Exam question booklet | Topic 1

1 Functions and graphs

Topic 1 Functions and graphs
Subtopic 1.2 Linear functions

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q2; © VCAA

The(midpoint of)the line segment that joins (1, −5) to (d, 2) is

Question 1 (1 mark)

d+1 3
A. ,−

1−d 7
2 2

,−
( )
B.

d−4
2 2

,0
( )
C.

1−d
2
( )
D. 0,

5+d
3

,2
( )
E.
2

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q2; © VCAA

The linear function f : D → R, f (x) = 4 − x has range [−2, 6).

Question 2 (1 mark)

The domain D of the function is

A. [−2, 6)
B. [−2, 2)
C. R
D. (−2, 6]
E. [−6, 2)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 1
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.2 Linear functions

The gradient of a line perpendicular to the line that passes through (3, 1) and (0, −5) is
Question 3 (1 mark)

1
A.
2

C. −
B. 2
1

D. −6
2

E. −2

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods 2, Section 1, Q1; © VCAA

The linear function f : D → R, f (x) = 5 − x has range [−4, 5).

Question 4 (1 mark)

The domain D is
A. (0, 9]

C. [5, −4)
B. (0, 1]

D. [−9, 0)
E. [1, 9)

2 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Functions and graphs

Subtopic 1.3 Solving systems of equations

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q17; © VCAA

The simultaneous linear equations ax − 3y = 5 and 3x − ay = 8 − a have no solution for

Question 1 (1 mark)

A. a = 3
B. a = −3
C. both a = 3 and a = −3
D. a ∈ R⧵ {3}
E. a ∈ R⧵ [−3, 3]

Question 2 (1 mark)
The simultaneous linear equations

−2x − my = −4 and
(m − 1) x + 6y = 2 (m − 1) ,

A. m = 4 or m = −3
where m is a real constant, have a unique solution for

B. m = 4 only
C. m ∈ R⧵ (4, −3)
D. m ≠ 4
E. m = −3 only

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 3
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.3 Solving systems of equations

Question 3 (1 mark)
A unique solution for solving a system of three simultaneous equations in three variables represents
A. three planes intersecting along a line.
B. three planes intersecting along a plane.
C. three planes intersecting at a point.
D. three planes having no common intersection.
E. three planes intersecting at a point, a line or a plane.

If ax + by = (b + 1) x + (2 − a) y, the values of a and b are

Question 4 (1 mark)

A. a = and b =
1 3
2 2
a = and b =
3 1
B.
2 2
a = and b =
2 5
C.

a = b + 1 and b = 2 − a
3 3
D.
a = and b =
3 5
E.
2 2

If ax − 3b + 2bx + 6a − 5x = 0, the values of a and b are

Question 5 (1 mark)

A. a = 1 and b = 2
B. a = 1 and b = 1
C. a = 2 and b = 2
D. a = 2 and b = 1
E. a = 2 and b = 0

4 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Functions and graphs

Subtopic 1.4 Quadratic functions

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q2; © VCAA

The set of values of k for which x2 + 2x − k = 0 has two real solutions is

Question 1 (1 mark)

A. {−1, 1}
B. (−1, ∞)
C. (−∞, −1)
D. {−1}
E. [−1, ∞)

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q17; © VCAA

The turning point of the parabola y = x2 − 2bx + 1 is closest to the origin when
Question 2 (1 mark)

A. b = 0
B. b = −1 or b = 1
C. b = − √ or b = √
1 1
2 2
D. b = or b = −
1 1
2 2
E. b = or b = −
1 1
4 4

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 5
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.4 Quadratic functions

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q21; © VCAA

The graphs of y = mx + c and y = ax2 will have no points of intersection for all values of, m, c and a
Question 3 (1 mark)

A. a > 0 and c > 0

such that

B. a > 0 and c < 0

C. a > 0 and c > −

m2
4a

D. a < 0 and c > −

m2

E. m > 0 and c > 0

4a

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods 2, Section 1, Q7; © VCAA

The equation (p − 1)x2 + 4x = 5 − p has no real roots when

Question 4 (1 mark)

A. p2 − 6p + 6 < 0
B. p2 − 6p + 1 > 0
C. p2 − 6p − 6 < 0
D. p2 − 6p + 1 < 0
E. p2 − 6p + 6 > 0

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q7; © VCAA

The range of the function f : (−1, 2] → R, f(x) = −x2 + 2x − 3 is

Question 5 (1 mark)

B. (−6, −3]
A. R

C. (−6, −2]
D. [−6, −3]
E. [−6, −2]

6 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.4 Quadratic functions

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 1, Q9.a; © VCAA

The graph of f(x) = (x − 1)2 − 2, x ∈ [−2, 2], is shown below. The graph intersects the x-axis where x = a.
Question 6 (1 mark)

Find the value of a.

The graph of y = 3x2 − 6x + 7

Question 7 (1 mark)

A. crosses the x-axis at two distinct points and has an axis of symmetry at x = 1.
B. touches the x-axis at one point and has an axis of symmetry at x = 1.
C. does not cross the x-axis and has an axis of symmetry at x = 1.
D. crosses the x-axis at two distinct points and has an axis of symmetry at x = −1.
E. does not cross the x-axis and has an axis of symmetry at x = −1.

Consider the graph of y = x2 − mx + 9. Which of the following statements is false?

Question 8 (1 mark)

A. If m = ±6 the graph touches the x-axis.

B. If m > 6 the graph crosses the x-axis twice.
C. If m < −6 the graph crosses the x-axis twice.
D. The graph has an axis of symmetry at x = .
m

E. The graph has a turning point at − , 9 −

2 )
m m2
(
.
2 4

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 7
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.4 Quadratic functions

Find the range of the function f : [1, 3] → R, f (x) = x2 − 3x + 3.

Question 9 (1 mark)

A quadratic graph crosses the x-axis at x = −1 and x = 5, and crosses the y-axis at y = −5.
Question 10 (1 mark)

A. y = x2 − 4x − 5
The equation of the graph is

B. y = x2 + 4x − 5
C. y = −x2 − 4x + 5
D. y = −x2 + 4x − 5
E. y = x2 − 25

A quadratic graph crosses the x-axis at x = −1, and x = 3, and crosses the y-axis at y = 6.
Question 11 (1 mark)

A. y = −2x2 + 4x + 6
The equation of the graph is

B. y = −2x2 − 4x + 6
C. y = 2x2 + 4x + 6
D. y = 2x2 − 4x + 6
E. y = −x2 + 4x + 6

8 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.4 Quadratic functions

Consider the function f : (−2, ∞) → R where f (x) = 8 − 2(x − 2)2 . Which of the following statements
Question 12 (1 mark)

A. The graph crosses the y-axis at y = 8.

is true?

B. The domain is R.
C. The range is (−∞, 8].

E. The graph crosses the x-axis at x = 2.

D. The graph has a minimum turning point at (2, 8).

Question 13 (1 mark)
A quadratic graph has a turning point at (−2, 4) and passes through the origin.

A. The graph crosses the x-axis at x = −4.

Which of the following statements is false?

B. The axis of symmetry is about the line x = −2.

D. The equation of the curve is y = 4 − (x + 2)2 .

C. The range is (−∞, 4].

E. The vertex is a minimum turning point.

Consider the function f : R → R where f (x) = − 8 − 2(x − 3)2 .

Question 14 (1 mark) [ ]

A. The graph crosses the y-axis at y = 10.

Which of the following statements is false?

C. The range is (−∞, −8].

B. The domain is R.

D. The graph has a minimum turning point at (3, −8).

E. The graph crosses the x-axis at x = 1 and x = 5.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 9
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.4 Quadratic functions

Express y = 2x2 + 4x + 5 in the form y = a(x + h)2 + k.

Question 15 (2 marks)

Question 16 (2 marks)

y = 2 (x − 3) − 3 .
Calculate
[ the turning
] point and state the nature of the turning point for the parabola with the equation
2

Find the values of k for when the graph of y = kx − 2 intersects the graph of y = x2 + 4x at two
Question 17 (2 marks)

distinct points.

10 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Functions and graphs

Subtopic 1.5 Cubic functions

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q2; © VCAA

Let p (x) = x3 − 2ax2 + x − 1 where a ∈ R. When p is divided by x + 2, the remainder is 5.

Question 1 (1 mark)

The value of a is

B. −
A. 2
7
4
1
C.

D. −
2
3

E. −2
2

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q3; © VCAA

Let f : [−3, 0] → R, f (x) = (x + 2)2 (x − 1).

Question 2 (4 marks)

a. Show that (x + 2)2 (x − 1) = x3 + 3x2 − 4. (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 11
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.5 Cubic functions

b. Sketch the graph of f on the axes below. Label the axis intercepts and any stationary points with their
coordinates. (3 marks)
y

x
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2

–2

–4

–6

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2 Section 1, Q17; © VCAA

A graph with rule f (x) = x3 − 3x2 + c, where c is a real number, has three distinct x-intercepts.
Question 3 (1 mark)

The set of all possible values of c is

A. R
B. R+
C. {0, 4}
D. (0, 4)
E. (−∞, 4)

12 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.5 Cubic functions

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q6; © VCAA

For the polynomial P(x) = x3 − ax2 − 4x + 4, P(3) = 10, he value of a is

Question 4 (1 mark)

A. −3
B. −1
C. 1
D. 3
E. 10

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q3; © VCAA

If x + a is a factor of 7x3 + 9x2 − 5ax, where a ∈ R⧵ {0}, then the value of a is

Question 5 (1 mark)

A. −4
B. −2
C. −1
D. 1
E. 2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 13
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.5 Cubic functions

Which of the following graphs could not be the graph of y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d with a > 0
Question 6 (1 mark)

A. B.

C. D.

E.

14 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.5 Cubic functions

Question 7 (1 mark)

graph of y = ax3 + b is
If a and b are non-zero real numbers, and the following graph is defined on its maximal domain, then the

A. a one-to-one function.
B. a one-to-many relation.
C. a many-to-one function.
D. a many-to-many relation.
E. not a relation.

Sketch the cubic curve with the equation y = x3 − 12x. Clearly label the coordinates of all intercepts and
Question 8 (3 marks)

turning points.

Question 9 (1 mark)
The graph shown could have the equation

y = −(x − a)2 (x − b)
y = (x − a)2 (x − b)
A.

y = (x + a)2 (x − b)
B.

y = −(x − a)2 (x + b)
C.

y = −x (x − a) (x − b)
D.
E.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 15
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.5 Cubic functions

Question 10 (1 mark)
The equation for the cubic graph shown below is

y = (x − 1) (x + 1) (x + 2)
y = − (x − 1) (x + 1) (x + 2)
A

y = (x − 1) (x + 1) (x − 2)
B

y = − (x − 1) (x + 1) (x − 2)
C

y + 2 = (x − 1) (x + 1) (x − 2)
D
E

A cubic graph has a minimum turning point at (−2, 0) and crosses the x-axis at x = 2.
Question 11 (1 mark)

A. y = −(x + 2)2 (x − 2)
The equation of the graph is

B. y = (x + 2)2 (x − 2)
C. y = −(x − 2)2 (x + 2)
D. y = (x − 2)2 (x + 2)
E. y = −(x + 2)3

Find the number of x-intercepts for the equation y = x3 − x2 − 2x − 12

Question 12 (1 mark)

16 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.5 Cubic functions

Solve 2x3 − 8x2 + 8x > 0.

Question 13 (2 marks)

Question 14 (1 mark)
The equation of the graph given below is

A. y = −(x + 1)3
B. y = −(x − 1)3
C. y = (x − 1)3
D. y = −1 − (x + 1)3
E. y = (x + 1)3 − 1

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 17
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.5 Cubic functions

The graph below is y = a(x + b)3 + c.

Question 15 (1 mark)

A. a = , b = −2 and c = 1
Then
1
2
B. a = , b = −2 and c = −3
1

C. a = 1, b = −2 and c = 1
2

D. a = −1, b = 2 and c = 1
E. a = −1, b = 2 and c = −1

For the graph of y = 27 + (x + 2)3 , which of the following statements is most correct?
Question 16 (1 mark)

A. The graph crosses the x-axis at x = −2 and crosses the y-axis at y = 0.

B. The graph crosses the x-axis at x = −2 and crosses the y-axis at y = 27.
C. The graph crosses the x-axis at x = −5 and crosses the y-axis at y = 27.
D. The graph crosses the x-axis at x = −5 and crosses the y-axis at y = 35.
E. The graph passes through the point (−2, 27) and does not cross the y-axis.

18 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.5 Cubic functions

Question 17 (3 marks)

A. Sketch the graph of y = (x + 1)3 + 2.

Answer the following.
(2 marks)

B. Find the values of x for when the function is always increasing. (1 mark)

For the graph of y = x3 , the shape of the graph in the first quadrant will look like:
Question 18 (1 mark)

A. B.

C. D.

E.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 19
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.5 Cubic functions

If x + a is a factor of 6x3 + 22x2 − 2ax, where a ∈ R⧵ {0}, find the value of a .

Question 19 (2 marks)

When the polynomial f(x) = x3 − x2 − kx + 2 is divided by (x + 1), the remainder is 3.

Question 20 (1 mark)

The value of k is then equal to

A. 3
B. 2
C. 1

E. −1
D. 0

If a (x − 3) x2 + b (x − 3) x + c (x − 3) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 14x + 15, find a, b and c.

Question 21 (2 marks)

If (4x − 1) ax2 + bx + c = 12x3 − 7x2 − 23x + 6, find a, b and c.

Question 22( (2 marks) )

20 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Functions and graphs

Subtopic 1.6 Higher degree polynomials

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2 Section 1, Q3; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
y

b d
x
O c

A. y = −2(x + b)(x − c)2 (x − d)

The rule for a function with the graph above could be

B. y = 2(x + b)(x − c)2 (x − d)

C. y = −2(x − b)(x − c)2 (x − d)
D. y = 2(x − b)(x − c)(x − d)
E. y = −2(x − b)(x + c)2 (x + d)

Solve −x4 + 7x3 − 12x2 ≥ 0.

Question 2 (2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 21
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.6 Higher degree polynomials

A quartic graph crosses the x-axis at x = −3, x = −1, x = 2 and x = 4, and crosses the y-axis at y = −24.
Question 3 (1 mark)

A. y = − (x − 3) (x − 1) (x + 2) (x + 4)
The equation of the graph is

B. y = (x − 3) (x − 1) (x + 2) (x + 4)
C. y = − (x + 3) (x + 1) (x − 2) (x − 4)
D. y = − (x − 3) (x + 1) (x − 2) (x − 4)
E. y = (x + 3) (x + 1) (x − 2) (x − 4)

Question 4 (1 mark)
The equation best represented by the graph is:

y = a(x − b)2 (x − c)2

y = a (x − b) (x − c)3
A.

y = ax2 (x − b) (x − c)
B.

y = a(x − b)3 (x − c)
C.

y = ax (x − b) (x − c)
D.
E.

22 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.6 Higher degree polynomials

Which of the following options could not be the graph of y = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e with a > 0?
Question 5 (1 mark)

A. B.

C. D.

E.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 23
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.6 Higher degree polynomials

The graph below is of the function y = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e.

Question 6 (1 mark)

A. a > 0, c > 0 and e < 0

Which of the following options is most correct?

B. a > 0, c < 0 and e > 0

C. a < 0, b = 0, c < 0, d = 0 and e > 0
D. a < 0, b = 0, c > 0, d = 0 and e < 0
E. a < 0, b = 0, c < 0, d = 0 and e < 0

Find the number of real solutions for x2 + a (x − b) (x + c), where a, b, and c are three positive
Question 7 (2 marks) ( )

real numbers.

Which of the following expressions is a factor of f (x) = x4 − 4x3 − x2 + 16x − 12?

Question 8 (1 mark)

A. x + 1

C. x + 2
B. x

D. x + 3
E. x − 4

24 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.6 Higher degree polynomials

If f (x) = x (x + 1) (x − 2)2 , then f (x + 1) is equal to

Question 9 (1 mark)

A. x (x − 1) (x − 3)2
B. x (x + 1) (x − 1)2
C. (x + 1) (x + 2) (x − 3)2
D. (x + 1) (x + 2) (x − 1)2
E. x (x + 1) (x − 2)2 + 1

Question 10 (1 mark)

at (b, 0) where a, b and c are positive integers. If a > b > c, the rule for f could be
The graph of a quartic function has x-intercepts at (a, 0) and (c, 0) as well as a turning point and x-intercept

A. f (x) = x (x − a) (x − b) (x + c)
B. f (x) = (x − a) (x − c) (x − b)2
C. f (x) = x (x − a) (x + b) (x − c)
D. f (x) = (x + a) (x − c) (x + b)2
E. f (x) = (x − a) (x − c) (x + b)2

Consider the function f : R → R where f (x) = 2 − (x + 3)4 .

Question 11 (1 mark)

Which of the following statements is true?

A. The graph has a maximum at (3, 2).
B. The graph has a minimum at (3, 2).
C. The graph has a maximum at (−3, 2).
D. The graph has a minimum at (−3, 2).
E. The graph has a minimum at (2, 3).

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 25
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.6 Higher degree polynomials

Consider the function f : R → R where f (x) = 5 + 2(x − 6)4 .

Question 12 (1 mark)

A. [5, ∞)
The range is

B. (−∞, 5]

D. [6, ∞)
C. (−∞, 6]

E. R

Which of the following statements is false for the graph of y = 1 − (x + 2)4 ?

Question 13 (1 mark)

A. The domain is R and the range is (−∞, 1].

C. The graph crosses the y-axis at (0, −15).

B. The graph crosses the x-axis at (−3, 0) and (−1, 0).

D. The line x = −2 is an axis of symmetry.

E. The point (−2, 1) is a minimum turning point.

Question 14 (3 marks)

a. Determine the turning point for y = − (x − 1)4 + 1.

Answer the following.
1
(1 mark)
2

b. Sketch the graph of y = − (x − 1)4 + 1

1
(2 marks)
2

26 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.6 Higher degree polynomials

Consider the function f : R → R where f(x) = x5 . Which of the following statements is false?
Question 15 (1 mark)

A. The graph passes through the point (−2, −32) .

B. The point (0, 0) is a stationary point of inflexion.
C. The domain and range of the graph are both R.
D. The graph crosses the x-axis at (−1, 0) and (1, 0).
E. The graph is not symmetrical about the x-axis.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 27
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Functions and graphs

Subtopic 1.7 Other algebraic functions

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q5; © VCAA

3x + 2
The graph of function f : D → R, f(x) =
Question 1 (1 mark)

5−x
, where D is the maximal domain, has asymptotes

A. x = −5, y =
3

B. x = −3, y = 5
2

C. x = , y = −3
2

D. x = 5, y = 3
3

E. x = 5, y = −3

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q18; © VCAA

Let a ∈ (0, ∞) and b ∈ R

Question 2 (1 mark)

Consider the function h: [−a, 0] ∪ (0, a) → R, h (x) = + b.

a
x

A. [b − 1, b + 1]
The range of h is

B. (b − 1, b + 1)
C. (−∞, b − 1) ∪ (b + 1, ∞)
D. (−∞, b − 1] ∪ [b + 1, ∞)
E. [b − 1, ∞)

28 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.7 Other algebraic functions

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q2; © VCAA

The maximal domain of the function f is R⧵ {1}.

Question 3 (1 mark)

x2 − 5
A possible rule for f is
A. f(x) =
x−1
x+4
B. f(x) =
x−5
x2 + x + 4
C. f(x) =
x2 + 1
5 − x2
D. f(x) =
1+x
E. f(x) = x − 1
√

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods 1, Q4; © VCAA

Question 4 (4 marks)

a. Sketch the graph of y = 1 −

Answer the following.

x−2
2
on the axes below. Label asymptotes with their equations and axis
intercepts with their coordinates. (3 marks)

b. Find the values of x for which 1 − ≥ 3.

x−2
2
(1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 29
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.7 Other algebraic functions

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q2; © VCAA

The linear function f : D → R, f(x) = 4 − x has range [−2, 6).

Question 5 (1 mark)

The domain D of the function is

A. [−2, 6)
B. (−2, 2]
C. R
D. (−2, 6]
E. [−6, 2]

30 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.7 Other algebraic functions

For the graph of y = x−5 , the shape of the graph in the first quadrant will look like
Question 6 (1 mark)

A. B.

C. D.

E.

The graph of a truncus has asymptotes at x = −1 and y = 1. Its y-intercept is −2. Find the equation of the
Question 7 (3 marks)

truncus.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 31
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.7 Other algebraic functions

The graph of y = x 4 has domain

Question 8 (1 mark)
1

A. x ∈ R
B. x ∈ R+ ∪ {0}
C. x ∈ R−
D. x ∈ R| {0}
E. x ∈ (−1, 4)

The basic shape of the graph of y = x 3 in the first quadrant will look similar to
Question 9 (1 mark)
2

A. B.

C. D.

E.

32 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.7 Other algebraic functions

Question 10 (1 mark)

graph of y2 = ax + b is
If a and b are non-zero real numbers, and the following graph is defined on its maximal domain, then the

A. a one-to-one function.
B. a one-to-many relation.
C. a many-to-one function.
D. a many-to-many relation.
E. not a relation.

The basic shape of the graph in the first quadrant of the function f : R+ → R, f(x) = x 7 . will be similar to
Question 11 (1 mark)
4

A. B.

C. D.

E.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 33
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.7 Other algebraic functions

Question 12 (1 mark)
Consider the graph below.

A. y = √x3
The equation of the graph could be

B. y = √x5
5
√

C. y = √x3
3

D. y = √x3
E. y = x4
4

The graph of a one-to-one function y = f (x) has a maximal domain of [−a, ∞) and a range of [0, ∞),
Question 13 (1 mark)

where a√is a positive, real constant. Which of the following options could be the equation of the graph?
A. y = (x + a)3

y = (x − a)3
√

y = (x + a)
B.

y = (x − a)
3
√
C.
3
√
D.
y = (x + a)2
√
3
E.

