988 762749.1161

Story17 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 319777.1678 5.245E-07 -

11843.5988 806570.4317

Story16 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -9767.463 0 262513.652 8.855E-07 -

819582.2304

Story16 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -9767.463 0 262513.652 9.362E-07 -

855721.8434

Story16 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -9767.463 - 819582.2341 -

263838.2793 0.000001589

Story16 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -9767.463 - 855721.8472 -0.00000169

263838.2793

Story16 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 330129.6769 5.225E-07 -

12227.0251 806570.4317

Story16 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 330129.6769 5.602E-07 -

12227.0251 851810.4245

Story15 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -9861.1794 0 265038.3211 9.352E-07 -

855721.8434

101
Story15 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -9861.1794 0 265038.3211 9.872E-07 -

892208.2073

Story15 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -9861.1795 - 855721.8472 -

266372.3139 0.000001691

Story15 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -9861.1795 - 892208.2113 -

266372.3139 0.000001796

Story15 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 340382.0298 5.594E-07 -

12606.7418 851810.4245

Story15 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 340382.0298 5.986E-07 -

12606.7418 898455.3693

Story14 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -9942.8169 0 267237.5884 9.859E-07 -

892208.2073

Story14 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -9942.8169 0 267237.5884 0.000001039 -

928996.6299

Story14 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -9942.817 - 892208.2113 -

268579.7395 0.000001797

Story14 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -9942.817 - 928996.6341 -

268579.7395 0.000001906

Story14 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 350529.3304 5.967E-07 -

12982.5678 898455.3693

Story14 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 350529.3304 6.373E-07 -

12982.5678 946490.8701

Story13 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 - 0 269133.8955 0.000001036 -

10013.2084 928996.6299

Story13 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 269133.8955 0.00000109 -966045.501

10013.2084

Story13 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 - -270483.081 928996.6341 -

10013.2085 0.000001904

Story13 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 - -270483.081 966045.5055 -

10013.2085 0.000002015

Story13 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 360566.065 6.347E-07 -

13354.2987 946490.8701

Story13 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 360566.065 6.761E-07 -

13354.2987 995901.7754

Story12 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 -10073.187 0 270749.6837 0.000001089 -966045.501

Story12 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 -10073.187 0 270749.6837 0.000001143 -1003316

Story12 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -10073.187 - 966045.5055 -

272104.8631 0.000002017

Story12 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -10073.187 - 1003316.298 -

272104.8631 0.000002129

Story12 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 370485.9689 6.753E-07 -

13721.7026 995901.7754

Story12 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 370485.9689 7.175E-07 -1046672

13721.7026

102
Story11 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 - 0 272107.3947 0.000001141 -1003316

10123.5856

Story11 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 272107.3947 0.000001196 -1040774

10123.5856

Story11 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 - - 1003316.298 -

10123.5857 273467.6105 0.000002127

Story11 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 - - 1040773.565 -

10123.5857 273467.6105 0.000002243

Story11 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -14084.513 0 380281.8503 7.153E-07 -1046672

Story11 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -14084.513 0 380281.8503 7.586E-07 -1098785

Story10 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 - 0 273229.4698 0.000001195 -1040774

10165.2374

Story10 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 273229.4698 0.000001251 -1078385

10165.2374

Story10 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 - - 1040773.565 -

10165.2374 274593.8481 0.000002243

Story10 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 - - 1078384.943 -

10165.2374 274593.8481 0.000002361

Story10 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 389945.3518 7.577E-07 -1098785

14442.4204

Story10 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 389945.3518 0.000000802 -1152222

14442.4204

Story9 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 - 0 274138.3507 0.000001251 -1078385

10198.9753

Story9 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 274138.3507 0.000001307 -1116121

10198.9753

Story9 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 - - 1078384.943 -

10198.9754 275506.1005 0.000002362

Story9 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 - - 1116121.152 -

10198.9754 275506.1005 0.000002483

Story9 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -14795.06 0 399466.6191 8.001E-07 -1152222

Story9 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -14795.06 0 399466.6191 8.453E-07 -1206963

Story8 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 - 0 274856.4788 0.000001305 -1116121

10225.6325

Story8 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 274856.4788 0.000001363 -1153956

10225.6325

Story8 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 - - 1116121.152 -

10225.6325 276226.8926 0.000002482

Story8 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 - - 1153955.992 -

10225.6325 276226.8926 0.000002606

Story8 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 408833.8252 8.424E-07 -1206963