34 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Functions and graphs

Subtopic 1.8 Combinations of functions

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

The diagram shows the graphs of three functions: y = f (x), y = g (x) and y = h (x).
Question 1 (1 mark)

State which of the following statements is true.

y
f(x)

g(x)

0 x

h(x)

f (x) = g (x) − h (x)

g (x) = f (x) − h (x)
A.

g (x) = h (x) − f (x)

B.

h (x) = f (x) − g (x)

C.

h (x) = g (x) − f (x)

D.
E.

Given the functions f (x) = x + 3 and g (x) = 1 − x, the graph of y = f (x) − g (x) has
Question 2 (1 mark)

A. a maximal domain of [−3, ∞) and a range of R.

√ √

B. a maximal domain of [1, ∞) and a range of R+ .

C. a maximal domain of (−∞, −3] ∪ [1, ∞) and a range of R.

E. a maximal domain of [−3, 1] and a range of [−2, 2] .

D. a maximal domain of [−3, 1] and a range of R+ .

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 35
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.8 Combinations of functions

x − 2, x≥1
Question 3 (1 mark)

For the function defined by f(x) = { −1, −1 < x < 1 then

x ≤ −2
A. f (1) = −1 and the range is R.
x,

B. f (1) = −1 and the range is [−2, 1].

C. f (−1) = −1 and the range is R⧵ (−2, 1).
D. f (−1) does not exist and the range is R⧵(−2, 1].
E. f (−1) does not exist and the range is R⧵[−2, 1).

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q10; © VCAA

Consider the functions f(x) = x + 2 and g(x) = 1 − 2x, defined over their maximal domains.
Question 4 (1 mark)

) domain of the function h = f + g is

√ √

The(maximal
A. −2,
1

B. [−2, ∞)
2

C. (−∞, −2) ∪ ,∞
1
( )

2
D. −2,
1
[ ]

2
E. [−2, 1]

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q5; © VCAA

If f : (−∞, 1) → R, f (x) = 2 loge (1 − x) and g : [−1, ∞] → R, g (x) = 3 x + 1, then the maximal domain
Question 5 (1 mark)

of the function f + g is
√

B. (1, ∞)
A. [−1, 1)

D. (−∞, −1]
C. (−1, 1]

E. R

36 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.8 Combinations of functions

x2 + 1
Question 6 (2 marks)
The function f : R⧵ {0} → R, f(x) = is determined by adding two functions, g and h.
x
Write a rule for both g and h that could be used.

For f : [−4, 1] → R, f (x) = x + 2 and g : [−2, ∞) → R, g (x) = x2 , find the rule (f + g) (x) and state
Question 7 (2 marks)

the domain.

Question 8 (1 mark)

f : (−a, ∞) → R where f (x) = loge (x + a) and g : (−∞, a) → R where g (x) = − loge (a − x), where a is a
Given the functions

positive real constant, if h (x) = f (x) − g (x) , then the function h is defined by
A. h : R → R where h (x) = loge (2x)
B. h : (−a, ∞) → R where h (x) = loge (2x)
C. h : (∞, a) → R where h (x) = loge (2x)
D. h : (−a, a) → R where h (x) = loge (a2 − x2 )
E. h : (−a, a) → R where h (x) = loge x2 − a2
( )

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 37
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.8 Combinations of functions

For f : R+ → R, f(x) = and g : (1, ∞) → R, g (x) = x − 1, find the rule ( f − g) (x) and state the domain.
Question 9 (2 marks)
1 √
x

The diagram below shows the graphs of three functions: y = ± f (x), y = g (x) and y = h (x).
Question 10 (1 mark)

A. f (x) = g (x) h (x)

Which of the following statements is true?

B. g (x) = f (x) h (x)

C. h (x) = f (x) g (x)
D. f (x) =
g (x)

E. h (x) =
h (x)
f (x)
g (x)

38 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.8 Combinations of functions

Given the functions f : (1, ∞) → R where f (x) = 3x + 4 and g : R+ → R where g (x) = 2x − 5, if

Question 11 (1 mark)

h (x) = f (x) g (x), then the function h is defined by

A. h : (1, ∞) → R where h (x) = 6x2 − 20
B. h : R+ → R where h (x) = 6x2 − 20
C. h : R → R where h (x) = 6x2 − 10x − 20
D. h : (1, ∞) → R where h (x) = 6x2 − 7x − 20
E. h : (1, ∞) → R where h (x) = 6x − 11

Given the functions y = f (x) = x + 2 and y = g (x) = √ , a graph of y = f (x) g (x) has
Question 12 (1 mark)

2−x
√ 1

a maximal domain of [−2, ∞) and a range of R.

a maximal domain of (2, ∞) and a range of R+ .
A.

a maximal domain of (−∞, 2] ∪ (2, ∞) and a range of R.

B.

a maximal domain of [−2, 2) and a range of R+ ∪ {0}.

C.
D.
E. a maximal domain of [−2, 2) and a range of R+ .

For f : R+ → R, f (x) = and g : [−1, ∞] → R, g (x) = x + 1, find the rule (fg) (x) and state the domain.
Question 13 (2 marks)
1 √
x

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 39
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.8 Combinations of functions

x2 , x ≥ 1
Question 14 (1 mark)

For the function defined by f (x) = { x, −1 < x < 1 then

−1, x ≤ −1
A. f (1) = 1 and the range is R.
B. f (−1) = 1 and the range is R.
C. f (−1) = −1 and the range is [−1, ∞).
D. f (1) = −1 and the range is [−1, ∞).
E. f (−1) = 1 and the range is [−1, ∞).

x − 2, x ≥ 3
Question 15 (1 mark)
⎧
⎪ 1, 1 ≤ x < 2
For the function defined by f (x) =
⎨ x, −1 < x < 1
⎪
then

⎩ −1, x ≤ −1
A. the domain is (−∞, 2) ∪ [3, ∞) and the range is [−1, ∞).
B. the domain is (−∞, 2) ∪ [3, ∞) and the range is R.
C. the domain is R and the range is [−1, ∞)
D. the domain is (−∞, 2) ∪ [3, ∞) and the range is (−1, ∞].
E. the domain and range are both R.

Question 16 (1 mark)

x + 3, −2 ≤ x ≤ 0
Determine the range of the function defined by

f(x) = {−(x − 2)2 + 4, 0<x≤4

x − 7, 4<x≤6

40 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.8 Combinations of functions

Question 17 (3 marks)
Answer the following.
A. Determine the equation of the hybrid function. (2 marks)

B. Is the function continuous or discontinuous? (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 41
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Functions and graphs

Subtopic 1.9 Modelling and applications

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q15; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
Zoe has a rectangular piece of cardboard that is 8 cm long and 6 cm wide. Zoe cuts squares of side length x
centimetres from each of the corners of the cardboard, as shown in the diagram below.

6 cm

x cm

8 cm

Zoe turns up the sides to form an open box.

The value of x for which the volume of the box is a maximum is closest to
A. 0.8
B. 1.1
C. 1.6
D. 2.0
E. 3.6

42 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.9 Modelling and applications

Question 2 (1 mark)
The graph shows the relationship between two variables, x and y.

0 x

A. y = a x
If a is a positive constant, the equation relating x and y is most likely

B. y = ax2
√

C. y =
a

D. y = aex
x

E. y = a loge (x)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 43
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.9 Modelling and applications

Question 3 (6 marks)
A right circular cone is inscribed in a sphere of radius 4 cm, as shown in the cross-section.

4 cm
A D r cm C

a. Express the radius, r cm, of the cone in terms of h. (1 mark)

b. Write an equation expressing the volume of the cone, V cm3 , in terms of h and state any restrictions
on h. (2 marks)

c. Sketch the graph of V versus h. (2 marks)

d. Use the graph to find the maximum volume for the cone to the nearest cm3 . (1 mark)

44 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Functions and graphs

Subtopic 1.10 Review

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q3; © VCAA

Consider the function f[a, b] → R, f(x) = , where a and b are positive real numbers.The range of f is
Question 1 (1 mark)
1

,
x
1 1
[ )
A.
(a b ]
,
1 1
B.
[ a b)
,
1 1
C.
(b a ]
,
1 1
D.
b a
E. [a, b)

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q7; © VCAA

The range of the function f : (−1, 2] → R, f(x) = −x2 + 2x − 3 is

Question 2 (1 mark)

B. (−6, −3]
A. R

C. (−6, −2]
D. [−6, −3]
E. [−6, −2]

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 45
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.10 Review

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q18; © VCAA

The graph of y = kx − 4 intersects the graph of y = x2 + 2x at two distinct points for

Question 3 (1 mark)

A. k = 6
B. k > 6 or k < −2
C. −2 ≤√ k≤6
D. 6 − 2 3 ≤ k ≤ 6 + 2 3
E. k = −2
√

Question 4 (1 mark)
The simultaneous linear equations

−3x + my = m − 1 and
(m + 1)x − 10y = −8,

A. m = 5 or m = −6
where m is a real constant, have an infinite number of solutions for

B. m = 5 only
C. m ∈ R\ {−6, 5}
D. m ≠ −6
E. m ≠ 5

46 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.10 Review

Find the value(s) of a for which the simultaneous equations 3x + ay = 5 and (a + 2) x + 5y = a have
Question 5 (2 marks)

no solution.

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q18; © VCAA

Let a ∈ (0, ∞) and b ∈ R.

Question 6 (1 mark)

Consider the function h : [−a, 0) ∪ (0, a] → R, h (x) = + b.

a
x

A. [b − 1, b + 1]
The range of h is

B. (b − 1, b + 1)
C. (−∞, b − 1) ∪ (b + 1, ∞)
D. (−∞, b − 1] ∪ [b + 1, ∞)
E. [b − 1, ∞)

Question 7 (2 marks)
Find the set of linear factors for ax3 −bx, where a and b are positive.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 47
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.10 Review

For the graph of f(x) = xn , where n is 0 < n < 1, the shape of the graph in the first quadrant will look like:
Question 8 (1 mark)

A. B.

C. D.

E.

Consider the function f : R → R where f(x) = −x6 . Which of the following statements is false?
Question 9 (1 mark)

A. f(−x) = f(x) so the graph is symmetrical about the y-axis.

B. The domain is R.
C. The range is (−∞, 0].
D. The graph has a maximum at (0, 0).
E. The graph is symmetrical about the x-axis.

48 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.10 Review

Consider the function f : R → R where f(x) = xn and n is even. Which of the following statements is true?
Question 10 (1 mark)

A. The maximal domain is [0, ∞)

B. The range is R.

D. f(−1) = −1
C. The graph passes through the origin.

E. The graph is symmetrical about the x-axis.

Consider the function f : R → R where f(x) = x5 . Which of the following statements is false?
Question 11 (1 mark)

A. The graph passes through the point (−2, −32).

B. The point (0, 0) is a stationary point of inflexion.
C. The domain and range of the graph are both R.
D. The graph crosses the x-axis at (−1, 0) and (1, 0).
E. The graph is not symmetrical about the x-axis.

For the graph of y =

Question 12 (1 mark)

(x − 5)7
1
, which of the following statements is false?

The line x = 5 is a vertical asymptote.

A. The graph of the function is a one-one function.

The line y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

B.

The domain is R⧵ {5} and the range is R⧵ {0}.

C.

The graph is symmetrical about the line x = 5.

D.
E.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 49
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Topic 1 Subtopic 1.10 Review

For the graph y =

Question 13 (1 mark)

(x − 4)4
1
, which of the following statements is true?
A. The line x = −4 is a vertical asymptote and the domain is R.
B. The line x = 4 is a vertical asymptote and the range is (0, ∞).
C. The line x = −4 is a vertical asymptote and the range is (0, ∞).
D. The line y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote and the domain is R.
E. The line y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote and the range is R ⧵ (4).

Which of the following statements is false for the graph of y =

Question 14 (1 mark)

(x − a)n
1
where n is a positive, even integer

A. The line x = a is a vertical asymptote and the domain is R ⧵ (a).

and a is a non-zero, real constant?

B. The line y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote and the range is (0, ∞).

C. The graph is symmetrical about the line x = a .

−1
D. The graph is a many-to-one function.
( )
E. The graph crosses the y-axis at 0, n .
a

Question 15 (1 mark)

A. y = x2 − 5
Which of the following rules does not describe a function?

B. y = −5
C. x = −5
D. y = 5 − x2
√

E. y =
x−5
1

50 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Answers and marking guide

1.2 Linear functions
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
Question 1(
, given (1, −5) , (d, 2)
)
Midpoint:

1 + d −5 + 2
2 2

Midpoint = ,
( )

d+1 3
2 2

= ,−
( )

2 2
The correct answer is A.

f (x) = 4 − x
Question 2

f (a) = −2 ⇒ 4 − a = −2 ⇒ a = 6 included
f (b) = 6 ⇒ 4 − b = 6 ⇒ b = −2 not included
The domain is (−2, 6].
The correct answer is D.

y2 − y1 1 − (−5) 6
Gradient m = , so m = = = 2 = mT
Question 3

x2 − x1 3−0
−1
Now mN mT = −1, so mN =
3
.
2
The correct answer is C.

f : D → R, f (x) = 5 − x, range [−4, 5)

Question 4

f (x) = −4 = 5 − x ⇒ x = 9 included
f (x) = 5 = 5 − x ⇒ x = 0 not included
Domain D = (0, 9]
The correct answer is A.

1.3 Solving systems of equations

Question 1

ax − 3y = 5
Consider the simultaneous equations:

3x − ay = 8 − a [2]
[1]

There will be no solutions when the gradients of both equations are the same and the y-intercept is different.

ax − 3y = 5
First, rearrange the equations to determine the gradient of each line.

−3y = −ax + 5
[1]

y= x−
a 5

Gradient =
3 3
a

3x − ay = 8 − a
3

−ay = −3x + 8 − a
[2]

8−a
y= x−
3
a a

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 51
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Gradient =
3
a

=
Solve for when the gradients are equal.
a 3

a2 = 9
3 a

a = ±3

a = 3:
Now test each a value to see which one(s) means that the y-intercepts are different.

3x − 3y = 5
3x − 3y = 5
[1]

When a = 3, the equations are the same; therefore, there would be infinitely many solutions.
[2]

a = −3:
−3x − 3y = 5
3x + 3y = 11
[1]
[2]

Therefore, when a = −3, there are no solutions.

The gradients of both equations are the same; however, the y-intercepts are different.

The correct answer is B.

Question 2

−2x − my = −4
Consider the simultaneous equations:

(m − 1)x + 6y = 2(m − 1) [2]

[1]

There will be a unique solution provided the gradients of the two lines are not equal.

−2x − my = −4
First, rearrange the equations to determine the gradient of each line.

−my = 2x − 4
[1]

y=− x+
2 4

Gradient = −
m m
2

(m − 1)x + 6y = 2(m − 1) [2]

m

6y = −(m − 1)x + 2(m − 1)

m−1 m−1
y=− x+
m−1
Gradient = −
6 3

m−1
Solve for when the gradients are equal.
− =−
2

12 = m − m
m 6

0 = m2 − m − 12
2

= (m − 4)(m + 3)
m = 4, −3
Therefore, there will be a unique solution for all values other than 4 and −3.
m ∈ R\{−3, 4}
The correct answer is C.
Question 3
A unique solution represents only one value for each of the three variables and will only occur at a point.
The correct answer is C.

52 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Question 4

a = b + 1 (equation 1)
Equating coefficients and solving simultaneously using CAS technology gives:

b = 2 − a (equation 2)
a = and b =
3 1
2 2
The correct answer is B.
Question 5

a + 2b − 5 = 0 (equation 1)
Equating coefficients and solving simultaneously using CAS technology gives:

−3b + 6a = 0 (equation 2)
a = 1 and b = 2
The correct answer is A.

1.4 Quadratic functions

x2 + 2x − k = 0
Question 1

Δ = (2)2 + 4k = 4 + 4 k > 0
k > −1, (−1, ∞)
The correct answer is B.

y = x(2 − 2bx + 1 )
Question 2

y = x2 − 2bx + b2 + 1 − b2
y = (x − b)2 + 1 − b2
The turning point is V b, 1 − b2 .
( )

Define the distance, s, from the origin, O, to the turning point, V, in terms of b.
dOV = s (b) = b2 + (1 − b2 )2
√

Enter the function in your CAS calculator and determine which b value gives the smallest value of the
square root, the distance from the origin.
When b = √ or − √ , the distance is .
1 1 3
2 2 4
The correct answer is C.

y1 = mx + c, y2 = ax2
Question 3

For intersection points, y1 = y2 :

mx + c = ax2 ⇒ ax2 − mx − c = 0
For no points of intersection, the discriminant, Δ = m2 + 4ac < 0.
m2 < −4ac ⇒ c > − if a < 0. Dividing by a positive does not reverse the inequality.
m2
4a
The correct answer is D.

(p − 1) x2 + 4x = 5 − p
Question 4

(p − 1) x2 + 4x + p − 5 = 0
Δ = 16 − 4 (p
( 2− 1) (p − 5)
Δ = 16 − 4 p − 6p + 5
Δ = 16 − 4p2 + 24p − 20
)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 53
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Δ <( 0
For no real roots:

−4 p2 − 6p + 1 < 0
p2 − 6p + 1 > 0
)

The correct answer is B.

f : (−1, 2] → R f(x) = −x2 + 2x − 3

Question 5

Endpoint included: f (2) = −4 + 4 − 3 = −3

Endpoint, not included: f (−1) = −1 − 2 − 3 = −6
Turning points: f′ (x) = −2x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 1
f (1) = −1 + 2 − 3 = −2
Range: (−6, −2]

The correct answer is C.

f (x) = (x − 1)2 − 2, x ∈ [−2, 2]

Question 6

f (a) = 0 ⇒ (a − 1)2 − 2 = 0
(a − 1)2 = 2
a−1=± 2
a = 1 ± 2 but a < 0
√

a=1− 2
√
√

Award 1 mark for the correct value of a.

VCAA Assessment Report note:
The most common errors included not giving the answer in the form required, choosing the alternative
x-value and not setting up the correct quadratic.

a = 3, b = −6, c = 7
Question 7

Δ = b2 − 4ac = (−6)2 − 4 × 3 × 7 = 36 − 84 = −48 < 0

This indicates that the graph does not cross the x-axis.
x=− = =1
b 6

Therefore, x = 1 is the axis of symmetry.

2a 6

The correct answer is C.

54 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

a = 1, b = −m. c = 9
Question 8

Δ = b2 − 4ac = m2 − 4 × 9 = m2 − 36
Δ = 0 ⇒ m2 = 36 ⇒ m = ±6

Δ > 0 ⇒ m2 > 36 ⇒ m > 6 and m < −6

The graph touches the x-axis; thus, A is true.

The graph crosses the x-axis twice; therefore, both B and C are true.
x = − = is the axis of symmetry, so D is true.
b m

E is false, as the turning point is at x = .

2a 2
m
2
The correct answer is E.
Question 9
,
3 3
)(
Turning point
2 4
The graph of f (x) looks like this.

The range is y ∈ ,3 .
3
] [

Now y = a (x + 1) (x − 5) , when x = 0 y = −5
Question 10

⇒ −5 = −5a so a = 1
y = (x + 1) (x − 5)

y = x2 − 4x − 5
Expanding this gives

The correct answer is A.

Now y = a (x + 1) (x − 3) , when x = 0 y = 6
Question 11

⇒ 6 = −3a so a = −2
y = −2 (x + 1) (x − 3)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 55
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

y = −2x2 + 4x + 6
Expanding this gives

The correct answer is A.

f : (2, ∞) → R where f (x) = 8 − 2(x − 2)2

Question 12

We have a restricted domain, (−2, ∞), and a range of (−∞, 8]

The graph has a maximum turning point at (2, 8) .
The graph crosses the x-axis at x = 0 and x = 4, and crosses the y-axis at y = 0.

The correct answer is C.

The graph crosses the x-axis at x = −4.

Question 13

The axis of symmetry is the line x = −2.

The range is (−∞, 4] .
The equation of the curve is y = 4 − (x + 2)2.
Therefore, A, B, C, and D are true, and E is false.
The vertex is a minimum turning point.

The correct answer is E.

56 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

The domain of the graph is R and the range is [−8, ∞).

Question 14

The graph has a minimum turning point at (3, −8), crosses the x-axis at x = 1 and x = 5, and crosses the
y-axis at y = 10.
Therefore, A, B, D, and E are true, and C is false.

The correct answer is C.

Question
[ 15
y = 2 x + 2x +
5
]
2
2

= 2 (x + 1) +
3
[ ]
2
[1 mark]

= 2(x + 1)2 + 3
2
[1 mark]

y = 2(x − 3)2 − 6
Question 16

The turning point is at (3, −6) . [1 mark]

The turning point is a minimum. [1 mark]

kx − 2 = x2 + 4x
Question 17

x2 + x (4 − k) + 2 = 0
Δ = (4 − k)2 − 8
Δ=0
[1 mark]

(4 − k)2 = 8
(4 − k) = ±8
k = 4 − 2 2 or k = 4 + 2 2
For Δ ≥ 0,
√ √

k ≤ 4 − 2 2 and k ≥ 4 + 2 2
√ √
[1 mark]

1.5 Cubic functions

p (x) = x3 − 2ax2 + x − 1
Question 1

p (−2) = −8 − 8a − 2 − 1 = 5
8a = −16
a = −2
The correct answer is E.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 57
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Let f: [−3, 0] → R, f(x) = (x + 2)2 (x − 1).

Question 2

a f(x) = (x + 2)2 (x − 1)
= (x2 + 4x + 4)(x − 1)
= x3 − x2 + 4x2 − 4x + 4x − 4
= x3 + 3x2 − 4
b The x-intercepts are x = −2 and x = 1. (x = 1 is outside the domain, but it is useful to know for the shape
[1 mark]

of the graph.)
There is a maximum turning point at (−2, 0).

f ′ (x) = 3x2 + 6x
Check for another turning point:

0 = 3x(x + 2)
x = 0, −2
f(0) = (2)2 (−1)
= −4
Therefore, there is a minimum turning point at (0, − 4).
y

(–2, 0)
0
x

(0, –4)
(–3, –4)

Award 1 mark for correct end points.

Award 1 mark for the maximum turning point.
Award 1 mark for correct shape.

First consider f(x) = x3 − 3x2 .

Question 3

Using CAS or calculus, there is a maximum turning point at (0, 0) and a minimum turning point at (2, – 4).
Currently there are two x-intercepts. To obtain three distinct x-intercepts, the graph needs to be translated

Hence, c ∈ (0, 4).

upwards by no more than the magnitude of the y-value of the minimum turning point.

The correct answer is D.

P (x) = x3 − ax2 − 4x + 4
Question 4

P (3) = 27 − 9a − 12 + 4 = 10
9a = 9
a=1
The correct answer is C.

P (x) = 7x3 + 9x2 − 5ax

Question 5

x + a is a factor, a ∈ R⧵ {0}
P (−a) = 7(−a)3 + 9(−a)2 + 5a2 = 0
⇒ 14a2 − 7a3 = 7a2 (2 − a) = 0
⇒a=2
The correct answer is E.

58 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d with a > 0

Question 6

As x → ∞, y → ∞ and as x → −∞, y → −∞.

Graph E does not satisfy this, but all other graphs do.
The correct answer is E.
Question 7

A line parallel to the x or y-axis crosses the graph only once, so the graph is a one-to-one function.
The correct answer is A.
Question 8

Award 1 mark for the correct curve.

Award 1 mark for the correct intercepts.
Award 1 mark for the correct turning points.
Question 9

y = −(x − a)2 (x − b)
The cubic curve is negative and has a turning point and x-intercept at the same value.

The correct answer is A.

Now y = a (x + 1) (x − 1) (x − 2) , when x = 0 y = 0
Question 10

⇒ −2 = 2a so a = −1
∴ y = − (x + 1) (x − 1) (x − 2)
The correct answer is D.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 59
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

y = −(x + 2)2 (x − 2) since it has a minimum at x = 2, a < 0

Question 11

The correct answer is A.

(x − 3) x2 + 2x + 4 = 0
Question
( 12

x=3
)

There is one x-intercept only. [1 mark]

2x3 − 8x2 + 8x > 0

Question 13

⇒ x3 − 4x2 + 4x > 0

x3 − 4x2 + 4x = 0
Let:

x x − 4x + 4 = 0
x (x − 2) (x − 2) = 0
( 2 )

x = 0, x = 2
The graph looks like this.

⇒ 2x3 − 8x2 + 8x > 0

when x ∈ (0, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)
Award 1 mark for each of the two correct intervals.

The inflection point is at (−1, 0) and it passes through the point (0, −1) .
Question 14

Therefore, the equation of the graph is y = −(x + 1)3 .

The correct answer is A.

60 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

y = a(x + b)3 + c
Question 15

The inflection point is at (2, 1) and the graph passes through the point (0, −3) .
Its equation is y = a(x − 2)3 + 1.
When x = 0, y = −3, so −3 = −8a + 1 ⇒ 8a = 4.
Therefore, a = , b = −2 and c = 1.
1
2
The correct answer is A.
Question 16
The inflection point is at (−2, 27) and the graph crosses the coordinate axes at (−5, 0) and (0, 35).

The correct answer is D.

Question 17
a.

Award 1 mark for sketching the correct curve.

b. x ∈ R
Award 1 mark for the correct point of inflection.

Question 18

The correct answer is C.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 61
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

P (x) = 2x 3x2 + 11x − a

Question 19 (

P (−a) = −2a 3a2 − 11a + a

)

= 0 [1 mark]
( )

3a (a − 4) = 0
a = 4 [1 mark]

Dividing (x + 1) into f (x) gives a remainder of 3, then f (−1) = 3.

Question 20

f (−1) = (−1)3 − (−1)2 + k + 2 = 3

−1 − 1 + k + 2 = 3
k=3
The correct answer is A.

2x3 − 3x2 − 14x + 15 = ax3 − 3ax2 + bx2 − 3bx + cx − 3c

Question 21

= ax3 + x2 (b − 3a) + x (c − 3b) − 3c [1 mark]

a=2
Equating coefficients gives:

b − 3 a = −3
b − 6 = −3
b=3
−3c = 15
c = −5
a = 2, b = 3, c = −5 [1 mark]

4ax3 + x3 (4b − a) + x (4c − b) − c = 12x3 − 7x2 − 23x + 6

Question 22
[1 mark]

4a = 12
Equating coefficients gives:

a=3
4b − a = −7
b = −1
c = −6
a = 3, b = −1, c = −6 [1 mark]

1.6 Higher degree polynomials

Question 1
y

b d
O c x

The graph is a negative quartic, crosses at x = b, x = c is a double root, and x = d. Its equation could be
y = −k (x − b) (x − c)2 (x − d) , k > 0, k = 2
The correct answer is C.

62 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Most students chose option A, y = −2(x + b)(x − c)2 (x − d), but the factor (x + b) is incorrect.
VCAA Assessment Report note:

−x4 + 7x3 − 12x2 = 0

Question 2

−x2 x2 − 7x + 12 = 0
−x2 (x − 4) (x − 3) = 0
( )

x = 0, 4, 3
The graph is inverted, so when solving −x4 + 7x3 − 12x2 ≥ 0, the graph is only above the x-axis between
[1 mark]

x = 3 and x = 4, and is equal to zero at the x-intercepts.

Therefore, x ∈ [3, 4] ∪ {0} . [1 mark]

y = a (x + 3) (x + 1) (x − 2) (x − 4)
Question 3

When x = 0, y = −24.
Now −24 = 24a, so a = −1.
∴ y = − (x + 3) (x + 1) (x − 2) (x − 4)
y
30
20
10

x
–4 –2 –100 2 4 6
–20
–30

The correct answer is C.

The curve is a positive quartic curve with both an x-intercept and point of inflection at x = c.
Question 4

y = a (x − b) (x − c)3
The correct answer is B.

y = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e with a > 0

Question 5

As x → ±∞. y → ∞
Option E does not satisfy this; however, all other graphs do.
The correct answer is E.
Question 6
The graph is an even function, and symmetrical about the y-axis,

f (−x) = f (x) ⇒ b = d = 0
so

⇒e<0
The graph crosses the y-axis, below the x-axis.

as x → ±∞ y → −∞ ⇒ a < 0,

y = − ((x + 1) (x
) (−21) (x)+ 2) (x − 2)
Consider the graph of

= − (x − 1 x −) 4
= − x4 − 5x2 + 4
2

= −x4 + 5x2 − 4 ⇒ c > 0

The correct answer is D.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 63
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

(x2 + a) (x − b) (x + c) = 0
Question
) 7

x + a = 0 and (x − b) (x + c) = 0 [1 mark]
( 2

x = no solution and x = b or x = −c
Two solutions, at x = b or x = −c [1 mark]

Factorising f (x) = x4 − 4x3 − x2 + 16x − 12

Question 8

gives f (x) = (x − 3) (x − 2) (x − 1) (x + 2) .
The correct answer is C.

f (x + 1) = (x + 1) (x + 1 + 1) (x + 1 − 2)2
Question 9

= (x + 1) (x + 2) (x − 1)2
The correct answer is D.

For the quartic function, if a > b > c, f (x) = (x − a) (x − c) (x − b)2 .

Question 10

The correct answer is B.

Question 11
The graph has a maximum at (−3, 2).

The correct answer is C.

The range is [5, ∞).

Question 12

The correct answer is A.

Question 13

The graph crosses the x-axis at (−3, 0) and (−1, 0), and crosses the y-axis at (0, −15).
The domain is R and the range is (−∞, 1].

The line x = −2 is an axis of symmetry.

64 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Therefore, A, B, C and D are true, and E is false.

The vertex (−2, 1) is a maximum turning point.

The correct answer is E.

Question 14
a. The turning point is at (1, 1).
b.

Award 1 mark for the correct curve.

Award 1 mark for correct turning point and intercepts.
Question 15
The graph crosses the x-axis at (0, 0). Therefore, the false statement is:
The graph crosses the x-axis at (−1, 0) and (1, 0).

The correct answer is D.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 65
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

1.7 Other algebraic functions

3x + 2
f : D → R, f(x) =
Question 1

5−x
3x + 2 −3(5 − x) + 17
f(x) = =
5−x 5−x
f(x) = −3 +
5−x
17

x = 5 is a vertical asymptote.
y = −3 is a horizontal asymptote.
The correct answer is E.

a ∈ (0, ∞), b ∈ R
Question 2

h : [−a, ∞] ∪ (0, a) → h(x) = + b

a

h(a) = b + 1, h(−a) = b − 1
x

x = 0 is a vertical asymptote.
y = b is a horizontal asymptote.
The correct answer is D.

x2 − 5
Question 3

f(x) =
x−1
x = 1 is a vertical asymptote.
has maximal domain R⧵ (1).

The correct answer is A.

a. The sketch of y = 1 −
Question 4

x−2
2
is shown below.

Award 1 mark for the correct graph shape.

Award 1 mark for the correct asymptotes.
Award 1 mark for the correct axial intercepts.

66 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

b. 1 − ≥3
x−2
2

1− =3
x−2
2

= −2
x−2
2

x − 2 = −1
x=1

1− ≥ 3 x ∈ [1, 2), 1≤x<2

x−2
2

Award 1 mark for the final values.

f(x) = 4 − x
Question 5

f(a) = −2 ⇒ 4 − a = −2 ⇒ a = 6 included
f(b) = 6 ⇒ 4 − b = 6 ⇒ b = −2 not included
The domain is (−2, 6].
The correct answer is D.
Question 6

The correct answer is A.

Asymptotes at x = −1 and y = 1
Question 7

y= + 1 [1 mark]
(x + 1)2
A

y-intercept is − 2

−2 = +1
(0 + 1)2
A

A = −3 [1 mark]

−3
y= +1
(x + 1)2
[1 mark]

Question 8

x ∈ R+ ∪ {0}
Using CAS technology to obtain the solution:

The correct answer is B.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 67
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

Question 9
Use CAS technology to obtain the graph:

The correct answer is B.

Question 10

A line parallel to the y-axis crosses the graph twice, so the graph is a one-to-many relation (it is not a
function).
The correct answer is B.
Question 11
Use CAS technology to obtain the graph:

The correct answer is B.

The domain is R and the range is [0, ∞). The only graph satisfying this is y = x4 .
Question 12
3
√

The correct answer is E.

Question
√ 13
y = (x + a)3 is the only graph satisfying the maximal domain of [−a, ∞) and a range of [0, ∞).
The correct answer is A.

68 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

1.8 Combinations of functions

Question 1
y
f(x)

g(x)

0 x

h(x)

Using addition of ordinates, h(x) = g(x) + (−f(x)) = g(x) − f(x).

The correct answer is E.
Question 2
(−∞, −2) ∪ (−1, ∞) = R\ (−2, −1)

f(x) = x + 3: dom f = [−3, ∞] and ran f = [0, ∞]

√

g(x) = 1 − x: dom g = (−∞, 1) and ran g = [0, ∞]

ran f = [0, ∞]
√

ran g = [0, ∞]
y = f (x) − g (x) = x + 3 − 1 − x
dom f − g = dom f ∩ g = [−3, 1] and ran f ∩ g = [−2, 2]
√ √

The correct answer is E.

f(−1) does not exist and the range is (−∞, 2) ∪ (−1, ∞) = R⧵(−2, 1]
Question 3

The correct answer is D.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 69
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

f(x) = x + 2 domain f = [−2, ∞)

Question
√ 4

g(x) = 1 − 2x domain g = −∞, 12

h(x) = f(x) + g(x) = x + 2 + 1 −[2x
√ ( )
√ √

domain h = domain f ∩ domain g = −2,

1
]

2
The correct answer is D.

f : (−∞, 1) → R, f (x) = 2 loge (1 − x)

Question 5

g : [−1, ∞] → R, g (x) = 3 x + 1
dom f + g = dom f ∩ dom g = [−1, 1)
√

The correct answer is A.

Question 6

g(x) = x [1 mark]
Answers will vary. One possible option is:

h(x) =
1
[1 mark]
x

(f + g)(x) = x2 + x + 2 [1 mark]
Question 7

Domain (f + g)(x) = domain f(x) ∩ domain g(x)

(f + g)(x) is x ∈ [−2, 1]. [1 mark]

f(x) = loge (x + a) dom f = (−a, ∞) and ran f = R

Question 8

g(x) = − loge (a − x) dom g = (−∞, a) and ran g = R

h(x) = f(x) − g(x) = loge (x + a) + loge (a − x) = loge ((x + a)(a − x)) = loge (a2 − x2 )
dom f − g = dom f ∩ g = (−a, a)
The correct answer is D.

(f − g)(x) = − x − 1 [1 mark]
Question 9
1 √

Domain (f − g)(x) = domain f(x) ∩ domain g(x)

x

(f − g)(x) is x ∈ (1, ∞). [1 mark]

Question 10

f(x) = e−x and g(x) = cos(x)

The functions are like

so h(x) = f(x) g(x) = e−x cos(x).

The correct answer is C.

f(x) = 3x + 4 dom f = (1, ∞) and ran f = (7, ∞)

Question 11

g(x) = 2x − 5 dom g = R+ and ran g = [−5, ∞]

h(x) = f(x)g(x) = (3x + 4)(2x − 5) = 6x2 − 7x − 20
dom f.g = dom f ∩ g = (1, ∞)
The correct answer is D.

70 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

f(x) = x + 2 dom f = [−2, ∞) and ran f = [0, ∞)

Question
√ 12

g(x) = √ dom g = (−∞, 2) and ran g = (0, ∞)

2−x √
1

x+2
h(x) = f(x) g(x) =
2−x
dom f.g = dom f ∩ g = [−2, 2) and ran f.g = [0, ∞) = R+ ∪ {0}
x = 2 is a vertical asymptote, and when x = −2, y = 0

The correct answer is D.

x+1
Question √ 13

(fg)(x) = [1 mark]

Domain (fg)(x) = domain f(x) ∩ domain g(x)

x

(fg)(x) is x ∈ (0, ∞). [1 mark]

f(−1) = −1 and the range is [−1, ∞)

Question 14

The correct answer is C.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 71
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

The domain is (−∞, 2) ∪ [3, ∞) and the range is (−1, ∞].

Question 15

The correct answer is A.

Question 16

Range y ∈ (−3, −1] ∪ [0, 4]

Draw the graph to find that:

x (x − 4) , −2 ≤ x < 5
Question 17

a. f(x) = { 4
1

−x + 4, 5<x≤8

b. Discontinuous at x = 5 [1 mark]
Award 1 mark for each rule with correct domain.

1.9 Modelling and applications

V = lwh
Question 1

= (8 − 2x)(6 − 2x)x
Domain: x ∈ (0, 3)
Sketch the graph and find the turning point using CAS over the domain x ∈ (0, 3).
TP = (1.13, 24.26)
Therefore, maximum volume occurs when x = 1.1.
The correct answer is B.
Question 2
y

The shape of the graph is a hyperbola, y = .

0 x
a
x
The correct answer is C.

72 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

a. In triangle ODC, OC is of length h − 4 cm, h > 4.

Question 3

(h − 4)2 + r2 = 42
Using Pythagoras’ theorem

∴ r2 = 16 − (h − 4)2
∴ r = 16 − (h − 4)2 , r > 0
√

∴ r = 8h − h2 [1 mark]
√

b. V = 𝜋r2 h
1

∴ V = 𝜋(8h − h2 )h
3
1
3
∴ V = 𝜋h (8 − h)
1 2

h > 0 and 8 − h > 0, so the restriction on h is 0 < h < 8. This would be seen on the graph to be the
[1 mark]
3

domain interval where V > 0. [1 mark]

c. V
)5 –31 , 79.4)
1 πh2 (8 – h)
V= –
3

(8, 0)
(0, 0) h

Award 1 mark for correct shape.

Award 1 mark for correct turning point and end points.

The range is R\ {5}.

d. Using CAS, the greatest volume is 79 cm3 .
[1 mark]

1.10 Review

f : [a, b) → R, f (x) =
Question 1
1

b>a>0
x

f (b) = < = f(a)

1 1

The end point(a x =]a is included, but the end point at x = b is not included.
b a

, .
1 1
The range is
b a
The correct answer is D.

f : (−1, 2] → R, f(x) = −x2 + 2x − 3

Question 2

End point included: f(2) = −4 + 4 − 3 = −3

End point, not included: f(−1) = −1 − 2 − 3 = −6
Turning points: f′(x) = −2x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 1
f(1) = −1 + 2 − 3 = −2
Range: (−6, −2]

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 73
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

The correct answer is C.

y1 = kx − 4, y2 = x2 + 2x
Question 3

y1 = y2 ⇒ kx − 4 = x2 + 2x
x2 + (2 − k)x + 4 = 0
Δ = (2 − k)2 − 4 × 1 × 4
= k2 − 4k − 12
= (k − 6)(k + 2)
Δ > 0 ⇒ k > 6 or k < −2
The correct answer is B.
Question 4

−3x + my = m − 1 [1]
Consider the simultaneous equations:

(m + 1)x − 10y = −8 [2]

There will be an infinite number of solutions provided the gradients and y-intercepts of the two lines
are equal.

−3x + my = m − 1
First, rearrange the equations to determine the gradient of each line.

my = 3x + m − 1
[1]

m−1
y= x+
3
m m
Gradient =
3

(m + 1) x − 10y = −8
m

−10y = − (m + 1) x − 8
[2]

m+1
y= x+
4

m+1
Gradient =
10 5

10

m+1
=
Solve for when the gradients are equal.
3

30 = m2 + m
m 10

0 = m2 + m − 30
= (m − 5) (m + 6)
m = 5, −6

74 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

m = 5:
Now test each m value to see which one means that the y-intercepts are the same.

−3x + 5y = 4
6x − 10y = −8
[1]

If equation 1 is multiplied by −2, it is the same as equation 2.

[2]

Therefore, when m = 5, the equations are the same and there would be infinitely many solutions.
m = −6.
−3x − 6y = −7
−5x − 10y = −8
[1]
[2]

So, when m = 5, there are an infinite number of solutions.

The gradients of both equations are the same; however, the y-intercepts are different.

The correct answer is B.

Question 5] [ ] [ ]
=
a+2 5 y
3 a x 5
[

15 − a (a + 2) = 0
a

15 − a2 − 2a = 0
(a + 5) (a − 3) = 0
a = −5, a = 3 [1 mark]
if a = −5, 3x − 5y = 5 and −3x + 5y = −5, lines are the same and there are infinite solutions.
If a = 3, 3x − 5y = 5 and 5x + 5y = 3, lines are parallel and there are no solutions.
No solutions, a = 3 [1 mark]

a ∈ (0, ∞) , b ∈ R
Question 6

h : [−a, ∞) ∪ (0, a] → h (x) = + b

a

h (a) = b + 1, h (−a) = b − 1
x

x = 0 is a vertical asymptote.
y = b is a horizontal asymptote.
(−∞, b − 1] ∪ [b + 1, ∞)
Question 7
x ax − b = x ax −
√ )2 (√ )2
(( )
( 2
b [1 mark]
)

=x ax − b ax + b
(√ √ ) (√ √ )
[1 mark]

Question 8
All graphs of this nature have the following shape. This can be checked using CAS technology.

The correct answer is B.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 75
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

f : R → R where f(x) = −x6

Question 9

A, B, C, and D are all true. E is false since the graph is symmetrical about the y-axis.

The correct answer is E.

f:R → R
Question 10

where f(x) = xn and n is even.

The maximal domain of the graph is R and the range is [0, ∞). The graph passes through the origin, since n
A, B, D and E are all false. Therefore, C is true.

is even and the graph is symmetrical about the y-axis.

The correct answer is C.

The graph crosses the x-axis at (0, 0) . Therefore, the false statement is:
Question 11

The graph crosses the x-axis at (−1, 0) and (1, 0).

The correct answer is D.

76 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 1

A, B, C, and D are true. E is false, as the graph is not symmetrical about the line x = 5.
Question 12

The correct answer is E.

The line x = 4 is a vertical asymptote, the domain is R ⧵(4),

Question 13

the line y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote and the range is (0, ∞).

The correct answer is B.

Question 14

E is false: when x = 0,
A, B, C, and D are true.

y= n = n, since n is even.
1 1
(−a) a
The correct answer is E.
Question 15

A line parallel to the y-axis crosses the graph at infinitely many points, so the graph of x = −5 is not
a function.
The correct answer is C.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 77
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

2 Trigonometric (circular)
functions
Topic 2 Trigonometric (circular) functions
Subtopic 2.2 Trigonometric symmetry properties

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Question 1 (1 mark)
Select the expression from the following that is equal to sin −
4𝜋
( )
.
√ 3
3
A.
2√
B. −
3

C. −
2
1
2
1
D.
2 ( )
4𝜋
E. sin
3

Question 2 (1 mark)

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Select (
the false
) statement
( ) from the( following.
+ cos = sin + cos
) ( )
A. sin
B. cos (𝜋) + sin (𝜋) = 1
6 6 3 3

C. cos2 (𝜋) + sin2 (𝜋) = 1

3 3

D. cos (𝜋) + sin (𝜋) = −1

𝜋 𝜋
+ sin =1
( ) ( )
E. cos
2 2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 1
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.2 Trigonometric symmetry properties

Question 3 (1 mark)

A. sin (𝜋 + 𝜃) + sin (𝜋 − 𝜃) = 0
Select the false statement from the following.

B. cos (𝜋 + 𝜃) + cos (2𝜋 − 𝜃) = 0

C. tan (𝜋 + 𝜃) + tan (2𝜋 − 𝜃) = 0
D. cos (𝜋 + 𝜃) − cos (𝜋 − 𝜃) = 0
E. sin (𝜋 + 𝜃) + sin (2𝜋 − 𝜃) = 0

Question 4 (1 mark)
Let cos(x) = and sin (y) = , where x ∈ , 2𝜋 and y ∈ , 2𝜋 . The value of sin(x) + cos(y) is
3 25 3𝜋 3𝜋
[ ] [ ]
2
5 169 2 2
8
A.
65
B. −
112
65
112
C.
65
D. −
8
65
64
E.
65

Question 5 (1 mark)

𝜋 𝜋
Which of the following statements is false?