15141.9935

Story8 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 408833.8252 8.886E-07 -1262989

15141.9935

103
Story7 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 - 0 275406.2956 0.000001362 -1153956

10246.0418

Story7 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 275406.2956 0.00000142 -1191866

10246.0418

Story7 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 - -276778.749 1153955.992 -

10246.0419 0.000002606

Story7 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 - -276778.749 1191866.347 -

10246.0419 0.000002731

Story7 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 418032.4591 8.891E-07 -1262989

15482.6837

Story7 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 418032.4591 9.361E-07 -1320275

15482.6837

Story6 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 - 0 275810.2427 0.00000142 -1191866

10261.0365

Story6 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 275810.2427 0.000001478 -1229832

10261.0365

Story6 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 - - 1191866.347 -

10261.0365 277184.1945 0.000002732

Story6 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 - - 1229832.182 -

10261.0365 277184.1945 0.000002858

Story6 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 427044.2069 9.354E-07 -1320275

15816.4521

Story6 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 427044.2069 9.824E-07 -1378796

15816.4521

Story5 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 - 0 276090.7615 0.000001478 -1229832

10271.4494

Story5 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 276090.7615 0.000001537 -1267837

10271.4494

Story5 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 - - 1229832.182 -

10271.4495 277465.7539 0.000002859

Story5 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 - - 1267836.546 -

10271.4495 277465.7539 0.000002986

Story5 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 435845.0719 9.812E-07 -1378796

16142.4101

Story5 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 435845.0719 0.000001029 -1438523

16142.4101

Story4 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 - 0 276270.2935 0.000001537 -1267837

10278.1137

Story4 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 276270.2935 0.000001596 -1305866

10278.1137

Story4 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 - - 1267836.546 -

10278.1138 277645.9519 0.000002986

Story4 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 - - 1305865.566 -

10278.1138 277645.9519 0.000003114

104
Story4 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 444401.9191 0.000001029 -1438523

16459.3303

Story4 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 444401.9191 0.000001077 -1499422

16459.3303

Story3 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 - 0 276371.2803 0.000001596 -1305866

10281.8624

Story3 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 276371.2803 0.000001656 -1343908

10281.8624

Story3 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 - - 1305865.566 -

10281.8624 277747.3133 0.000003115

Story3 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 - - 1343908.457 -

10281.8624 277747.3133 0.000003244

Story3 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 452665.2235 0.000001077 -1499422

16765.3786

Story3 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 452665.2235 0.000001125 -1561454

16765.3786

Story2 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 - 0 276416.1633 0.000001656 -1343908

10283.5284

Story2 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 276416.1633 0.000001715 -1381958

10283.5284

Story2 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 - - 1343908.457 -

10283.5285 277792.3628 0.000003244

Story2 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 - - 1381957.513 -

10283.5285 277792.3628 0.000003373

Story2 Wx LinStatic Top 0 - 0 460551.51 0.000001125 -1561454

17057.4633

Story2 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 460551.51 0.000001173 -1624567