=1
( ) ( )
A. 2 sin cos
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
− sin =0
( ) ( )
2 2
B. cos
4 4
𝜋
− tan =0
3𝜋
( ) ( )
C. tan
2 2

𝜋 2 tan 𝜋6
=
1 − tan2 𝜋6
( ) ( )
D. tan
3
( )

𝜋 𝜋
= + 1 + cos
( ) √
1
( ( ))
E. cos
6 2 3

2 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.2 Trigonometric symmetry properties

Question 6 (1 mark)
13𝜋
( )
Which of the following expressions is tan not equal to?
8
5𝜋
( )
A. tan
8

B. − tan
3𝜋
( )

8
( 13𝜋 )
sin 8
C.
cos 13𝜋
( )

D. −1 − 2
8
√
( 8 )
cos 13𝜋
E. ( 8 )
sin 13𝜋

Question 7 (1 mark)
13𝜋
( )
Which of the following expressions is sin not equal to?
𝜋
12
A. − sin
( )

12

B. − sin
11𝜋
( )

12
11𝜋
( )
C. cos
12

D. − cos
5𝜋
( )

12
7𝜋
( )
E. cos
12

𝜋
Question 8 (2 marks)
If cos (𝜃) = − for < 𝜃 < 𝜋, find the exact value of tan (𝜃).
5
13 2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 3
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.2 Trigonometric symmetry properties

Question 9 (1 mark)
Which of the following expressions is sin −
4𝜋
( )
equal to?
√ 3
3
A.
2√

B. −
3

C. −
2
1
2
1
D.
2 ( )
4𝜋
E. sin
3

a+b
Question 10 (1 mark)

− sin
5𝜋 3𝜋
( ) ( )
Express tan in the form .
3 4 c

𝜋
Question 11 (1 mark)
Which of the following expressions is cos −
( )
not equal to?
𝜋
( ) 3
A. cos
3

B. − cos
2𝜋
( )

C. − cos
4𝜋
( )

D. − cos
5𝜋
( )

3
1
E.
2

4 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.2 Trigonometric symmetry properties

Question 12 (1 mark)
Which of the following expressions is tan −
3𝜋
( )
not equal to?
𝜋
( ) 4
A. tan
4
5𝜋
( )
B. tan
4

C. − tan
3𝜋
( )

sin − 4
4

D. −
( 3𝜋 )

cos − 3𝜋
( )
4
E. 1

If sin (𝜃) = 0.25, cos (𝜃) = 0.67 and tan (𝜃) = 0.54, find the values of
Question 13 (3 marks)

a. sin(𝜋 + 𝜃) = (1 mark)

b. cos (−𝜃) = (1 mark)

c. tan (2𝜋 − 𝜃) = (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 5
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.2 Trigonometric symmetry properties

6+ 2
Question 14 (1 mark)

=
( ) √ √
5𝜋
sin is also equivalent to

𝜋 𝜋
2 4

−
( )
A. sin

𝜋 𝜋
4 6

+
( )
B. sin

𝜋 𝜋
4 6

−
( )
C. cos

𝜋 𝜋
4 6

+
( )
D. cos

𝜋 𝜋
4 6

−
( )
E. tan
4 6

Question 15 (1 mark)

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Which of the following statements is false?
= sin
( ) ( ) ( )
A. 2 sin cos

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
6 6 3

− sin = cos
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
B. cos
6 6 3

=
( 3𝜋 )
3𝜋 sin 2
( )
C. tan
2 cos 3𝜋
( )
(𝜋)
2

(𝜋) =
1 cos 6
sin 𝜋6
D.
tan 6
( )

𝜋 𝜋
= 1 − cos
( ) √ (
1
( ))
E. sin
6 2 3

6 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Trigonometric (circular) functions

Subtopic 2.3 Trigonometric equations

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q19; © VCAA

𝜋
Given that tan (𝛼) = d, where d > 0 and 0 < 𝛼 < , the sum of the solutions to tan (2x) = d, where
Question 1 (1 mark)

0<x< in terms of 𝛼, is
2
5𝜋
4
A. 0

C. 𝜋 + 2𝛼
B. 2𝛼

𝜋
D. + 𝛼
3 (𝜋 + 𝛼)
2
E.
2

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q12; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)

The sum of the solution of sin (2x) = over the interval [−𝜋, d] is −𝜋.
√
3
2
The value of d could be

𝜋
A. 0
B.
6
3𝜋
C.
4
7𝜋
D.
6
3𝜋
E.
2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 7
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.3 Trigonometric equations

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 1, Q3; © VCAA

Solve 2 cos (2x) = − 3 for x, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 𝜋.

Question 3 (2 marks)√

Determine the values of 𝜃 for cos2 (𝜃) = 1 in the interval 𝜃 ∈ [0, 2𝜋].
Question 4 (1 mark)

Show that sin (2𝜃) = 2 sin (𝜃) cos (𝜃) for 𝜃 =

Question 5 (2 marks)
5𝜋
.
6

The number of different values of x that satisfy the equation 3 sin (4x) = 1 for x ∈ [0, 2𝜋] is
Question 6 (1 mark)

A. 1
B. 2
C. 4
D. 6
E. 8

8 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.3 Trigonometric equations

The number of solutions of the equation cos(3x) = −1 for x ∈ [0, 2𝜋] is

Question 7 (1 mark)

A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
E. 6

𝜋
Question 8 (1 mark)
The sum of solutions of the equation sin (4x) = 0.5 for is x ∈ 0,
[ ]

𝜋
is
2

𝜋
A.
24
B.
4
3𝜋
C.
D. 𝜋
24

3𝜋
E.
2

𝜋 𝜋
Question 9 (1 mark) ( )
= for x ∈ − ,
3x 1
[ ]
Solve the equation sin .
2 2 2 2

𝜋 𝜋
Question 10 (1 mark)
Solve the equation tan(2x) = √ for x ∈ − , ∪ , .
1 3𝜋 5𝜋
( ) ( )

3 4 4 4 4

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 9
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.3 Trigonometric equations

Solve 3 cos(2x) = sin(2x) for x ∈ [0, 2𝜋].

Question 11 (2 marks)
√

𝜋
Find the value of a if the graphs of y = sin (x) and y = a cos (x) intersect at point x = .
Question 12 (2 marks)

The sum of the solutions of the equation 3 sin(2x) + cos(2x) = 0 over 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋 is equal to
Question 13 (1 mark) √

11𝜋
A.
3
13𝜋
B.
3
14𝜋
C.
3
D. 4𝜋
E. 5𝜋

10 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Trigonometric (circular) functions

Subtopic 2.4 General solutions of trigonometric equations

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q4; © VCAA

𝜋
Question 1 (1 mark)
The solutions of the equation 2 cos 2x − + 1 = 0 are
( )

𝜋 (6k − 2) 𝜋 (6k − 2)
3

A. x = or x = , for k ∈ z
𝜋 (6k − 2) 𝜋 (6k + 5)
6 6
B. x = or x = , for k ∈ z
𝜋 (6k − 1) 𝜋 (6k + 2)
6 6
C. x = or x = , for k ∈ z
𝜋 (6k − 1) 𝜋 (6k + 3)
6 6
D. x = or x = , for k ∈ z
𝜋 (6k + 2)
6 6
E. x = 𝜋 or x = , for k ∈ z
6

𝜋
Question 2 (2 marks)

Find the general solution of sin x − =

) √
3
(
.
3 2

𝜋
Question 3 (1 mark)
x = n𝜋 − , n ∈ z is the general solution to the equation
A. sin (2x) = 1
4

B. sin (x) = 1
C. sin (2x) = −1
D. sin (x) = −1
E. cos (x) = 1

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 11
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.4 General solutions of trigonometric equations

Find the general solution of sin (3x) = cos (3x).

Question 4 (2 marks)

The general solution to the equation cos (x) = √ is

Question 5 (1 mark)
1

𝜋
A. x = + 2n𝜋 or x = + 2n𝜋, n ∈ Z
2
7𝜋

𝜋
4 4
B. x = + 2n𝜋 or x = + 2n𝜋, n ∈ Z
5𝜋

𝜋
4 4
C. x = + 2n𝜋 or x = + 2n𝜋, n ∈ Z
3𝜋

𝜋
D. x = + 2n𝜋, n ∈ Z
4 4

𝜋
4
E. x = + 2n𝜋 or x = + 2n𝜋, n ∈ Z
7𝜋
4 2

𝜋
Question 6 (1 mark)
The general solution to the equation tan 2x − = 1 is
( )

𝜋
A. x = + 2n𝜋, n ∈ Z
3

𝜋
12

B. x = n𝜋 + ,n ∈ Z
( )

12n + 7
24

C. x = 𝜋, n ∈ Z
( )

7n + 7
24

D. x = 𝜋, n ∈ Z
( )

7n𝜋 + 𝜋
24

E. x = ,n ∈ Z
( )

24

12 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Trigonometric (circular) functions

Subtopic 2.5 The sine and cosine functions

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q1; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
Let f : R → R, f (x) = 3 sin − 2.
2x
) (

5
The period and range of f are respectively
A. 5𝜋 and [−3, 3]
B. 5𝜋 and [−5, 1]
C. 5𝜋 and [−1, 5]
5𝜋
D. and [−5, 1]
2
5𝜋
E. and [−3, 3]
2

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q3; © VCAA

Let f : [0, 2𝜋] → R, f (x) = 2 cos (x) + 1.

Question 2 (5 marks)

a. Solve the equation 2 cos (x) + 1 = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋. (2 marks)

b. Sketch the graph of the function f on the axes below. Label the end points and local minimum point with
their coordinates. (3 marks)
y

x
0 π 2π 4π 5π
π 2π
3 3 3 3

–1

–2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 13
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.5 The sine and cosine functions

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q2; © VCAA

𝜋x
Question 3 (1 mark)
Let f : R → R, f (𝜋) = 1 − 2 cos .
( )

2
The period and range of this function are respectively
A. 4 and [−2, 2]
B. 4 and [−1, 3]
C. 1 and [−1, 3]
D. 4𝜋 and [−1, 3]
E. 4𝜋 and [−2, 2]

Find the sum of the solutions of the equation 2 sin (2x) = 1 for x ∈ [−𝜋, 𝜋].
Question 4 (3 marks)

𝜋x
Question 5 (1 mark)
A trigonometric function is given by f : R → R where f (x) = −4 sin
( )
where the amplitude and period
4

A. −4, 4
respectively are

𝜋
B. 4,
𝜋
C. −4,
4

4
D. 4, 4
E. 4, 8

14 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.5 The sine and cosine functions

A trigonometric function is given by f : R → R where f (x) = 100 sin (10x).

Question 6 (1 mark)

Which of the following statements is false?

A. The domain is R and the range is [−100, 100].

𝜋
B. The amplitude is 100.
C. The period is .
10

E. The graph crosses the x-axis at x = where k ∈ Z.

D. The function is a many-to-one function.
k𝜋
10

𝜋x
Question 7 (1 mark)
A trigonometric function is given by f : R → R where f (x) = −5 cos
( )
.
5

𝜋
A. −5,
The amplitude and period of f are respectively

𝜋
5
B. 5,
C. −5, 10
5

𝜋
D. 5, 10
E. 10,
5

Question 8 (1 mark)
A trigonometric function is given by f : R → R where f (x) = −50 cos
x
( )
.
5
Which of the following statements is false?
A. The domain is R and the range is [−50, 50].
B. The amplitude is 50.
C. The period is 10𝜋.

E. The graph crosses the x-axis at x = where k ∈ Z.

D. The function is a many-to-one function.
5k𝜋
2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 15
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.5 The sine and cosine functions

If the equation of the graph shown below is y = a cos (nx) + c, then

Question 9 (1 mark)

A. a = −2, n = and c = 1
1

B. a = −2, n = 2 and c = 1
2

C. a = 2, n = 2 and c = 1

D. a = 2, n = and c = 1
1
2
E. a = 2, n = and c = −1
1
2

𝜋 (4x − d)
Question 10 (1 mark)

Let f (x) = b + sin and g (x) = (1 − cos (4𝜋x)). If f (x) = g (x), the values of b and d
1 1 1
[ ( )]

2 2 2d 20

A. b = , d =
are
1 1
40 2
B. b = , d =
1 1
2 10
C. b = , d =
1 1
20 10
D. b = , d =
1 1
4 2
E. b = , d =
1 1
10 2

16 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.5 The sine and cosine functions

Question 11 (1 mark)
1
A sine function f has an amplitude of 2 and a period of . The rule for f could be
𝜋x
A. f(x) = 2 sin
( ) 5

B. f(x) = 2 sin (10𝜋x)

10

C. f(x) = 2 sin (10x)

𝜋x
D. f(x) = sin
( )

E. f(x) = sin(10𝜋x)
10

State the types of transformations used to transform the graph of y = 2 sin(x) to the graph of
Question 12 (1 mark)

𝜋
y = 2 sin x− + 2.
1
( ( ))

2 4

State the type of transformations to transform the graph of y = cos(x) to the graph of
Question 13 (1 mark)

𝜋
y = 3 cos 2 x +
( ( ))
.
2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 17
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.5 The sine and cosine functions

The graph of y = cos(x) is transformed into the graph below. Which of the following statements describes
Question 14 (1 mark)

the correct transformations?

A. A dilation by a factor of 2 parallel to the y-axis and a dilation by a factor of 2 parallel to the x-axis
1
B. A dilation by a factor of 2 parallel to the y-axis and a dilation by a factor of parallel to the x-axis
2
C. A dilation by a factor of 2 away from the y-axis and a dilation by a factor of 2 away from the x-axis
1 1
D. A dilation by a factor of away from the y-axis and a dilation by a factor of away from the x-axis
2 2
1 1
E. A dilation by a factor of parallel to the x-axis and a dilation by a factor of away from the x-axis
2 2

𝜋
Question 15 (1 mark)
The graph of y = cos(x) is transformed to the graph of y = cos 2x −
( )

𝜋
by
3
A. a dilation by a scale factor of 2 units from the y-axis, followed by a horizontal translation of units to

𝜋
6
the right parallel to the x-axis.
B. a dilation by a scale factor of 2 units from the x-axis, followed by a horizontal translation of units to
6
𝜋
the right parallel to the x-axis.
1
C. a dilation by a scale factor of units parallel to the x-axis, followed by a horizontal translation of

𝜋
2 6
units to the right parallel to the x-axis.
D. a dilation by a scale factor of 2 units from the y-axis, followed by a horizontal translation of units to
3
𝜋
the left parallel to the x-axis.
1
E. a dilation by a scale factor of units from the y-axis, followed by a horizontal translation of units to
2 3
the right parallel to the x-axis.

18 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Trigonometric (circular) functions

Subtopic 2.6 The tangent function

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q1: © VCAA

𝜋x
Question 1 (1 mark)
The period of the function with rule y = tan
( )
is
2
A. 1
B. 2
C. 4
D. 2𝜋
E. 4𝜋

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q3; © VCAA

Shown below is part of the graph of a period of the function of the form y = tan (ax + b).
Question 2 (3 marks)

(1, 3 )

x
O

(–1, –1)

y = tan(ax + b)

The graph is continuous for x ∈ [−1, 1].

Find the value of a and the value of b, where a > 0 and 0 < b < 1.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 19
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.6 The tangent function

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q11; © VCAA.

The graph of y = tan (ax), where a ∈ R+ , has a vertical asymptote x = 3𝜋 and has exactly one x-intercept
Question 3 (1 mark)

in the region (0, 3𝜋). The value of a is

1
A.
6
1
B.
3
1
C.
2
D. 1
E. 2

The function with rule f (x) = −3 tan (2𝜋x) has a period of

Question 4 (1 mark)

𝜋
2
A.
B. 2
1
C.
2
1
D.
4
E. 2𝜋

Question 5 (1 mark)(
The graph of y = tan , where b ≠ 0, has a vertical asymptote at
bx
)

A. x = 0
3

B. x =
3𝜋
b
C. x =
2𝜋

𝜋
D. x =
3b

2b
E. x =
3𝜋
2b

20 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.6 The tangent function

𝜋
Question 6 (2 marks)
Determine the vertical asymptotes for the function f : (−𝜋, 𝜋) → R, f (x) = − tan x −
( )
.
3

Question 7 (2 marks)

𝜋
Answer the following.
a. Determine the period of the function f (x) = tan
( )
. (1 mark)
4

𝜋
b. Sketch the graph of the function with rule f : [0, 2𝜋] → R, f (x) = tan
( )
. (1 mark)
4

Question 8 (1 mark)
For the graph of y = 500 tan
x
( )
, which of the following options is correct?
5
A. The domain is [−500, 500] and the period is 10𝜋.
B. The domain is [−500, 500] and the period is 5𝜋.
C. The domain is R and the period is 10𝜋.
D. The domain is R and the period is 5𝜋.
E. The range is R and the period is 5𝜋.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 21
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.6 The tangent function

𝜋
Question 9 (1 mark)
The graph of y = tan(x) is transformed to the graph of y = tan 2x +
( )

𝜋
by
4
A. a dilation by a scale factor of 2 units from the y-axis, followed by a horizontal translation of units to

𝜋
8
the left parallel to the x-axis.
B. a dilation by a scale factor of 2 units from the x-axis, followed by a horizontal translation of units to
8
𝜋
the right parallel to the x-axis.
1
C. a dilation by a scale factor of units parallel to the x-axis, followed by a horizontal translation of

𝜋
2 8
units to the left parallel to the x-axis.
D. a dilation by a scale factor of 2 units from the y-axis, followed by a horizontal translation of units to
4
𝜋
the left parallel to the x-axis.
1
E. a dilation by a scale factor of units from the y-axis, followed by a horizontal translation of units to
2 4
the left parallel to the x-axis.

The graph of y = tan(x) is transformed to the graph of y = 4 − 4 tan(4x) by

Question 10 (1 mark)

A. a reflection in the x-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 4 units from the y-axis, followed by a dilation by
a scale factor of 4 units up and away from the x-axis.
B. a reflection in the x-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 4 units from the y-axis, followed by a dilation by
1
a scale factor of from the x-axis.
4
1
C. a reflection in the x-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of units from the y-axis, followed by a dilation by
4
a scale factor of 4 units up and away from the x-axis.
1
D. a reflection in the y-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of units from the y-axis, followed by a dilation by
4
a scale factor of 4 units up and away from the x-axis.
E. a reflection in the y-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 4 units from the y-axis, followed by a dilation by
1
a scale factor of from the x-axis.
4

22 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.6 The tangent function

Question 11 (1 mark)
The diagram shows two cycles of a circular function.

𝜋
The period of the function is:
A.
2
3𝜋
B.

C. 𝜋
4

7𝜋
D.
4
E. 2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 23
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Trigonometric (circular) functions

Subtopic 2.7 Modelling and applications

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q12; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
A clock has a minute hand that is 10 cm long and a clock face with a radius of 15 cm, as shown below.

tip of the minute hand

10 cm

h centimetres

15 cm

base of the clock face

At 12.00 noon, both hands of the clock point vertically upwards and the tip of the minute hand is at its
maximum distance above the base of the clock face.
The height, h centimetres, of the tip of the minute hand above the base of the clock face t minutes after

𝜋t
12.00 noon is given by ( )
A. h (t) = 15 + 10 sin

𝜋t
30

B. h (t) = 15 − 10 sin
( )

𝜋t
30

C. h (t) = 15 + 10 sin
( )

𝜋t
60

D. h (t) = 15 + 10 cos
( )

𝜋t
60

E. h (t) = 15 + 10 cos
( )

30

24 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.7 Modelling and applications

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q8; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
The UV index, y, for a summer day in Melbourne is illustrated in the graph below, where t is the number of
hours after 6 am.
y

10

t
O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

𝜋t
The graph is most likely to be the graph of

A. y = 5 + 5 cos
( )

𝜋t
7

B. y = 5 − 5 cos
( )

𝜋t
7

C. y = 5 + 5 cos
( )

𝜋t
14

D. y = 5 − 5 cos
( )

𝜋t
14

E. y = 5 + 5 sin
( )

14

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 25
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.7 Modelling and applications

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 1 Q5; © VCAA

Question 3 (3 marks)
On any given day, the depth of water in a river is modelled by the function

𝜋t
h (t) = 14 + 8 sin , 0 ≤ t ≤ 24
( )

12

where h is the depth of water, in metres, and t is the time, in hours, after 6 am.
a. Find the minimum depth of the water in the river. (1 mark)

b. Find the values of t for which h (t) = 10. (2 marks)

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 2, Q1; @ VCAA

Question 4 (7 marks)

𝜋t
The population of wombats
( )in a particular location varies according to the rule
n(t) = 1200 + 400 cos , where n is the number of wombats and t is the number of months after
3
1 March 2013.
a. Find the period and amplitude of the function n. (2 marks)

b. Find the maximum and minimum populations of wombats in this location. (2 marks)

c. Find n(10). (1 mark)

d. Over the 12 months from 1 March 2013, find the fraction of time when the population of wombats in this
location was less than n(10). (2 marks)

26 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.7 Modelling and applications

𝜋 (t + 12)
Question 5 (1 mark)
The number of birds, n, in a colony is given by the function n (t) = 100 sin + 300, where t is
( )

the time in months, and t ≥ 0.

12

Which of the following statements is false?

A. The maximum number of birds is 400.
B. The minimum number of birds is 200.
C. The initial number of birds is 100.
D. After one year, the number of birds is 274.
E. The number of birds in the colony increases and decreases.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 27
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Trigonometric (circular) functions

Subtopic 2.8 Review

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q3; © VCAA

Consider the function g : R → R, g (x) = 2 sin (2x).

Question 1 (5 marks)

a. State the range of g. (1 mark)

b. State the period of g. (1 mark)

c. Solve 2 sin (2x) = 3 for x ∈ R.

√
(3 marks)

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q4; © VCAA

Question 2 (4 marks)

a. Solve 1 − cos = cos for x ∈ [−2𝜋, 𝜋].

x x
( ) ( )
(2 marks)
2 2

b. The function f : [−2𝜋, 𝜋] → R, f (x) = cos

x
( )
is shown on the axes below.
2
y

x
−2π −π O π

−1

−2

Let g: [−2𝜋, 𝜋] → R, g (x) = 1 − f (x).

Sketch the graph of g on the axes above. Label all points of intersection of the graphs of f and g, and the
endpoints of g, with their coordinates. (2 marks)

28 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.8 Review

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q1; © VCAA

Question 3 (1 mark)
Let f : R → R, f (x) = 4 cos + 1.
2𝜋x
( )

3
The period of this function is
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q6; © VCAA

Question 4 (3 marks)
Let (tan (𝜃) − 1) sin (𝜃) − 3 cos (𝜃) sin (𝜃) + 3 cos (𝜃) = 0.
( √ )( √ )

a. State all possible values of tan (𝜃). (1 mark)

b. Hence, find all possible solutions for (tan (𝜃) − 1) sin2 (𝜃) − 3 cos2 (𝜃) = 0,
where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
( )

(2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 29
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.8 Review

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q1; © VCAA

Let f : R → R, f (x) = 2 sin (3x) − 3.

Question 5 (1 mark)

The period and range of this function are respectively

A. period = and range = [−5, −1]
2𝜋
3
B. period = and range = [−2, 2]
2𝜋

𝜋
C. period = and range = [−1, 5]
3

D. period = 3𝜋 and range = [−1, 5]

3

E. period = 3𝜋 and range = [−2, 2]

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q.1; © VCAA

Question 6 (1 mark)
Let f : R → R, f (x) = 3 sin −2
2x
( )

5
The period and range of f are respectively
A. 5𝜋 and [−3, 3]
B. 5𝜋 and [−5, 1]
C. 5𝜋 and [−1, 5]
5𝜋
D. and [−5, 1]
2
5𝜋
E. and [−3, 3]
2

30 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.8 Review

𝜋
Question 7 (1 mark) [
If sin (x) = 0.6 for x ∈ , 𝜋 then sin (2x) is
]

2
24
A.
25
B. −
24
5
6
C.
25
D. −
8
25
E. −
24
25

cos(3x) cos(2x) + sin(3x) sin(2x) simplified is

Question 8 (1 mark)

A. cos (5x)
B. cos (x)
C. sin (5x)
D. sin (x)
E. cos2 (6x)

Question 9 (2 marks)
Given that cos(𝜃) = and 𝜃 is in the fourth quadrant, find the value of sin (𝜃) using the Pythagorean
5
13
identity.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 31
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.8 Review

Question 10 (1 mark)
Which of the following statements is true?

+ 2 cos =1
( ))2 ( ( ))2
x x
(
A. 2 sin
2 2

+ 2 cos =1
( 2 ))2 ( ( 2 ))2
x x
(
B. 2 sin
2 2

+ 2 cos =1
( ))2 ( ( ))2
x x
(
2 2
C. 2 sin
2 2

+ cos =1
( ( ))2 ( ( ))2
x x
D. sin
2 2

+ cos2 =1
√ ( 2) √ ( 2)
2 x x
E. sin
2 2

Find the value of tan(𝜃) if sec(𝜃) = 2.

Question 11 (2 marks)

1 + cos(A)
Question 12 (1 mark)

+
1 + cos(A)
sin(A)
is equal to
sin(A)
A. 2 sin (A)
B. 2 cos (A)
C. 2
2
D.
sin (A)
2
E.
cos (A)

32 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.8 Review

1 − tan2 (A)
Question 13 (1 mark)

1 + tan2 (A)
is equal to

cos2 (A) − sin2 (A)

sin2 (A) − cos2 (A)
A.
B.

−1
C. 1

1 − sin2 (A)
D.

1 + sin2 (A)
E.

Question 14 (1 mark)

− 𝜃 + sin − 𝜃 is equal to
3𝜋 3𝜋
( ) ( )
cos

sin (𝜃) − cos (𝜃)

2 2

sin (𝜃) + cos (𝜃)

A.

cos (𝜃) − sin (𝜃)

B.

− sin (𝜃) − cos (𝜃)

C.
D.
E. 0

Question 15 (1 mark)
If cos(𝛼) = 0.6, find the value of sin +𝛼 .
3𝜋
( )

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 33
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Topic 2 Subtopic 2.8 Review

Question 16 (1 mark)

𝜋
Which(of the following ) is false?
(statements
+ 𝜃 + sin +𝜃 =0
3𝜋
)
A. sin

𝜋
2 2

− 𝜃 + cos −𝜃 =0
3𝜋
( ) ( )
B. cos

𝜋
2 2

+ 𝜃 + tan −𝜃 =0
3𝜋
( ) ( )
C. tan

𝜋
2 2

− 𝜃 + sin −𝜃 =0
3𝜋
( ) ( )
D. sin

𝜋
2 2

+ 𝜃 + tan +𝜃 =0
3𝜋
( ) ( )
E. tan
2 2

Question 17 (1 mark)

𝜋
Which (
of the following statements is false?
A. cos 𝜃 − = sin(𝜃)
)

B. cos 𝜃 − = − sin(𝜃)
3𝜋
( )

𝜋
2

C. sin 𝜃 − = cos(𝜃)
( )

D. sin 𝜃 − = cos(𝜃)
3𝜋
( )

𝜋 −1
2

E. tan 𝜃 − =
( )

2 tan (𝜃)

𝜋
Question 18 (1 mark)
If tan (𝜃) = 0.5, find the value of tan −𝜃 .
( )

34 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Answers and marking guide

2.2 Trigonometric symmetry properties
Question 1

sin − = − sin =− − =
( √ ) √
4𝜋 4𝜋 3 3
( ) ( )

3 3 2 2
The correct answer is A.

Option B is false since cos3 (𝜋) + sin3 (𝜋) = (−1)3 + 03 = −1. Therefore, A, C, D and E are true.
Question 2

The correct answer is B.

It can be seen than A, B, C and D are true. E is false since sin (𝜋 + 𝜃) + sin (2𝜋 − 𝜃) = −2 sin (𝜃).
Question 3

The correct answer is E.

Question 4
cos (x) = x∈ , 2𝜋
3 3𝜋
[ ]

x is in the fourth quadrant sin (x) = −

5 2
4

sin (y) = x∈ , 2𝜋
5
25 3𝜋
[ ]
2

y is in the fourth quadrant sin (y) = − , cos (y) =

169 2
5 12

sin (x) + cos (y) = − + =

13 13
4 12 8
5 13 65

𝜋
Question 5
− tan
3𝜋
( ) ( )
Options A, B, D, and E are true. C is false since tan is undefined.
2 2
Question 6
Options A, B, C, and D are true, therefore E is false.
Question 7
Options A, B, D and E are true, therefore C is false.

sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1

Question 8

−5
sin2 (𝜃) = 1 −
( )2
[1 mark]

sin2 (𝜃) =
13
144

𝜋
169

sin (𝜃) = since < 𝜃 < 𝜋

12
13 2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 35
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

tan (𝜃) =
sin (𝜃)
cos (𝜃)
12
=
13
−
5

−12
13
= [1 mark]
5
Question 9

sin − = − sin =− − =
( √ ) √
4𝜋 4𝜋 3 3
( ) ( )

3 3 2 2
Question 10

− sin =− 3−
√
5𝜋 3𝜋 2
( ) ( ) √
tan

−2 3 − 3
3 4 2√
=
√

2
Question 11

𝜋 𝜋
Options
( A, ) B, C and
( E)are true, therefore
( ) D is false.
cos − = cos = − cos = − cos =
2𝜋 4𝜋 1
( )

3( ) 3 3 3 2
but − cos =−
5𝜋 1
3 2
Question 12

𝜋 sin − 3𝜋
Options A, B, C, and E are true, D is false

tan − = − tan = 1 = tan = tan but − ) = −1

cos − 3𝜋
( )
3𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4
4 4 4 4
(
4

a. sin (𝜋 + 𝜃) = sin (𝜃) = −0.25

Question 13

b. cos (−𝜃) = cos (𝜃) = 0.67

c. tan (2𝜋 − 𝜃) = − tan (𝜃) = −0.54
Question 14

= sin +
5𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
( ) ( )
sin
𝜋 𝜋
= sin +
12 ( 12 12
)

4 6
Question 15
= 0.
3𝜋
( )
Options A, B, D, and E are true, therefore C is false since cos
2

2.3 Trigonometric equations

tan (𝛼) = d, 𝛼 = tan−1 (d) , 0<x<

Question 1
5𝜋

tan (2x) = d, 0 < 2x <

4
5𝜋

2x = 𝛼, 𝜋 + 𝛼, 2𝜋 + 𝛼
2

36 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

∑ (2xi ) = 3𝜋 + 3𝛼 = 3 (𝜋 + 𝛼)
3

3 (𝜋 + 𝛼)
∑ (xi ) =
i−1
3

i−1 2
The correct answer is E.
Question 2√

sin (2x) =
3

5𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋
x = − ,− , , , ⋯
2

Add solutions together until the sum is equal to −𝜋:

6 3 6 3 6

5𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
− , − , + = −𝜋
𝜋
The solution x = is included in the sum but the solution x =
6 3 6 3
7𝜋

𝜋
is not included in the sum; hence,

≤d<
3 6
7𝜋
.
3 6
The correct answer is C.

2 cos (2x) = − 3 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 𝜋

Question 3 √

cos (2x) = −
√
3
2 ( √ )
2x = cos−1 −
3
2
2x = ,
5𝜋 7𝜋

x= ,
6 6
5𝜋 7𝜋
12 12
Award 1 mark for solving the trigonometric equation.
Award 1 mark for both of the correct values.

cos (𝜃) = ±1
Question 4

∴ 𝜃 = 0, or 𝜃 = 𝜋, or 𝜃 = 2𝜋
Question 5

sin (2𝜃) = sin 2 ×

LHS:
5𝜋
( )

= sin
5𝜋
( )

3
− 3
=
√
[1 mark]
2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 37
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

2 sin (𝜃) cos (𝜃) = 2 sin

RHS:
5𝜋 5𝜋
( ) ( )
cos

1 − 3
6 6

=2× ×
√

− 3
2 2

=
√

∴ LHS = RHS
[1 mark]
2

∴ shown.
Question 6

There are 8 values of x that satisfy 3 sin (4x) = 1, x ∈ [0, 2𝜋].

Use a CAS calculator to determine the number of solutions, or another method.

Question 7

There are 3 values of x that satisfy cos(3x) = −1, x ∈ [0, 2𝜋].

Use a CAS calculator to determine the number of solutions, or another method.

4x = sin−1 (0.5)
Question 8

𝜋
x= ,
5𝜋

𝜋
Sum = +
24 24
5𝜋

𝜋
=
24 24

4
Question 9 ( )
= sin−1
3x 1

𝜋
=
2 2

𝜋
x=
6

9
Question 10

2x = tan−1 √
( )
1

𝜋
= ,
3
7𝜋

𝜋
6 6
x= ,
7𝜋
12 12

3 = tan(2x)
Question
√ 11
[1 mark]

2x = tan−1
(√ )
3
𝜋 4𝜋 7𝜋 10𝜋
=, , ,
𝜋 2𝜋 7𝜋 5𝜋
3 3 3 3
x= , , , [1 mark]
6 3 6 3

38 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

sin(x) = a cos(x)
Question 12

a = tan(x)
𝜋
( ) [1 mark]
= tan

= 3
√ 3
[1 mark]

3 sin(2x) + cos(2x) = 0
Question 13

3 sin(2x) = − cos(2x)
√
√

tan(2x) = − √
1

If x ∈ [0, 2𝜋], then 2x ∈ [0, 4𝜋].

3

𝜋
2x = tan −1
−√ =−
( )
1
3 6
Tan is negative, so the angles are in the 2nd and 4th quadrants.

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Go around the unit circle twice by adding 2𝜋.
2x = 𝜋 − , 2𝜋 − , 3𝜋 − , 4𝜋 − , 5𝜋 −
6 6 6 6 6
= , , ,
5𝜋 11𝜋 17𝜋 23𝜋
6 6 6 6
x= , , , ⇒ 4 solutions
5𝜋 11𝜋 17𝜋 23𝜋
12 12 12 12
Sum = =
56𝜋 14𝜋
12 3
2.4 General solutions of trigonometric equations
𝜋
Question
( 1 )
2 cos 2x − +1=0
𝜋
3
2 cos 2x − = −1
( )

𝜋
3

cos 2x − =−
1
( )

𝜋
3 2
2x − = 2k𝜋 ± cos −1
−
1
( )

𝜋
2x − = 2k𝜋 ±
3 2
2𝜋

𝜋
2x = 2k𝜋 + 𝜋, 2k𝜋 −
3 3

𝜋
2x = 𝜋(2k + 1), (6k − 1)
3

𝜋 𝜋
x = (2k + 1), (6k − 1)
3

𝜋 𝜋
x = (6k + 3), (6k − 1), k ∈ Z
2 6

6 6
The correct answer is D.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 39
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

𝜋 𝜋
Question 2 ( √ )

x − = sin−1 + 2𝜋n and x − = (2n + 1) 𝜋 − sin−1 , where n ∈ Z [1 mark]

(√ )
3 3

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
x − = + 2𝜋n and x − = (2n + 1) 𝜋 − , where n ∈ Z
3 2 3 2

3 3 3 3
x= + 2𝜋n and x = (2n + 1) 𝜋 where n ∈ Z
2𝜋
[1 mark]
3

sin (2x) = −1
Question 3

2x = sin−1 (−1)
𝜋
2x = − + 2n𝜋, n ∈ Z
−𝜋 + 4n𝜋
2x = ,n ∈ Z
2

−𝜋 + 4n𝜋
x= ,n ∈ Z
2

𝜋
x = n𝜋 − , n ∈ Z
4

4
The correct answer is C.

sin(3x) = cos(3x)
Question 4

=
sin(3x) cos(3x)

tan(3x) = 1
cos(3x) cos(3x)

3x = tan−1 (1) + 𝜋n, where n ∈ Z [1 mark]

𝜋
= + 𝜋n
(4n + 1)𝜋
4
x= ,n∈Z [1 mark]
12
Question 5

x = 2n𝜋 ± cos−1 √ ,n∈Z

( )
1

𝜋
x = + 2n𝜋 or x = + 2n𝜋, n ∈ Z
2
7𝜋
4 4

𝜋
Question 6
2x − = tan−1 (1) + 𝜋n, where n ∈ Z
𝜋 𝜋
2x = + 𝜋n +
3

𝜋(12n + 7)
4 3

12n + 7
12

x= 𝜋, n ∈ Z
( )

24

40 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

2.5 The sine and cosine functions

Question 1
f:R → R, f (x) = 3 sin −2
2x
( )

5
Period T = = 5𝜋
2𝜋
2

Range [−3 − 2, 3 − 2] = [−5, 1]

5

The correct answer is B.

a 2 cos (x) + 1 = 0
Question 2

2 cos (x) = −1

cos (x) = −
1

𝜋 𝜋
2
x = 𝜋 + ,𝜋 −
3 3
x= ,
2𝜋 4𝜋
3 3
Award 1 mark for finding one correct trigonometric value.
Award 1 mark for both correct answers.
b y
4
(0, 3) (2π, 3)
3
f (x) = 2cos(x) + 1
2
1
(2π3 , 0) (4π3 , 0)
0 π 2π π 4π 5π 2π x
–1 3 3 3 3
(π, –1)
–2

Award 1 mark for correct minimum and shape.

Award 1 mark for correct axial intercepts.
Award 1 mark for correct end points.

𝜋x
Question 3
f: R → R, f (x) = 1 − 2 cos
( )

T= = 4, range [1 − 2, 1 + 2] = [−1, 3]
2
2𝜋
𝜋
2
The correct answer is B.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 41
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

sin (2x) =
Question 4
1

2x = sin
2
1−1
( )

−11𝜋 −7𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
2
2x = , , , [1 mark]
−11𝜋 −7𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
x= , , ,
6 6 6 6
[1 mark]
−11𝜋 −7𝜋 𝜋
Sum of solutions = + + +
12 12 12 12
5𝜋

−12𝜋
=
12 12 12 12

= −𝜋
12
[1 mark]
Question 5

T= 𝜋 =8
The amplitude is 4 and the period is
2𝜋
4

𝜋 𝜋
The period is T = = . Therefore, ‘The period is
Question 6
2𝜋
’ is false. All other options are true.
10 5 10
Question 7

T = 𝜋 = 10
The amplitude is 5 and the period is
2𝜋
5

Question 8
Options A, B, C, and D are true.

𝜋
The graph crosses the x-axis at

=0 ⇒ = (2k + 1)
x x
( )
cos
5 (2k + 1) 𝜋
when x =
5 5 2

when k ∈ Z
2

The graph is obtained from the graph of y = cos (x) by a reflection in the x -axis, a dilation by a scale factor
Question 9

1
of 2 units away from the x-axis, followed by a dilation by a scale factor of units away from the y -axis,
2

y = −2 cos (2x) + 1, so a = −2 n = 2 and c = 1.

and then a vertical translation of 1 unit up and away from the x-axis. The translated graph is

2𝜋x 𝜋
Question 10
f (x) = + sin −
b b
( )

g (x) = −
2 2 d 2
1 1
cos (4𝜋x)
20 20
=
1 b

b=
20 2
1
10

42 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2
2𝜋x 𝜋
− = − cos (4𝜋x)
( )

𝜋
sin

− cos (x) is sin (x) translated units right

d 2

∴ cos = cos (4𝜋x)

2
2𝜋x
( )

= 4𝜋
d
2𝜋

d=
d
1
2

f(x) = 2 sin (10𝜋x)

Question 11

Question 12
The transformations used are:
• dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis

𝜋
• dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis
• translation of units in the positive direction of the x-axis.
4
• translation of 2 units in the positive direction of the y-axis.
Award 1 mark for all correct transformations.
Question 13
The transformations used are:
• dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis
1
𝜋
• dilation of factor from the y-axis
2
• horizontal translation of units in the negative direction.
2
Award 1 mark for all correct transformations.

The graph is y = 2 cos(2x), which has an amplitude of 2 and a period of T = = 𝜋.

Question 14
2𝜋
2

𝜋 𝜋
Question
( 15
y = cos 2x − = cos 2 x −
) ( ( ))

3 6

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 43
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

2.6 The tangent function

𝜋
Question 1
Period = 𝜋 = 2
2
The correct answer is B.

y= (ax + b)
Question 2
( tan
√ )
P 1, 3
3 = tan (a +(b) )
𝜋
a + b = tan−1 3 =
√
√

Q (−1, −1)
[1]
3

−1 = tan (b − a)
𝜋
b − a = tan−1 (−1) = −
[1] + [2]:
[2]
4

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2b = − =
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
3 4 12
b = ,a = − =
7𝜋
24 3 24 24
Award 1 mark for two correct equations.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of a.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of b.

y = tan (ax)
Question 3

𝜋
The period of y = tan (ax) is .
, n ∈ Z.
a
n𝜋
x-intercepts occur at multiples of the period,

When a = the period is 2𝜋, meaning that the x-intercepts occur at 0, 2𝜋, 4𝜋.
a
1

∴a=
2
1
2
The correct answer is C.

f (x) = −3 tan (2𝜋x)

Question 4

𝜋
Period: T =
𝜋
=
n

=
2𝜋
1
2

bx 𝜋
Question(5 )
y = tan = at x =
bx 3𝜋
has vertical asymptotes when .
3 3 3 2b

44 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Question 6

𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋
Vertical asymptotes at:
x = + and x = +
2 3 2 3
x=
5𝜋
[1 mark]
−𝜋
x=
6
[1 mark]
6

𝜋
a. T =
Question 7

𝜋
= 1
n

= 4𝜋 [1 mark]
4

b. Since the period of the function is 4𝜋, the asymptote is at 2𝜋. The graph is:

Award 1 mark for correct graph and labelled asymptote.

Question 8
Answer E

𝜋
Options A, B, C and D are false.
The period is T = 1 = 5𝜋 and the range is R.
5

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 45
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

𝜋 𝜋
Question 9

y = tan 2x + = tan 2 x +
( ) ( ( ))

𝜋
4 8
1
This is a dilation by a scale factor of units parallel to the x-axis, followed by a horizontal translation of
2 8
units to the left parallel to the x-axis.

The graph of y = tan (x) has had a transformation of y = a tan (n (x − h)) + k.

Question 10

The graph of y = tan (x) is transformed to the graph of y = 4 − 4 tan(4x) by a reflection in the x-axis, a
1
dilation by a scale factor of units from the y-axis, followed by a dilation by a scale factor of 4 units up
4
and away from the x-axis.

Period = −
Question 11
7𝜋 3𝜋
4 4
=
4𝜋

=𝜋
4

2.7 Modelling and applications

When t = 0, h = 25, and when t = 30, h = 5; amplitude is 10.