17057.4633

Story1 EQ X LinStatic Top 0 - 0 276427.384 0.000001715 -1381958

10283.9449

Story1 EQ X LinStatic Bottom 0 - 0 276427.384 0.000001774 -1420008

10283.9449

Story1 EQ Y LinStatic Top 0 0 -10283.945 - 1381957.513 -

277803.6252 0.000003373

Story1 EQ Y LinStatic Bottom 0 0 -10283.945 - 1420008.109 -

277803.6252 0.000003502

Story1 Wx LinStatic Top 0 -17337.12 0 468102.2403 0.000001173 -1624567

Story1 Wx LinStatic Bottom 0 -17337.12 0 468102.2403 0.000001221 -1688714

105
Appendix D: Centers of Mass and Rigidity for the steel structure:

Table 28: Centers of Mass and Rigidity

Story Diaphrag Mass X Mass Y XCM YCM Cum Mass Cum Mass XCCM YCCM

m X Y

kg kg m m kg kg m m

Story55 D1 335978.59 335978.59 27 26.799 335978.59 335978.59 27 26.7997

Story54 D1 352099.39 352099.39 27 26.808 688077.97 688077.97 27 26.8044

Story53 D1 352099.39 352099.39 27 26.808 1040177.36 1040177.36 27 26.8059

Story52 D1 352099.39 352099.39 27 26.808 1392276.75 1392276.75 27 26.8066

Story51 D1 352099.39 352099.39 27 26.808 1744376.13 1744376.13 27 26.8071

Story50 D1 352099.39 352099.39 27 26.808 2096475.52 2096475.52 27 26.8074

Story49 D1 352099.39 352099.39 27 26.808 2448574.9 2448574.9 27 26.8076

Story48 D1 352099.39 352099.39 27 26.808 2800674.29 2800674.29 27 26.8078

Story47 D1 352099.39 352099.39 27 26.808 3152773.67 3152773.67 27 26.8079

Story46 D1 352099.39 352099.39 27 26.808 3504873.06 3504873.06 27 26.808

Story45 D1 352099.39 352099.39 27 26.808 3856972.44 3856972.44 27 26.8081

Story44 D1 352099.39 352099.39 27 26.808 4209071.83 4209071.83 27 26.8081

Story43 D1 352099.39 352099.39 27 26.808 4561171.22 4561171.22 27 26.8082

Story42 D1 352099.39 352099.39 27 26.808 4913270.6 4913270.6 27 26.8082

Story41 D1 352099.39 352099.39 27 26.808 5265369.99 5265369.99 27 26.8083

Story40 D1 700302.59 700302.59 27.013 26.930 5965672.58 5965672.58 27.001 26.8226

4 6 6

Story39 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 6678513.56 6678513.56 27.002 26.8343

1 8 8

Story38 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 7391354.55 7391354.55 27.003 26.8437

1 8 8

Story37 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 8104195.54 8104195.54 27.004 26.8515

1 8 6

106
Story36 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 8817036.52 8817036.52 27.005 26.858

1 8 3

Story35 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 9529877.51 9529877.51 27.005 26.8635

1 8 9

Story34 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 10242718.5 10242718.5 27.006 26.8682

1 8 4

Story33 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 10955559.4 10955559.4 27.006 26.8724

1 8 9 9 8

Story32 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 11668400.4 11668400.4 27.007 26.876

1 8 7 7 2

Story31 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 12381241.4 12381241.4 27.007 26.8792

1 8 6 6 6

Story30 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 13094082.4 13094082.4 27.007 26.8821

1 8 5 5 9

Story29 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 13806923.4 13806923.4 27.008 26.8847

1 8 4 4 1

Story28 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 14519764.4 14519764.4 27.008 26.887

1 8 2 2 4

Story27 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 15232605.4 15232605.4 27.008 26.8891

1 8 1 1 6

Story26 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 15945446.4 15945446.4 27.008 26.891

1 8 8

Story25 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 16658287.3 16658287.3 27.009 26.8927

1 8 8 8

Story24 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 17371128.3 17371128.3 27.009 26.8943

1 8 7 7 2

Story23 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 18083969.3 18083969.3 27.009 26.8958

1 8 6 6 3

Story22 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 18796810.3 18796810.3 27.009 26.8972

1 8 5 5 5

Story21 D1 712840.99 712840.99 27.013 26.931 19509651.3 19509651.3 27.009 26.8984

1 8 3 3 6

Story20 D1 1175388.7 1175388.7 27.103 26.899 20685040.0 20685040.0 27.014 26.8985

2 2 2 5 5 9

Story19 D1 1191509.5 1191509.5 27.101 26.900 21876549.5 21876549.5 27.019 26.8986

2 2 6 6 7 7 6

Story18 D1 1190993.3 1190993.3 27.091 26.907 23067542.8 23067542.8 27.023 26.899

3 3 3 1 9 9 3

Story17 D1 1188412.3 1188412.3 27.039 26.939 24255955.2 24255955.2 27.024 26.901

9 9 4 4 8 8 1

Story16 D1 1188412.3 1188412.3 27.039 26.939 25444367.6 25444367.6 27.024 26.9028

9 9 4 4 7 7 8

Story15 D1 1188412.3 1188412.3 27.039 26.939 26632780.0 26632780.0 27.025 26.9045

9 9 4 4 6 6 5

107
Story14 D1 1188412.3 1188412.3 27.039 26.939 27821192.4 27821192.4 27.026 26.9059

9 9 4 4 5 5 1

Story13 D1 1188412.3 1188412.3 27.039 26.939 29009604.8 29009604.8 27.026 26.9073

9 9 4 4 4 4 6

Story12 D1 1188412.3 1188412.3 27.039 26.939 30198017.2 30198017.2 27.027 26.9086