Question 1

𝜋
t = 60 = ,n =
2𝜋

𝜋t
n 30

h(t) = 15 + 10 cos
( )

30
The correct answer is E.

𝜋
T = 14 = ⇒n=
Question 2
2𝜋

f (0) = 0, f (14) = 0
n 7

Range [0, 10]

46 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2
𝜋t
This is only satisfied by y = f (x) = 5 − 5 cos
( )
.
7
The correct answer is B.

𝜋t
Question 3
a h (t) = 14 + 8 sin , 0 ≤ t ≤ 24
( )

hmin = 14 − 8
12

=6m
𝜋t
b h (t) = 14 + 8 sin = 10
( )

𝜋t
12
= 10 − 14 = −4
( )
8 sin

𝜋t
12

=−
1
( )
sin
𝜋t 𝜋 𝜋
= 𝜋 + , 2𝜋 −
12 2

12 6 6
= ,
7𝜋 11𝜋

t = 14, 22
6 6

Award 1 mark for solving the trigonometric equation.

Award 1 mark for both correct values of t.

𝜋t
Question 4
a. n(t) = 1200 + 400 cos
( )

= 6.
3
𝜋
2𝜋
The period is
3
The amplitude is 400.
Award 1 mark for the correct period.
Award 1 mark for the correct amplitude.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was answered well. However, some students did not answer both parts of the question.

b. The maximum is 1200 + 400 = 1600.

Most had the correct period but some expressed the amplitude as. [800, 1600].

The minimum is 1200 − 400 = 800.

Award 1 mark for correct maximum.
Award 1 mark for correct minimum.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was answered well. Some students used calculus, which was not necessary. Some gave
their answers as coordinate
( pairs,
) such as (0, 1600) and (3, 800), but this was incorrect.
c. n(10) = 1200 + 400 cos
10𝜋

= 1000
3

Award 1 mark for the correct value.

VCAA Assessment Report note:

d. Solving n(t) = 1000 over 0 < t < 12:

Some students used their technology in degrees instead of radians and gave the answer 1593 wombats.

t = 2, 4, 8, 10
1
From 2 to 4 and 10 to 12, there is a total of 4 hours out of 12, so the fraction is .
3

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 47
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Award 1 mark for solving correctly.

Award 1 mark for the correct fraction.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Many students obtained 4 months but did not find the fraction of time. Others did not find all the t values.
Some wrote their answers in terms of dates.
Question 5
Answer C is false;
( all )the other options are true.
n (0) = 100 sin + 300
12𝜋

= 100 sin (𝜋) + 300

12

= 300

2.8 Review
Question 1

b Period = =𝜋
a [−2, 2] [1 mark]
2𝜋
[1 mark]
2
c sin(2x) =
√
3

𝜋
2x = + 2k𝜋, + 2k𝜋, k ∈ Z [2 marks]
2
2𝜋

𝜋 𝜋
x = + k𝜋, + k𝜋, k ∈ Z
3 3
[1 mark]
6 3
Question 2( )
a 1 − cos = cos for x ∈ [−2𝜋, 𝜋]
x x
( )

2 2

=1
x
( )
2 cos
2

=
x 1
( )
cos
𝜋 𝜋
= ,−
2 2
x

x= ,−
2 3 3
2𝜋 2𝜋
3 3
Award 1 mark for solving.
Award 1 mark for the correct answers.
b y
(–2π, 2)
2
(π, 1)
( –2π , 1
3 2 ) 1

–2π –π 0 π x
–1 ( 2π , 1
3 2 )
–2

Award 1 mark for correct intersection points.

Award 1 mark for the correct graph.

48 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

Period T = ( 2𝜋 ) = 3
Question 3
2𝜋
3
The correct answer is C.

a (tan (𝜃) − 1) sin (𝜃) − 3 cos (𝜃)

Question 4 ( √ )

sin (𝜃) + 3 cos (𝜃) = 0

( √ )

(tan (𝜃) − 1) tan (𝜃) − 3 tan (𝜃) + 3 = 0

( √ )( √ )

tan (𝜃) = 1, ± 3
√

b (tan (𝜃) − 1) sin (𝜃) − 3 cos (𝜃)

Award 1 mark for all three correct values.
( √ )

sin (𝜃) + 3 cos (𝜃) = 0

( √ )

⇒ (tan (𝜃) − 1) sin2 (𝜃) − 3cos2 (𝜃) = 0

⇒ tan (𝜃) = 1, tan (𝜃) = − 3, tan (𝜃) − 3, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋
( )

𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
√ √

⇒𝜃= , ,
4 3 3
Award 1 mark for the correct method.
Award 1 mark for all three correct values.

f : R → R, f (x) = 2 sin (3x) − 3

Question 5

Period: T =
2𝜋

Range: [−2, 2] − 3 = [−5, −1]

3

The correct answer is A.

Question 6
f : R → R, f (x) = 3 sin −2
2x
( )

Period T = = 5𝜋
5
2𝜋
2

Range [−3 − 2, 3 − 2] = [−5, 1]

5

sin(2x) = 2 sin(x) cos(x)

Question 7

3 −4
=2× ×
5 5
=−
24
25

cos(A) cos(B) + sin(A) sin(B) = cos(A − B)

Question 8

= cos(3x − 2x)
= cos(x)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 49
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1

Question 9

sin (𝜃) = 1 −
)2
5
(
2
[1 mark]
13
sin2 (𝜃) =
144
169
sin(𝜃) = ±
12
13
sin(𝜃) = − < 𝜃 < 2𝜋 [1 mark]
12 3𝜋
since
13 2
Question 10
For statements A, B, C the right hand side is equal to 4, and E is false; therefore, D is true.
Question 11

sec(𝜃) =
1

=2
cos(𝜃)

cos(𝜃) =
1
[1 mark]
2
tan(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃)
cos(𝜃)

=
√
3
2
1

=
2
√
3 [1 mark]

1 + cos(A)
Question 12

+
1 + cos(A)
sin(A)

sin (A) + (1 + cos(A))2

sin(A)

=
(1 + cos(A)) sin(A)
2

sin2 (A) + 1 + 2 cos(A) + cos2 (A)

=
sin(A)(1 + cos(A))
2 + 2 cos(A)
=
sin(A)(1 + cos(A))
2(1 + cos(A))
=
sin(A)(1 + cos(A))
=
2
sin(A)

1 − tan2 (A)
Question 13

1 + tan2 (A)
1−
=
2
sin (A)

1+
2
cos (A)
2
sin (A)
2
cos (A)

50 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 2

=
2 2
cos (A)−sin (A)
2
cos (A)
2 2
cos (A)+sin (A)
2
cos (A)

=
2 2
cos (A)−sin (A)
2
cos (A)
1

= cos (A) − sin2 (A)

2
cos (A)
2

Question 14

− 𝜃 + sin − 𝜃 = − sin (𝜃) − cos (𝜃)

3𝜋 3𝜋
( ) ( )
cos
2 2
Question 15

+ 𝛼 = − cos(𝛼)
3𝜋
( )
sin
= −0.6
2

𝜋 −2
Question 16
+𝜃 + tan +𝜃 =
3𝜋
( ) ( )
Options A, B, C and D are true. E is false since tan .
2 2 tan (𝜃)

𝜋 𝜋
Question 17
Statements A, B, D, and E are true. C is false since sin 𝜃 − = − sin − 𝜃 = − cos(𝜃).
( ) ( )

2 2

𝜋
Question 18

−𝜃 =
1
( )
tan

=
2 tan(𝜃)
1

=2
0.5

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 51
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

3 Composite functions,
transformations and inverses
Topic 3 Composite functions, transformations and inverses
Subtopic 3.2 Composite functions

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2020 Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q1; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
Let f and g be functions such that f(−1) = 4, f(2) = 5, g(−1) = 2, g(2) = 7 and g(4) = 6.
The value of g( f(−1)) is
A. 2
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
E. 7

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q6; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
Let f and g be two functions such that f(x) = 2x and g(x + 2) = 3x + 1.
The function f(g(x)) is
A. 6x − 5
B. 6x + 1
C. 6x2 + 1
D. 6x − 10
E. 6x + 2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 1
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.2 Composite functions

Question 3 (1 mark)
If f(x) = 4x2 and g(x) = 3x + 1, then f (g (a)) is equal to
A. 4(3a + 1)2
B. 36a2 + 4
C. (3a + 1)2
D. 3a + 1
E. 12a2 + 1

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q9; © VCAA

Question 4 (1 mark)
Let g(x) = x + 2 and f(x) = x2 − 4.
If h is the composite function given by h : [−5, −1] → R, h(x) = f(g(x)), then the range of h is
A. (−3, 5]
B. [−3, 5)
C. (−3, 5)
D. (−4, 5]
E. [−4, 5]

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q13; © VCAA

Question 5 (1 mark)
The domain of the function h, where h(x) = cos(loga (x)) and a is a real number greater than 1 is chosen so
that h is a one-to-one function.
Which one of the following could be the domain?
( 𝜋 𝜋)
−
A. a 2 , a 2
B. (0, 𝜋)
[ 𝜋]
C. 1, a 2
[ 𝜋 𝜋)
−
D. a 2 , a 2
[ 𝜋 𝜋]
−
E. a 2 , a 2

2 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.2 Composite functions

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q10; © VCAA

Question 6 (1 mark)
Which one of the following functions satisfies the functional equation f( f(x)) = x for every real number x?
A. f(x) = 2x
B. f(x) = x2√
C. f(x) = 2 x
D. f(x) = x − 2
E. f(x) = 2 − x

Question 7 (1 mark) √
The function f has the
√ rule f(x) = x2 − 9 and the function g has the rule g(x) = x + 2. The integers c and d,
such that f(g(x)) = (x + c)(x + d), are
A. c = −5, d = 1
B. c = 5, d = 1
C. c = 5, d = −1
D. c = −2, d = −1
E. c = 2, d = 1

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 3
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Composite functions, transformations and inverses

Subtopic 3.3 Transformations

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q13; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
The graph of ) function f passes through the point (−2, 7).
( the
x
If h (x) = f + 5, then the graph of the function h must pass through the point
2
A. (−1, −12)
B. (−1, 19)
C. (−4, 12)
D. (−4, −14)
E. (3, 3.5)

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q12; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark) √
The graph of a function f is obtained from the graph of the function g with rule g(x) = 2x − 5 by a
1
reflection in the x-axis followed by a dilation from the y-axis by a factor of .
2
Which one of the following is the rule for the function f ?
√
A. f(x) = 5 − 4x
√
B. f(x) = x − 5
√
C. f(x) = x + 5
√
D. f(x) = − 4x − 5
√
E. f(x) = − 4x − 10

4 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.3 Transformations

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q11; © VCAA

Question 3 (1 mark) √ √
The transformation that maps the graph of y = 8x3 + 1 onto the graph of y = x3 + 1 is a
A. dilation by a factor of 2 from the y-axis.
B. dilation by a factor of 2 from the x-axis.
1
C. dilation by a factor of from the x-axis.
2
D. dilation by a factor of 8 from the y-axis.
1
E. dilation by a factor of from the y-axis.
2

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods 1, Q5; © VCAA

Question 4 (4 marks)
Let f : R → R, f(x) = x2 − 4 and g : R → R, g(x) = 4(x − 1)2 − 4.
a. The graphs of f and g have a common horizontal axis intercept at (2, 0).
Find the coordinates of the other horizontal axis intercept of the graph of g. (2 marks)

b. Let the graph of h be a transformation of the graph of f where the transformations have been applied in
the following order:
1
• dilation by a factor of from the vertical axis (parallel to the horizontal axis)
2
• translation by two units to the right (in the direction of the positive horizontal axis)
State the rule of h and the coordinates of the horizontal axis intercepts of the graph of h. (2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 5
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.3 Transformations

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q1; © VCAA

Question 5 (1 mark)
The point P (4, −3) lies on the graph of a function f. The graph of f is translated four units vertically up and
then reflected in the y-axis.
The coordinates of the final image of P are
A. (−4, 1)
B. (−4, 3)
C. (0, −3)
D. (4, −6)
E. (−4, −1)

Question 6 (1 mark)
State the equation of the graph if the parabola of y = x2 is dilated by a factor of 2 parallel to the y-axis,
translated 1 unit in the negative direction parallel to the x-axis and reflected about the x-axis.

Question 7 (2 marks)
State the transformations of y = x3 to y = (2x)3 + 2.

Question 8 (1 mark) ( )
x
The graph of y = sin(x) is transformed to the graph of y = −4 sin by
3
A. a reflection y-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 4 units away from the y-axis, followed by a dilation by
1
a scale factor of units away from the x-axis.
3
B. a reflection y-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 4 units away from the y-axis, followed by a dilation by
a scale factor of 3 units away from the x-axis.
C. a reflection x-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 4 units away from the x-axis, followed by a dilation by
1
a scale factor of units away from the y-axis.
3
D. a reflection x-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 4 units away from the y-axis, followed by a dilation by
a scale factor of 3 units away from the x-axis.
E. a reflection x-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 4 units away from the x-axis, followed by a dilation by
a scale factor of 3 units away from the y-axis.

6 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.3 Transformations

Question 9 (1 mark)
The graph y = x2 is transformed to the graph of y = 4x2 by
A. a dilation parallel to the x-axis by a scale factor of 4.
B. a dilation parallel to the y-axis by a scale factor of 4.
C. a dilation parallel to the x-axis by a scale factor of 2.
D. a dilation parallel to the y-axis by a scale factor of 2.
1
E. a dilation parallel to the y-axis by a scale factor of .
2

Question 10 (1 mark)
x2
The graph y = x2 is transformed to the graph of y = by
4
A. a dilation from the x-axis by a scale factor of 4.
B. a dilation from the y-axis by a scale factor of 4.
C. a dilation from the x-axis by a scale factor of 2.
D. a dilation from the y-axis by a scale factor of 2.
1
E. a dilation from the y-axis by a scale factor of .
2

Question 11 (1 mark)
The graph y = x3 is transformed to the graph of y = 8x3 by
A. a dilation parallel to the x-axis by a scale factor of 8.
B. a dilation parallel to the y-axis by a scale factor of 8.
C. a dilation parallel to the x-axis by a scale factor of 2.
D. a dilation parallel to the y-axis by a scale factor of 2.
1
E. a dilation parallel to the y-axis by a scale factor of .
2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 7
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.3 Transformations

Question 12 (1 mark)
If the graph of y = (x − 2)2 + 2 is reflected in the x-axis and then in the y-axis, it becomes the graph of
A. y = − (x − 2)2 − 2
B. y = − (x − 2)2 + 2
C. y = (x − 2)2 − 2
D. y = − (x + 2)2 − 2
E. y = (x + 2)2 − 2

Question 13 (1 mark)
The graph of y = f(x) is transformed to the graph of y = −f(x) + c where c ≥ 0 by:
A. a reflection in the x-axis, followed by a vertical translation of c units in the positive direction of the
y-axis.
B. a reflection in the x-axis, followed by a vertical translation of c units in the negative direction of the
y-axis.
C. a reflection in the y-axis, followed by a vertical translation of c units in the positive direction of the
y-axis.
D. a reflection in the y-axis, followed by a vertical translation of c units in the negative direction of the
y-axis.
E. a reflection in the x-axis, followed by a horizontal translation of c units in the positive direction of the
y-axis.

Question 14 (1 mark)
The graph of y = f(x) is transformed to the graph of y = Af(x − b) where b ≥ 0 by:
A. a dilation of factor A from the x-axis followed by a horizontal translation of b units in the positive
direction of the x-axis.
B. a dilation of factor A from the x-axis followed by a vertical translation of b units in the negative direction
of the y-axis.
C. a dilation of factor A from the y-axis followed by a horizontal translation of b units in the positive
direction of the x-axis.
D. a dilation of factor A from the y-axis followed by a horizontal translation of b units in the negative
direction of the x-axis.
E. a dilation of factor A from the x-axis followed by a horizontal translation of b units in the positive
direction of the x-axis.

8 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.3 Transformations

Question 15 (1 mark)
The graph of y = f(x) is transformed to the graph of y = f(−x) + c by:
A. a reflection in the x-axis, followed by a vertical translation of c units in the positive direction of the
y-axis.
B. a reflection in the x-axis, followed by a vertical translation of c units in the negative direction of the
y-axis.
C. a reflection in the y-axis, followed by a vertical translation of c units in the positive direction of the
y-axis.
D. a reflection in the y-axis, followed by a vertical translation of c units in the negative direction of the
y-axis.
E. a reflection in the y-axis, followed by a horizontal translation of c units in the positive direction of the
y-axis.

Question 16 (1 mark)
The graph of y = x2 is translated 2 units to the left parallel to the x-axis and then translated 3 units up,
parallel to the y-axis, it becomes the graph of
A. y = (x + 2)2 + 3
B. y = (x − 2)2 + 3
C. y = (x + 2)2 − 3
D. y = (x − 3)2 + 2
E. y = (x + 3)2 − 2

Question 17 (1 mark)
The graph of y = x2 is transformed to the graph of y = 4 − (x − 2)2 by
A. a reflection in the y-axis and a translation of 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis, followed by a
translation of 4 units in the positive direction of the y-axis.
B. a reflection in the x-axis and a translation of 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis, followed by a
translation of 4 units in the positive direction of the y-axis.
C. a reflection in the y-axis and a translation of 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis, followed by a
translation of 4 units in the positive direction of the y-axis.
D. a reflection in the x-axis and a translation of 2 units in the negative direction of the x-axis, followed by a
translation of 4 units in the positive direction of the y-axis.
E. a reflection in the y-axis and a translation of 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and a
translation of 4 units in the positive direction of the y-axis.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 9
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.3 Transformations

Question 18 (1 mark)
The graph of y = x3 is translated 3 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and then translated 3 units
down in the negative direction of the y-axis, it becomes the graph of
A. y = 3x3 − 3
B. y = (x − 3)3 + 3
C. y = (x − 3)3 − 3
D. y = 3 − (x − 3)3
E. y = 3 − (x + 3)3

Question 19 (2 marks)
Let f : [0, 5] → R, f(x) = −(x − 3)2 + 2 Find the equation of the image of the graph of f after a reflection in
the x-axis followed by a translation of 3 units in the positive direction of the x-axis.

[ 20](1 mark)
Question
𝜋
Let f : 0, → R, f(x) = sin(2x) − 1. The graph of f is transformed by a reflection in the x-axis followed
2
by a dilation of factor 2 from in the y-axis. The resulting function is:
A. g : [0, 𝜋] → R, g(x) = sin(4x) − 1
B. g : [0, 2𝜋] → R, g(x) = − sin(4x) + 1
C. g : [0, 𝜋] → R, g(x) = 2 sin(2x) + 1
D. g : [0, 2𝜋] → R, g(x) = −2 sin(2x) + 1
E. g : [0, 𝜋] → R, g(x) = − sin(x) + 1

10 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Composite functions, transformations and inverses

Subtopic 3.4 Inverse graphs

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2017 Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q6; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
Part of the graph of the function f is shown below. The same scale has been used on both axes.
y

The corresponding part of the graph of the inverse function f −1 is best represented by
A. y B. y

x x

C. y D. y

x x

E. y

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 11
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.4 Inverse graphs

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q7; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark) ( ( ))
𝜋
The function g : [−a, a] → R, g(x) = sin 2 x − has an inverse function.
6
The maximum possible value of a is
𝜋
A.
12
B. 1
𝜋
C.
6
𝜋
D.
4
𝜋
E.
2

Question 3 (1 mark)
Select the rule that does not describe a function.
A. y = x2 − 5
B. y = −5
C. x = −5
√
D. y = 5 − x2
1
E. y =
x−5

12 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Composite functions, transformations and inverses

Subtopic 3.5 Inverse functions

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q5; © VCAA

Question 1 (3 marks)
1
Let f : (2, ∞) → R, where f(x) = .
(x − 2)2
−1
State the rule and domain of f .

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q5; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark) √
Which one of the following is the inverse function of [3, ∞) → R, g(x) = 2x − 6?
x2 + 6
A. g−1 : [3, ∞] → R, g−1 (x) =
2
B. g : [0, ∞) → R, g (x) = (2x − 6)2
−1 −1
√
−1 −1 x
C. g : [0, ∞) → R, g (x) = +6
2
x2 + 6
D. g−1 : [0, ∞) → R, g−1 (x) =
2
2
x + 6
E. g−1 : R → R, g−1 (x) =
2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 13
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.5 Inverse functions

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q2; © VCAA

Question 3 (1 mark)
1
The inverse function of f : (−2, ∞) → R, f(x) = √ is
x+2
1
A. f −1 : R+ → R f −1 (x) = 2 − 2
x
1
B. f −1 : R⧵ {0} → R f −1 (x) = 2 − 2
x
1
C. f −1 : R+ → R f −1 (x) = 2 + 2
x
−1 −1
D. f : (−2, ∞) → R f (x) = x2 + 2
1
E. f −1 : (2, ∞) → R f −1 (x) = 2
x −2

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q15; © VCAA

Question 4 (1 mark)
Let f : [2, ∞) → R, f(x) = x2 − 4x + 2 and f(5) = 7. The function g is the inverse function of f.
g′ (7) is equal to
1
A.
6
B. 5
√
7
C.
14
D. 6
1
E.
7

14 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.5 Inverse functions

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q6; © VCAA

Question 5 (1 mark)
The function f : D → R with rule f(x) = 2x3 − 9x2 − 168x will have an inverse function for
A. D = R
B. D = (7, ∞)
C. D = (−4, 8)
D. D = (−∞, 0)
[ )
1
E. D = − , ∞
2

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q9; © VCAA

Question 6 (1 mark)
1
The inverse of the function f : R+ → R, f(x) = √ + 4 is
x
1
A. f −1 : (4, ∞) → R f−1 (x) =
(x − 4)2
1
B. f −1 : R+ → R f −1 (x) = 2 + 4
x
C. f −1 : R+ → R f −1 (x) = (x + 4)2
1
D. f −1 : (−4, ∞) → R f −1 (x) =
(x + 4)2
1
E. f −1 : (−∞, 4) → R f −1 (x) =
(x − 4)2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 15
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.5 Inverse functions

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q7; © VCAA

Question 7 (1 mark) ( ( ))
𝜋
The function g : [−a, a] → R, g(x) = sin 2 x − has an inverse function.
6
The maximum possible value of a is
𝜋
A.
12
B. 1
𝜋
C.
6
𝜋
D.
4
𝜋
E.
2

16 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Composite functions, transformations and inverses

Subtopic 3.6 Literal equations

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Question 1 (1 mark)
1 b
The solution to the equation = in terms of x is
x+a x
b
A. 1 +
a
ab
B.
1−b
ab
C.
1+b
a
D.
1−b
1
E.
a+b

Question 2 (1 mark)
mx + n = nx + m solved for x is
m+n
A.
m−n
m−n
B.
m+n
m
C.
n
D. 0
E. 1

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 17
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.6 Literal equations

Question 3 (1 mark)
The solutions for the pair of simultaneous equations ax + by = r and ax − by = s in term of x and y are
r+s −s + r
A. x = ,y =
2a 2b
r − by r − ax
B. x = ,y =
a b
s + by s − ax
C. x = ,y =
a −b
r+s s+r
D. x = ,y =
2a 2b
r−s −s + r
E. x = ,y =
2a 2b

Question 4 (1 mark)
x
If x = 2 is a solution to the equation kx + 3 = + 1, find the value of k.
2

Question 5 (1 mark)
2 + x x − 10
The solution to the equation = in term of x is
b a
2(a + 5b)
A.
a−b
2(a − 5b)
B. −
a−b
2(a + 5b)
C. −
a+b
2(a + 5b)
D. −
a−b
2(a + 5b)
E.
a+b

18 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Composite functions, transformations and inverses

Subtopic 3.7 Review

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q4; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
Let f and g be functions such that f(2) = 5, f(3) = 4, g(2) = 5, g(3) = 2 and g(4) = 1.
The value of f(g(3)) is
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 19
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.7 Review

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q5; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
Part of the graph of y = f(x) is shown below.

x
O

The corresponding part of the graph of the inverse function y = f −1 (x) is best represented by
A. y B. y

x x
O O

C. y D. y

x x
O O

E. y

x
O

20 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.7 Review

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q4; © VCAA

Question 3 (1 mark)
The point A(3, 2) lies on the graph of the function f. A transformation maps the graph of f to the graph of g,
1
where g(x) = f(x − 1). The same transformation maps the point A to the point P.
2
The coordinates of the point P are
A. (2, 1)
B. (2, 4)
C. (4, 1)
D. (4, 2)
E. (4, 4)

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q2; © VCAA

Question 4 (3 marks)
1 1
a. Let f : R⧵ { } → R, f (x) = .
3 3x − 1
Find the rule of f −1 . (2 marks)

b. State the domain of f −1 . (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 21
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.7 Review

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q7; © VCAA

Question 5 (5 marks) √
Let f : [0, ∞] → R, f (x) = x + 1

a. State the range of f. (1 mark)

b. Let g : (−∞, c) → R, g (x) = x2 + 4x + 3, where c < 0.

i. Find the largest possible value of c such that the range of g is a subset of the domain of f. (2 marks)

ii. For the value of c found in part b.i., state the range of f (g (x)). (1 mark)

c. Let h : R → R, h (x) = x2 + 3.
State the range of f (h (x)). (1 mark)

22 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.7 Review

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q18; © VCAA

Question 6 (1 mark)
Let f : R → R, f(x) = (2x − 1)(2x + 1)(3x − 1) and g : (−∞, 0) → R, g(x) = x loge (−x).
The maximum number of solutions for the equation f(x − k) = g(x) where k ∈ R, is
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
E. 4

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q4; © VCAA

Question 7 (1 mark)
The maximum value of the function h : [0, 2] → R, h(x) = (x − 2)ex is
A. −e
B. 0
C. 1
D. 2
E. e

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods 2, Section 1, Q20; © VCAA

Question 8 (1 mark)
Let f : R → R, f(x) = cos(ax) where a ∈ R be a function with the property f(x) = f(x + h) for all h ∈ Z.
Let g : D → R, g(x) = log2 (f(x)) be a function where the range of g is [−1, 0].
A possible interval for D is
[ ]
1 5
A. ,
4 12
[ ]
7
B. 1,
6
[ ]
5
C. ,2
3
[ ]
1
D. − , 0
3
[ ]
1 1
E. − ,
12 4

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 23
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.7 Review

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods 1, Q6; © VCAA

Question 9 (4 marks)
1 √
let f : [0, 2] → R, where f (x) = √ x.
2
a. Find the domain and the rule for f−1 , the inverse function of f. (2 marks)

b. The graph of y = f(x), where x ∈ [0, 2], is shown on the axes below.
On the axes, sketch the graph of f−1 over its domain. Label the endpoints and point(s) of intersection
with the function f, giving their coordinates. (2 marks)

24 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.7 Review

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q18; © VCAA

Question 10 (1 mark)
p m
Consider the functions f : R+ → R f (x) = x q and g : R+ → R g (x) = x n where p, q, m and n are positive
p m
integers, and and are fractions in simplest form.
q n
If {x : f(x) > g(x)} = (0, 1) and {x : g(x) > f(x)} = (1, ∞), which of the following must be false?
A. q > n and p = m
B. m > p and q = n
C. pn < qm
D. f ′ (c) = g′ (c) for some c ∈ (0, 1)
E. f ′ (d) = g′ (d) for some d ∈ (1, ∞)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 25
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.7 Review

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q22; © VCAA

Question 11 (1 mark)
The graphs of the functions with rules f(x) and g(x) are shown below.

Which one of the following best represents the graph of the function with rule g(−f(x))?

A. B.

C. D.

E.

26 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.7 Review

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q20; © VCAA

Question 12 (1 mark)
If f(x − 1) = x2 − 2x + 3, then f(x) is equal to
A. x2 − 2
B. x2 + 2
C. x2 − 2x + 2
D. x2 − 2x + 4
E. x2 − 4x + 6

Question 13 (1 mark) √
If f (x) = −4 cos2 (2x) and g (x) = x, then
A. f (g (x)) does not exist,
( √and ) g ( f (x)) does not exist.
B. f (g (x)) = −4 cos2 2 x , has domain [0, ∞) and g ( f (x)) does not exist.
C. f (g (x)) = 2 cos (2x),
(√has) domain [0, ∞) and f (g (x)) does not exist.
D. g ( f (x)) = 4 cos2 x , has domain [0, ∞) and f (g (x)) does not exist.
E. g ( f (x)) = 2 cos (2x), has domain R and f (g (x))does not exist.

Question 14 (1 mark)
1 1
If f (x) = x2 , g (x) = cos (2x) and h (x) = then 2
is equal to
x cos (2x)
A. g( f(h(x)))
B. g(h( f(x)))
C. h( f(g(x)))
D. h(g( f(x)))
E. f(h( g(x)))

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 27
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Topic 3 Subtopic 3.7 Review

Question 15 (1 mark)
Consider the graph of y = x3 − x2 . Which of the following statements is true?
A. When reflected in the x-axis, the graph becomes y = x3 + x2 .
B. When reflected in the x-axis, or the y-axis, the graph becomes y = −x3 + x2 .
C. When reflected in the line, the graph becomes y = x3 − x2 .
D. When reflected in the line, the graph becomes y = −x3 + x2 .
E. When reflected in both the x-axis and y-axis, the graph becomes y = x3 + x2 .

28 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Answers and marking guide

3.2 Composite functions
Question 1
g ( f (−1)) = g (4) = 6
The correct answer is D.
Question 2
f (x) = 2x, g (x + 2) = 3x + 1
g (x) = 3 (x − 2) + 1
= 3x − 6 + 1
= 3x − 5
f (g (x)) = 2 (3x − 5)
= 6x − 10
The correct answer is D.
Question 3
f (x) = 4x2
f (g (x)) = f (3x + 1)
= 4(3x + 1)2
f (g (a)) = 4(3a + 1)2
The correct answer is A.
Question 4
g (x) = x + 2, f (x) = x2 − 4
h (x) = f (g (x)) = f (x + 2) = (x + 2)2 − 4
h : [−5, −1] → R, h (x) = x2 + 4x
h (−5) = 5
h (−1) = −3
h (−2) = −4
range h = [−4, 5]
The correct answer is E.
Question 5

[ 𝜋]
For h to be a one-to-one function, the domain is 1, a 2 .
The correct answer is C.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 29
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Question 6
f (x) = 2 − x
f ( f (x)) = f (2 − x)
= 2 − (2 − x)
=x
The correct answer is E.
Question 7√
f (g (x)) = (x + 2)2 − 9
√
= x2 + 4x − 5
√
= (x + 5) (x − 1)
The correct answer is C.

3.3 Transformations
Question 1
( ) through (−2, 7), f (−2) = 7.
Since f passes
x
h (x) = f + 5, h (−4) = f (−2) + 5 = 7 + 5 = 12
2
Alternatively, double the x- value and add 5 to the y-value:
f : (−2, 7) → h : (−4, 12)
The correct answer is C.
Question
√ 2 √
y = 2x − 5 reflected in the x-axis becomes y = − 2x − 5.
1
Dilation by a factor of from the y-axis, that is parallel to the y-axis, replaces x → 2x.
√2
Therefore, f (x) = − 4x − 5
The correct answer is D.
Question 3 √ √ x
To map y = 8x3 + 1 onto the graph of y = x3 + 1, replace x with , which represents dilation by a
2
factor of 2 parallel to the x-axis or away from the y-axis.
The correct answer is A.
Question 4
a. g (x) = 0 , 4 (x − 1)2 − 4 = 0, (x − 1)2 = 1
x − 1 = ±1, x = 0, 2 (0, 0), (2, 0)
So, the other point is (0, 0)
Award 1 mark for locating the two points.
Award 1 mark for identifying the other point at the origin
b. f : y = x2 − 4
1
Dilate from y-axis, replace x with 2x, y = 4x2 − 4
2
Translate 2 units to the right, replace x with (x − 2), h (x) = 4 (x − 2)2 − 4 h (x) = 0 , (1, 0), (3, 0)
Award 1 mark for the correct function h.
Award 1 mark for the correct axial points.
Question 5
The point P (4, −3) translated up 4 units gives (4, 1) and reflected in the y-axis gives (−4, 1).
The correct answer is A.

30 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Question 6
y = x2 → y = 2x2 → y = 2 (x + 1)2 → y = −2 (x + 1)2
Question 7
Dilation factor of 8 from the x-axis [1 mark]
Translation of 2 units in the positive direction of the -axis [1 mark]
Question 8

The correct answer is E.

Question 9
a dilation parallel to the y-axis by a scale factor of 4.
The correct answer is B.
Question 10
( )2
x x2
y= =
2 4
The correct answer is D.
Question 11
a dilation parallel to the y-axis by a scale factor of 8.
The correct answer is B.
Question 12
y = − (x + 2)2 − 2

The correct answer is D.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 31
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Question 13
a reflection in the x-axis followed by a vertical translation of c units in the positive direction of the y-axis
The correct answer is E.
Question 14
a dilation of factor A from x-axis followed by a horizontal translation of b units in the positive direction of
the x-axis.
The correct answer is E.
Question 15
a reflection in the y-axis followed by a vertical translation of c units in the positive direction of the y-axis.
The correct answer is C.
Question 16
y = (x + 2)2 + 3

The correct answer is A.

Question 17
a reflection in the x-axis, a translation of 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis, followed by a
translation of 4 units in the positive direction of the y-axis.

The correct answer is B.

32 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Question 18
y = (x − 3)3 − 3

The correct answer is C.

Question 19
x′ = x + 3 ⇔ x = x′ − 3
y′ = −y
−y′ = −(x′ − 3 − 3)2 + 2 [1 mark]
y′ = (x′ − 6)2 − 2
y = (x − 6)2 − 2 [1 mark]
Question 20
g : [0, 𝜋] → R, g(x) = − sin(x) + 1
The correct answer is E.

3.4 Inverse graphs

Question 1
Reflect the original graph in the line y = x, so option C is the correct graph.
The correct answer is C.
Question 2 ( ( ))
𝜋
g : [−a, a] → R, g (x) = sin 2 x −
6
For the inverse to be a function, the original function must be a one-to-one function.
𝜋
Only a = makes g a one-to-one function. Check with CAS.
12
The correct answer is A.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 33
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Question 3
A line parallel to the y-axis crosses the graph at infinitely many points, so the graph of x = −5 is not a
function.

The correct answer is C.

3.5 Inverse functions

Question 1
1
f : (2, ∞) → R, where f (x) =
(x − 2)2
dom f = (2, ∞) = range f−1 and dom f−1 = (0, ∞) = range f
1
f:y =
(x − 2)2
1 1 1
f−1 : x = 2
⇒ (y − 2)2 = ⇒ y = 2 ± √
(y − 2) x x
Take the positive value, since range f−1 = (2, ∞).
1
f−1 : (0, ∞) → R, f−1 (x) = 2 + √
x
Award 1 mark for transposing and rearranging the function.
Award 1 mark for the correct rule.
Award 1 mark for the correct domain of the inverse function.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Students appeared to manage this question confidently. However, some students did not handle the algebraic
manipulation correctly and others used incorrect notation, stating their final answer or in stating the domain.
Question 2 √
g : [3, ∞) → R, g (x) = 2x − 6
dom g = ran g−1 = [3, ∞]
dom g−1 √= ran g = [0, ∞]
g : y = 2x − 6
√ x2 + 6
g−1 : x = 2y − 6 ⇒ x2 = 2y − 6, y = g−1 (x) =
2
2
x + 6
g−1 : [0, ∞) → R, g−1 (x) =
2
The correct answer is D.

34 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Question 3
1
f : (−2, ∞) → R, f (x) = √
x+2
1
f:y = √
x+2
−1 1
f :x = √
y+2
1 1 1
⇒x2 = ⇒y+2= 2 ⇒y= 2 −2
y+2 x x
range f = R+ = domain f−1
1
f−1 : R+ → R, f−1 (x) = 2 − 2
x
The correct answer is A.
Question 4
Since g (x) = f−1 (x) , f (5) = 7 ⇔ g (7) = 5
1 1
f ′ (x) = 2x − 4 f ′ (5) = 6 g ′ (7) = ′ =
f (5) 6
Alternatively ( )
f : y = x2 − 4x + 2 = x2 − 4x + 4 + 2 − 4
f : y = (x − 2)2 − 2
g = f−1 : x = (y − 2)2 − 2
√
y−2=± 2+x
dom f = ran f−1 = [2, ∞) dom f−1 = ran f = [−2, ∞) take positive
√
f−1 (x) = g (x) = 2 + 2 + x
d ( −1 ) 1
f (x) = g′ (x) = √
dx 2 x+2
′ 1 1
g (7) = √ =
2 9 6
The correct answer is A.
Question 5
f(x) = 2x3 − 9x2 − 168x
f ′ (x) = 6x2 − 18x − 168
= 6 (x − 7) (x + 4)
The turning points are at x = −4 and x = 7.
For f (x) to be a one-to-one function, D = (7, ∞).
The correct answer is B.
Question 6
1
f:y = √ + 4
x
dom f = ran f−1 = R+
ran f = dom f−1 = (4, ∞)
1
f−1 : x = √ + 4
y

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 35
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3
1
√ =x−4
y
√ 1
y=
x−4
y = f−1 (x)
1
y=
(x − 4)2
The correct answer is A.
Question 7 ( ( ))
𝜋
g: [−a, a] → R, g (x) = sin 2 x −
6
For the inverse to be a function, the original function must be a one-to-one function.
𝜋
Only a = makes g a one-to-one function. Check with CAS.
12
The correct answer is A.

3.6 Literal equations

Question 1
1 b
=
x+a x
x = b (x + a)
x = bx + ab
x − bx = ab
x (1 − b) = ab
ab
x=
1−b
The correct answer is B.
Question 2
mx + n = nx + m
mx − nx = m − n
x (m − n) = m − n
x=1
The correct answer is E.
Question 3
ax + by = r [1]
ax − by = s [2]
[1] + [2]
2ax = r + s
r+s
x=
2a
[1] + [2]:
2by = r − s
r−s
y=
2b
r+s
x=
2a
−s + r
y=
2b
The correct answer is A.

36 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Question 4
2
2x + 3 = + 1
2
2k + 3 = 2
−1
k=
2
Question 5
2 + x x − 10
=
b a
a(2 + x) = b(x − 10)
2a + 2x = bx − 10b
ax − bx = −2a − 10b
x(a − b) = −2(a + 5b)
−2(a + 5b)
x=
a−b
The correct answer is D.

3.7 Review
Question 1
f (g (3)) = f (2) = 5
The correct answer is E.
Question 2
The inverse function is the graph reflected in the line y = x.
The correct answer is E.
Question 3
1
A is on f (x); P is on g(x) = f(x − 1).
2
1
Dilate by a factor of from the x-axis:
( ) 2
y
(x, y) → x, , A(3, 2) → (3, 1)
2
Translation of one unit in the positive x-direction:
( ) ( )
y y
x, → x + 1, , (3, 1) → P(4, 1)
2 2
The correct answer is C.
Question 4
1 1
a. f : R ⧵ { } → R, f (x) =
3 3x − 1
1
f:y =
3x − 1
Swap x and y.
1
f−1 : x =
3y − 1
1
3y − 1 =
x
1 1 x+1
y = f−1 (x) = + =
3x 3 3x
Award 1 mark for swapping x and y and making y the subject.
Award 1 mark for the correct result.
© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 37
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

b. Domain of f−1 = range of f = R \ {0} [1 mark]

Question 5 √
a. f : [0, ∞) → R, f (x) = x + 1
dom f = [0, ∞) , ran f = [1, ∞) [1 mark]
b. i. g : (−∞, c] → R, g (x) = x2 + 4x + 3 = (x + 2)2 − 1
x2 + 4x + 3 = (x + 3) (x + 1) ≥ 0 ⇒ x = −3, −1
So c = −3, so that the range of g ⊆ [0, ∞)
Award 1 mark for finding the x-intercepts or a graph with the x-intercepts labelled.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of c.
ii. Since (−∞, −3] is the domain of g, the range of g becomes [0, ∞), which is the same as the
domain of f
Therefore, the range of f is the same as the range of.
f(g(x))
( )
= f x2 + 4x + 3
√
= x2 + 4x + 4
√
= (x + 2)2
= |x + 2|
= −x − 2 since x ≤ −3
dom f (g (x)) = dom g (x) = (−∞, −3]
So ran f (g (x)) = [1, ∞). [1 mark]
c. h : R → R, h (x) = x2 + 3
f (h (x))
( )
= f x2 + 3
√
= x2 + 3 + 1
√
= x2 + 4
dom (h (x)) = R
ran (h (x)) = [3, ∞)
∴ dom (g (x)) = [3, ∞)
ran f (h (x)) = [2, ∞) [1 mark]
Question 6
Translate f to the left; there are 3 points of intersection.
The correct answer is D.
Question 7
h: [0, 2] → R, h (x) = (x − 2) ex
The maximum value at the end point when x = 2 is y = 0.
The correct answer is B.

38 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Question 8
f (x) = cos (ax) = cos (a (x + h))
f (x) = f (x + h) , h ∈ Z, a = 2𝜋
f (x) = cos (2𝜋x)
g (x) = log2 (f (x)) has range [−1, 0]
−1 ≤ log2 (cos (2𝜋x)) ≤ 0
1
≤ cos (2𝜋x) ≤ 1
2 ( ) ( )
5𝜋 1 7𝜋 1
cos = , cos (2𝜋) = 1, cos =
3 2 3 2
5 7
≤x≤
6 6 [ ]
7 7
Only satisfied by 1 ≤ x ≤ , 1,
6 6
The correct answer is B.
Question 9
1 √
a. f : [0, 2] → R, f (x) = √ x
√ 2
x
f:y =
2
−1 −1
dom f = [0,√ 2] = ran f , dom f = [0, 1] = ran f
y
f−1 : x =
2
y 2
=x
2
f−1 : [0, 1] → R, f−1 (x) = 2x2
Award 1 mark for the correct inverse function rule.
Award 1 mark for the domain of inverse function.
b. x = f (x) = f−1 (x) ⇒ 2x2 = x
2x2 − x = 0
x (2x − 1) = 0
1
x = 0, x =
2

Award 1 mark for the correct graph shape.

Award 1 mark for the correct endpoints and intersection point.
Question 10
p
f : R+ → R, f(x) = x q
m
g : R+ → R, g(x) = x n , p, q, m, n ∈ Z+

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 39
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

f(x) > g(x), x ∈ (0, 1)

p m
xq > x n
p m
<
q n
pn < qm
g(x) > f(x), x ∈ (1, ∞)
m p
x n > xq
p m
<
q n
pn < qm
If p = m, q > n, and if q = n, m > p
The graphs of f (x) and g (x) intersect at x = 0 and x = 1.

For x ∈ (0, 1), f(x) > g(x), but since limx→∞ (f(x)) = limx→∞ (g(x)) and f (1) = g (1), f (x) is parallel to g (x)
for some x ∈ (0, 1). That is, f ′ (c) = g′ (c) for some c ∈(0, 1). Option D is true.
For x > 1 we can see that g′ (x) > f ′ (x). Thus, f ′ (d) ≠ g′ (d), d ∈ (1, ∞); therefore, option E is false.
The correct answer is E.
Question 11
1
Let f (x) = − |x| and g (x) = x3 .
2 ( )
1 1
The graph of g (−f (x)) = g |x| = |x3 |
2 8
g (−f (x)) ≥ 0 and symmetrical about the y-axis.
The correct answer is B.
Question 12
f (x − 1) = x2 − 2x + 3
f (u − 1) = u2 − 2u + 3
f (u + 1) = (u + 1)2 − 2 (u + 1) + 3
= u2 + 2u + 1 − 2u − 2 + 3
= u2 + 2
f (x) = x2 + 2
The correct answer is B.