9 9 4 4 2 2 1

Story11 D1 1188412.3 1188412.3 27.039 26.939 31386429.6 31386429.6 27.027 26.9097

9 9 4 4 1 1 6

Story10 D1 1188412.3 1188412.3 27.039 26.939 32574842 32574842 27.028 26.9108

9 9 4 4

Story9 D1 1188412.3 1188412.3 27.039 26.939 33763254.3 33763254.3 27.028 26.9118

9 9 4 4 9 9 4

Story8 D1 1188412.3 1188412.3 27.039 26.939 34951666.7 34951666.7 27.028 26.9128

9 9 4 4 8 8 8

Story7 D1 1188412.3 1188412.3 27.039 26.939 36140079.1 36140079.1 27.029 26.9137

9 9 4 4 7 7 1

Story6 D1 1188412.3 1188412.3 27.039 26.939 37328491.5 37328491.5 27.029 26.9145

9 9 4 4 5 5 5

Story5 D1 1188412.3 1188412.3 27.039 26.939 38516903.9 38516903.9 27.029 26.9152

9 9 4 4 4 4 8

Story4 D1 1188412.3 1188412.3 27.039 26.939 39705316.3 39705316.3 27.03 26.916

9 9 4 4 3 3

Story3 D1 1188412.3 1188412.3 27.039 26.939 40893728.7 40893728.7 27.030 26.9166

9 9 4 4 2 2 3

Story2 D1 1188412.3 1188412.3 27.039 26.939 42082141.1 42082141.1 27.030 26.9173

9 9 4 4 1 1 6

Story1 D1 1188412.3 1188412.3 27.039 26.939 43270553.5 43270553.5 27.030 26.9179

9 9 4 4 8

108
Appendix E – shear and drift

Table 29: Shear and drift

Story Output Case Step Type Shear X Drift X Stiff X Shear Y

Case Type kN mm kN/m kN

Story55 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 19689.1615 1.18 16687466.874 73.3268

Story54 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 18292.9203 1.941 9424911.787 73.3268

Story53 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 16947.9129 1.993 8504355.325 73.3268

Story52 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 15653.1817 2.019 7751799.14 73.3268

Story51 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 14407.769 2.021 7128275.811 73.3268

Story50 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 13210.7173 1.976 6684869.084 73.3268

Story49 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 12061.0687 1.9 6347073.61 73.3268

Story48 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 10957.8658 1.799 6091071.063 73.3268

Story47 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 9900.1509 1.679 5897150.922 73.3268

Story46 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 8886.9662 1.544 5756753.977 73.3268

Story45 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 7917.3543 1.396 5669554.053 73.3268

Story44 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 6990.3574 1.239 5640499.774 73.3268

Story43 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 6105.0179 1.075 5676527.126 73.3268

Story42 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 5260.3782 0.901 5839357.716 73.3268

Story41 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 4455.4806 0.649 6865096.516 73.3268

Story40 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 3149.9204 0.223 14145297.186 73.3268

Story39 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 1813.7211 0.176 10289465.208 73.3268

Story38 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 545.1664 0.106 5161803.921 73.3268

Story37 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 657.5008 0.053 12465785.631 73.3268

Story36 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 1796.0375 0.091 19754593.987 73.3268

Story35 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 2872.2006 0.178 16137472.715 73.3268

Story34 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 3887.7472 0.26 14969454.923 73.3268

Story33 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 4844.4342 0.336 14401440.261 73.3268

Story32 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 5744.0187 0.408 14064464.702 73.3268

Story31 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 6588.2577 0.478 13788841.679 73.3268

Story30 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 7378.9082 0.544 13558006.439 73.3268

Story29 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 8117.7271 0.607 13376107.069 73.3268

Story28 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 8806.4715 0.665 13239675.574 73.3268

Story27 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 9446.8984 0.714 13229993.325 73.3268

Story26 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 10040.7647 0.757 13258292.257 73.3268

Story25 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 10589.8275 0.796 13298626.317 73.3268

Story24 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 11095.8438 0.831 13344613.382 73.3268

Story23 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 11560.5706 0.866 13344613.191 73.3268

Story22 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 11985.7649 0.897 13367990.183 73.3268

Story21 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 12373.1836 0.913 13550830.806 73.3268

109
Story20 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 12900.627 7.937 1625309.662 73.3268

Story19 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 13403.6494 0.89 15065766.433 73.3268

Story18 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 13855.1154 0.959 14443851.201 73.3268

Story17 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 14257.812 0.977 14600262.35 73.3268

Story16 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 14614.5259 0.988 14796027.997 73.3268

Story15 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 14928.044 0.994 15023979.932 73.3268

Story14 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 15201.1531 0.995 15283780.991 73.3268

Story13 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 15436.64 0.991 15578801.392 73.3268

Story12 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 15637.2916 0.982 15915963.84 73.3268

Story11 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 15805.8947 0.969 16305952.268 73.3268

Story10 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 15945.2361 0.951 16764395.216 73.3268

Story9 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 16058.1026 0.927 17319362.502 73.3268

Story8 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 16147.281 0.894 18056154.56 73.3268

Story7 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 16215.5583 0.853 19003581.205 73.3268

Story6 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 16265.7212 0.802 20285886.044 73.3268

Story5 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 16300.5566 0.739 22043756.251 73.3268

Story4 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 16322.8512 0.662 24651618.006 73.3268

Story3 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 16335.3919 0.559 29239109.252 73.3268

Story2 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 16340.9656 0.402 40600767.992 73.3268

Story1 EQ X LinStatic Step By Step 16342.359 0.222 73724550.81 73.3268

Story55 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.137 0 19735.2129

Story54 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.034 0 18338.9718

Story53 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.037 0 16993.9644

Story52 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.032 0 15699.2332

Story51 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.023 0 14453.8205

Story50 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.013 0 13256.7687

Story49 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.006 0 12107.1202

Story48 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.004 0 11003.9173

Story47 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.004 0 9946.2023

Story46 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.005 0 8933.0177

Story45 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.005 0 7963.4058

Story44 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.006 0 7036.4089

Story43 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.007 0 6151.0694

Story42 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.015 0 5306.4297

Story41 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.014 0 4501.532

Story40 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.044 0 3195.9719

Story39 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.01 0 1859.7726

Story38 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.006 11628658.198 591.2179

Story37 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.007 9775232.43 611.4493

Story36 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.007 0 1749.986

Story35 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.007 0 2826.1491

Story34 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.006 0 3841.6957

Story33 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.006 0 4798.3828

110
Story32 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.006 0 5697.9673

Story31 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.005 0 6542.2063

Story30 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.005 0 7332.8567

Story29 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.005 0 8071.6756

Story28 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.005 0 8760.42

Story27 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.005 0 9400.8469

Story26 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.004 0 9994.7133

Story25 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.004 0 10543.7761

Story24 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.004 0 11049.7924

Story23 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.004 0 11514.5191

Story22 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.006 0 11939.7134

Story21 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.006 0 12327.1321

Story20 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.02 0 12854.5755

Story19 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.017 0 13357.5979

Story18 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.002 0 13809.064

Story17 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.002 0 14211.7605

Story16 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.002 0 14568.4744

Story15 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.002 0 14881.9925

Story14 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.002 0 15155.1016

Story13 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.002 0 15390.5886

Story12 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.002 0 15591.2401

Story11 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.002 0 15759.8432

Story10 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.002 0 15899.1846

Story9 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.002 0 16012.0511

Story8 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.001 0 16101.2296

Story7 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.001 0 16169.5068

Story6 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.001 0 16219.6697

Story5 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.002 0 16254.5051

Story4 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.002 0 16276.7997

Story3 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.004 0 16289.3404

Story2 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.01 0 16294.9141

Story1 EQ Y LinStatic Step By Step 65.2287 0.001 0 16296.3075

111
 Figure 36: Sample of Moment diagram- due to Seismic load in X direction

Figure 37: Sample of shear force diagram- due to Seismic load in Y direction

112
Appendix F: Verification of steel skyscraper design and some sections of the
members:

Figure 38: Checking of the stress capacity of steel frame.

Figure 39: Sample of Bracing and external main beams sections

113
Figure 40: Sample of Selected sections of Main steel beams

Figure 41: composite columns design check

114
 Figure 42: composite beams design check

Figure 43: steel frames stress capacity check

115
 Figure 44: Deck slab property data

Figure 45:Partial Zoom in view of the of steel building showing the external steel
columns, beams and bracings

116
 Figure 46: Erection of Steel column

Figure 47: Connection of steel column and beams

117
Figure 48: Shape of Deck slab reinforcement and concrete

118
 ProQuest Number: 30662552

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