40 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 3

Question 13
f (x) = −4cos2 (2x) dom f = R and ran f = [−4, 0]
√
g (x) = x dom g = [0, ∞) and ran g = [0, ∞)
(√if )ran g ⊆ dom(f, √
f (g (x)) exists yes)f (g (x)) exists.
f (g (x)) = f x = −4cos2 2 x
dom f (g (x)) = dom g = [0, ∞)
g (f (x)) exists if ran f ⊆ dom g, not true
so g (f (x)) does not exist
The correct answer is B.
Question 14
1
f (x) = x2 , g (x) = cos (2x) and h (x) =
x
f (g (x)) = f (cos (2x)) = cos2 (2x)
( ) 1
h ( f (g (x))) = h cos2 (2x) = 2
cos (2x)
The correct answer is C.
Question 15
If y = x3 − x2 is reflected in the x-axis, the graph becomes y = −x3 + x2 , and if
y = x3 − x2 is reflected in the y-axis, the graph becomes y = −x3 + x2 .
The correct answer is B.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 41
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

4 Exponential and logarithmic

functions
Topic 4 Exponential and logarithmic functions
Subtopic 4.2 Logarithm laws and equations

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q4; © VCAA

Question 1 (3 marks)
Solve the equation 2 log2 (x + 5) − log2 (x + 9) = 1.

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q10; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
Given that log2 (n + 1) = x, the values of n for which x is a positive integer are
A. n = 2k , k ∈ Z+
B. n = 2k − 1, k ∈ Z+
C. n = 2k−1 , k ∈ Z+
D. n = 2k − 1, k ∈ Z+
E. n = 2k, k ∈ Z+

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 1
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.2 Logarithm laws and equations

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q20; © VCAA

Question 3 (1 mark)
The expression logx (y) + logy (z), where x, y and z are all real numbers greater than 1, is equal to
1 1
A. − −
logy (x) logz (y)
1 1
B. +
logx (y) logy (z)
1 1
C. − −
logx (y) logy (z)
1 1
D. −
logy (x) logz (y)
E. logy (x) + logz (y)

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 1, Q6; © VCAA

Question 4 (2 marks) ( )
√
Solve loge (x) − 3 = loge x for x, where x > 0.

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q18; © VCAA

Question 5 (1 mark)
let g(x) = log2 (x), x > 0.
Which one of the following equations is true for all positive real values of x?
A. 2g (8x) = g(x)2 + 8
B. 2g (8x) = g(x)2 + 6
C. 2g (8x) = (g (x) + 8)2
D. 2g (8x) = g (2x) + 6
E. 2g (8x) = g (2x) + 64

2 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.2 Logarithm laws and equations

Question 6 (1 mark)
−2
729 3 is equal to
1
A.
81
1
B. −
81
C. 486
1
D.
19 683
E. −81

Question 7 (1 mark)
( 2 )− 1
9y 2
is equal to
4x√
2 x
A.
3y
3y
B. √
x
√
x
C.
3y
9y2
D. −
√
8x
x
E. −
3y

Question 8 (2 marks)
12−5 × 23 × 9−8
Simplify .
62

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 3
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.2 Logarithm laws and equations

Question 9 (2 marks)
2x+3 8 43x+1
Simplify 3x × x ÷ 4 .
16 2 2

Question 10 (2 marks)
Solve log2 (6 − x) − log2 (4 − x) = 2 for x, where x < 4.

Question 11 (1 mark)
The solution of the equation log9 (x + 1) + log9 (2x − 7) = 2 over R is
A. x = 8 only
87
B. x = only
3
11
C. x = 8 or x = −
2
D. log9 8 only
11
E. x = only
2

Question 12 (1 mark)
If loge (y) = n loge (x) + c then
A. y = nx + c
B. y = cxn
C. y = nx + ec
D. y = xn + ec
E. y = ec xn

Question 13 (2 marks) ( )
1
Solve the equation 2 loge (x) − loge (x + 1) = loge for x.
2

4 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Exponential and logarithmic functions

Subtopic 4.3 Logarithmic scales

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Question 1 (2 marks)
Octaves in music can be measured in cents, n. The frequencies of two notes, f1 and f2 , are related by
the equation
( )
f2
n = 1200 log10 .
f1
Middle C on the piano has a frequency of 256 hertz; the C an octave higher has a frequency of 512 hertz.
Calculate the number of cents between these two Cs.

Question 2 (3 marks)
Prolonged exposure to sounds above 85 decibels can cause hearing damage or loss. A gunshot from a
.22 rifle has an intensity of about (2.5 × 1013 )I0 .
Calculate the loudness, in decibels, of the gunshot sound and state if ear protection
( should
) be worn when a
I
person goes to a rifle range for practice shooting. Use the formula L = 10 log10 , where I0 is equal to
I0
10−12 W/m2 , and give your answer correct to 2 decimal places.

Question 3 (4 marks)
Early in the 20th century, San Francisco had an earthquake that measured 8.3 on the magnitude scale. In the
same year, another earthquake was recorded in South( America
) that was four times stronger than the one in
E
San Francisco. Using the equation M = 0.67 log10 , where M is the magnitude of the earthquake and
K
E
is the ratio between the largest and smallest waves, calculate the magnitude of the earthquake in South
K
America, correct to 1 decimal place.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 5
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Exponential and logarithmic functions

Subtopic 4.4 Indicial equations

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q8; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
If y = ab−4x + 2, where a > 0, then x is equal to
1( )
A. b − loga (y − 2)
4
1( )
B. b − loga (y + 2)
4
( )
1
C. b − loga (y + 2)
4
b
D. − loga (y − 2)
4
1( )
E. b + 2 − loga (y)
4

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 1, Q7b; © VCAA

Question 2 (3 marks)
Solve 3et = 5 + 8e−t for t.

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 1, Q4; © VCAA

Question 3 (2 marks)
Solve the equation 23x−3 = 82−x for x.

6 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.4 Indicial equations

Question 4 (1 mark)
If ex+4 = e2x−1 , then x is equal to:
5
A. −
3
B. 5
C. e5
D. −5
−5
E. e 3

Question 5 (1 mark)
If 16 (4x ) − 17 + 4−x = 0 then
A. x = 0 only
B. x = −2 only
C. x = −1 only
D. x = −2 or x = 0
E. x = −1 or x = 0

Question 6 (2 marks)
Find all values of x for the equation e2x − 3ex + 2 = 0.

Question 7 (1 mark)
1
If 32x+1 = , then x is equal to
8
2
A.
5
2
B. −
5
4
C. −
5
8
D. −
5
3
E. −
5

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 7
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Exponential and logarithmic functions

Subtopic 4.5 Logarithmic graphs

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Question 1 (3 marks)
The graph of the equation y = f (x) is shown.

y
x=0
y = f (x)
(1, 0)
0 x

Sketch the graph of:

a. y = f (−x) (1 mark)

b. y = f (x − 1) (1 mark)

( )
x
c. y = f (1 mark)
2

8 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.5 Logarithmic graphs

Question 2 (1 mark)
The graph of the function f is shown. The rule for f is most likely to be:

(0, 0)
0 x
x = –1

A. f (x) = 1 + loge (x)

B. f (x) = loge (x) − 1
C. f (x) = 1 − loge (x)
D. f (x) = loge (x + 1)
E. f (x) = − loge (x + 1)

Question 3 (1 mark)
If the equation of the graph shown is y = loge (ax + b), then

y
2 x=1

0 x
–2 –1 1 2
–1

–2

A. a = 1 and b = −1
B. a = 1 and b = 1
C. a = −1 and b = −1
D. a = −1 and b = 1
E. a = −1 and b = 0

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 9
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.5 Logarithmic graphs

Question 4 (1 mark)
The graph of y = loge (x) is transformed to the graph of y = 3 loge (3 − x) by
A. a reflection in the y-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 3 units away from the y-axis, followed by a
translation of 3 units to the left away from the x-axis.
B. a reflection in the x-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 3 units away from the y-axis, followed by a
translation of 3 units to the left away from the x-axis.
C. a reflection in the y-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 3 units away from the x-axis, followed by a
translation of 3 units to the right away from the y-axis.
D. a reflection in the x-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 3 units away from the x-axis, followed by a
translation of 3 units to the right away from the y-axis.
E. a reflection in the x-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 3 units away from the x-axis, followed by a
1
translation of units to the left away from the y-axis.
3

Question 5 (1 mark)
If the graph of y = loge (x) is transformed to the graph of y = 2 loge (2x), which of the following options is
not a correct sequence of transformations?
A. A dilation by a scale factor of 2 units parallel to the y-axis, followed by a dilation by a scale factor of
1
units parallel to the x-axis.
2
B. A dilation by a scale factor of 2 units away from the x-axis, followed by a dilation by a scale factor of
1
units away from the y-axis.
2
C. A dilation by a scale factor of 2 units parallel to the y-axis, followed by a dilation by a scale factor of
2 units away from the y-axis.
D. A dilation by a scale factor of 2 units parallel to the y-axis, followed by a vertical translation of loge 4 up
and parallel to the y-axis.
E. A dilation by a scale factor of 2 units away from the x-axis, followed by a vertical translation of loge 4
up and away from the x-axis.

Question 6 (2 marks)
Let f : R+ → R, f(x) = − loge (x). Find:
( )
x
a. f (1 mark)
2

b. 4f(x) + 2 (1 mark)

10 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Exponential and logarithmic functions

Subtopic 4.6 Exponential graphs

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q7; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
Let f : R+ → R, f(x) = k log2 (x), k ∈ R.
Given that f −1 (1) = 8, the value of k is
A. 0
1
B.
3
C. 3
D. 8
E. 12

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q4; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
Part of the graph of y = f(x), where f : R → R, f(x) = 3 − ex , is shown below.

x
O

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 11
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.6 Exponential graphs

Which one of the following could be the graph of y = f −1 (x), where f −1 is the inverse of f ?
A. y B. y

x x
O 3 O 3

C. y D. y

x
x –3 O
O

–3

E. y

x
O 3

12 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.6 Exponential graphs

Question 3 (1 mark)
Consider the function f : R → R where f (x) = 2 − e−x .
Select the false statement from the following.
A. The range is (−∞, 2) .
B. The domain is R.
C. The line y = 2 is a horizontal asymptote.
( )
D. The graph crosses the x-axis at loge (2) , 0 .
E. The graph crosses the y-axis at (0, 1)

Question 4 (3 marks)
For the graphs of y = xn and y = xm , where n and m are even and n > m, show that xn = xm when x = 0,
x = 1 and x = −1.

Question 5 (1 mark)
Consider the function f : R → R, where f (x) = ex+1 − 1
Which of the following statements is false?
A. The domain is R.
B. The line y = −1 is a horizontal asymptote.
C. The line x = −1 is a vertical asymptote.
D. The graph crosses the x-axis at (−1, 0).
E. The graph crosses the y-axis at (0, e − 1).

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 13
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.6 Exponential graphs

Question 6 (1 mark) ( )
If the graph shown below has the equation y = a 1 − e−kx , then

A. a < 0 and k > 0

B. a > 0 and k < 0
C. a > 0 and k > 0
D. a < 0 and k < 0
E. a > 0 and k = 0

14 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.6 Exponential graphs

Question 7 (3 marks)
The graph of the equation y = f (x) is shown.

Sketch the graph of:

a. y = −f (x) (1 mark)

b. y = f (2x) (1 mark)

c. y = f (x) − 2 (1 mark)

Question 8 (1 mark)
The graph of y = ex is transformed to the graph of y = 2ex + 3 by:
A. a dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis followed by a horizontal translation of 3 units in the positive
direction of the x-axis.
B. a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by a vertical translation of 3 units in the negative direction
of the y-axis.
C. a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by a vertical translation of 3 units in the positive direction
of the y-axis.
D. a dilation of factor 2 from in the y-axis followed by a horizontal translation of 3 units in the negative
direction of the x-axis.
E. a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by a horizontal translation of 3 units in the positive
direction of the x-axis.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 15
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.6 Exponential graphs

Question 9 (1 mark)
If the graph of y = ex is dilated by a scale factor of 2 units parallel to the x-axis, reflected in the y-axis, and
then translated 2 units up away from the x-axis, it becomes the graph of
x
A. y = 2 + e− 2
x
B. y = 2 − e 2
C. y = 2 + e−2x
D. y = 2 − e−2x
x
E. y = −2 + e 2

Question 10 (1 mark)
The graph of y = ex is transformed to the graph of y = 3e−3x by
A. a reflection in the y-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 3 units away from the y-axis, followed by a
dilation by a scale factor of 3 units away from the x-axis.
B. a reflection in the x-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 3 units away from the y-axis, followed by a
dilation by a scale factor of 3 units away from the x-axis.
C. a reflection in the y-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 3 units away from the x-axis, followed by a
dilation by a scale factor of 3 units away from the y-axis.
D. a reflection in the x-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 3 units away from the x-axis, followed by a
1
dilation by a scale factor of units away from the y-axis.
3
E. a reflection in the y-axis, a dilation by a scale factor of 3 units away from the x-axis, followed by a
1
dilation by a scale factor of units away from the y-axis.
3

Question 11 (2 marks)
Let f : R → R, f (x) = e2x − 1. Find:
a. f (2x) (1 mark)

b. 3 f (x + 1) (1 mark)

16 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Exponential and logarithmic functions

Subtopic 4.7 Applicationss

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 2, Q3; © VCAA

Question 1 (4 marks)
In a controlled experiment, Juan took some medicine at 8 pm. The concentration of medicine in his blood
was then measured at regular intervals. The concentration of medicine in Juan’s blood is modelled by the
5 − 3t
function c(t) = te 2 , t ≥ 0, where c is the concentration of medicine in his blood, in milligrams per litre,
2
t hours after 8 pm. Part of the graph of the function c is shown below.

0.5

t
O

a. What was the maximum value of the concentration of medicine in Juan’s blood, in milligrams per litre,
correct to two decimal places? (1 mark)

b. Find the value of t, in hours, correct to two decimal places, when the concentration of medicine in Juan’s
blood first reached 0.5 milligrams per litre. (1 mark)

c. Find the length of time that the concentration of medicine in Juan’s blood was above 0.5 milligrams per
litre. Express the answer in hours, correct to two decimal places. (2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 17
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.7 Applications

Question 2 (4 marks)
In her chemistry class, Hei is preparing a special solution for an experiment that she has to complete. The
concentration of the solution can be modelled by the rule

C = A loge (kt)

where C is the concentration in moles per litre (M) and t represents the time of mixing in seconds. The
concentration of the solution after 30 seconds of mixing is 4 M, and the concentration of the solution after
2 seconds of mixing was 0.1 M.
a. Calculate the values of the constants A and k, giving your answers correct to 3 decimal places. (2 marks)

b. Determine the concentration of the solution after 15 seconds of mixing. (1 mark)

c. Determine how long it will take, in minutes and seconds, for the concentration of the solution to
reach 10 M. (1 mark)

18 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.7 Applications

Question 3 (7 marks)
Manoj pours himself a mug of coffee but gets distracted by a phone call before he can drink the coffee. The
temperature of the cooling mug of coffee is given by T = 20 + 75e−0.062t , where T is the temperature of the
coffee t minutes after it was initially poured into the mug.
a. Calculate the initial temperature of the coffee when it was first poured. (1 mark)

b. Determine the temperature to which the coffee will cool if left unattended. (1 mark)

c. Determine how long it will take for the coffee to reach a temperature of 65 °C. Give your answer correct
to 2 decimal places. (1 mark)

d. Manoj returns to the coffee when it has reached 65 °C and decides to reheat the coffee in a microwave.
The temperature of the coffee in this warming stage is T = A + Be−0.05t .
Given that the temperature of the reheated coffee cannot exceed 85 °C, calculate the values of A and B.
(2 marks)

e. Sketch a graph showing the temperature of the coffee during its cooling and warming stages. (2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 19
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Exponential and logarithmic functions

Subtopic 4.8 Review

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Q2; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
The graph of y = loge (x) + loge (2x), where x > 0, is identical, over the same domain, to the graph of
( )
1
A. y = 2 loge x
2
B. y = 2 loge (2x)
( )
C. y = loge 2x2
D. y = loge (3x)
E. y = loge (4x)

Question 2 (7 marks)
A kettle was filled with water and the water heated to 98 °C. The kettle was then switched off at 1 pm and
the water began to cool. By 3 pm, the temperature of the water was 58 °C. The temperature, T °C, of the
water t hours after 1 pm is modelled by the rule T = Ae−kt + 18.
a. Calculate the value of A and k. (2 marks)

b. Calculate the temperature of the water at 11 pm. Give your answer to 1 decimal place. (1 mark)

c. Sketch the graph of T versus t. (2 marks)

d. Find the time after which the temperature of the water will be less than 22 °C. (1 mark)

e. Explain what happens to the temperature in the long term. (1 mark)

20 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.8 Review

Question 3 (5 marks)
A biologist conducts an experiment to determine conditions that affect the growth of bacteria. Her initial
experiment finds the growth of the population of bacteria is modelled by the rule N = 22 × 2t , where N is
the number of bacteria present after t days.
a. Calculate how long it will take for the number of bacteria to reach 2816. (1 mark)

b. Explain what will happen to the number of bacteria in the long term according to this model. (1 mark)

c. The biologist changes the conditions of her experiment and starts with a new batch of bacteria. She finds
that under the changed conditions the growth of the population of bacteria is modelled by the rule
66
N= .
1 + 2e−0.2t
i. Show that in both of her experiments the biologist used the same initial number of
bacteria. (2 marks)

ii. Explain what will happen to the number of bacteria in the long term according to her second
model. (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 21
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.8 Review

Question 4 (5 marks)
In some parts of the world there have been measles (rubella) epidemics. For one such epidemic in Wales,
the number of people in the population infected was modelled by the rule

P(t) = Aekt

where t was the number of days after the epidemic began. At the beginning of the epidemic, 200 cases were
reported to authorities, but 30 days later there were 1000 cases.
a. Calculate the values of the constants A and k. Give k correct to 4 decimal places. (2 marks)

b. Calculate the expected number of cases after 60 days. Give your answer correct to the nearest
integer. (1 mark)

c. Calculate how long it would have taken for the number of cases to reach 6000. Give your answer correct
to 1 decimal place. (1 mark)

d. Thirty-eight thousand young people in Wales were at risk of contracting measles because they had not
been immunised against rubella. If the epidemic went unchecked, find how long would it have taken for
all these young people to be infected. Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place. (1 mark)

Question 5 (2 marks)
Find all values of x for the equation e2x − 3ex + 2 = 0.

22 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.8 Review

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q7; © VCAA

Question 6 (1 mark)
The table below shows the mass m, in grams, of a substance at a time t hours.

t 1 2 3 4 5 6
m 7.4 5.3 3.9 2.8 2.1 1.5

The mass and time would be best modelled using

A. a linear function.
B. an exponential function.
C. a power function.
D. a circular function.
E. a logarithmic function.

Question 7 (1 mark)
Find the domain of the inverse function of f : [3, ∞) → R, f (x) = loge (x − 2).

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 23
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.8 Review

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q5; © VCAA

Question 8 (11 marks)

Let f : (0, ∞) → R, where f (x) = loge (x) and g : R → R, where g (x) = x2 + 1.
a. i. Find the rule for h, where h (x) = f (g (x)). (1 mark)

ii. State the domain and range of h. (2 marks)

( )
iii. Show that h (x) + h (−x) = f (g (x))2 . (2 marks)

iv. Find the coordinates of the stationary point of h and state its nature. (2 marks)

( )
b. Let k : (−∞, 0) → R, where k (x) = loge x2 + 1 .
i. Find the rule for k−1 . (2 marks)

ii. State the domain and range of k−1 . (2 marks)

24 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Topic 4 Subtopic 4.8 Review

Question 9 (1 mark)
The graph below shows the relationship between two variables, x and y.
If a is a positive constant, the equation relating x and y is most likely

√
A. y = a x
B. y = ax2
a
C. y =
x
D. y = aex
E. y = a loge (x)

Question 10 (1 mark)
Let g (x) = 2x , x ∈ R. Which one of the following equations is true for all positive real values of x?
A. g (x) + g (y) = 2x+y
B. g (2x) = 2g (x)
C. 2g (2x) = 4g (x)
D. g (x) g (y) = 2x+y
E. g (x) − g (y) = 22x+y

Question 11 (2 marks)
Solve the following for x.
a. aebx − c = 0 (1 mark)

b. b loge (x − a) = c (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 25
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Answers and marking guide

4.2 Logarithm laws and equations
Question 1
2 log2 (x + 5) − log2 (x + 9) = 1
log2 (x + 5)2 − log2 (x + 9) = 1
( )
(x + 5)2
log2 =1
x+9
(x + 5)2
= 21 = 2
x+9
(x + 5)2 = 2 (x + 9)
x2 + 10x + 25 = 2x + 18
x2 + 8x + 7 = 0
(x + 7) (x + 1) = 0
x = −7, x = −1 but x > −5
x = −1 only
Award 1 mark for using the correct log laws.
Award 1 mark for solving.
Award 1 mark for only one correct answer.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Students confidently attempted this question; however, many incorrect uses of the logarithmic laws were
observed. Those who did end up with the appropriate quadratic equation and solved it correctly did not
always check the validity of their answers; these students failed to reject the solution x = −7.
Question 2
log2 (n + 1) = x, x ∈ Z+
log2 (n + 1) = k, k ∈ Z+
n + 1 = 2k , n = 2k − 1
The correct answer is B.
Question 3
By the change of base rule:
1
loga (b) =
logb (a)
1 1
logx (y) + logy (z) = +
logy (x) logz (y)
The correct answer is D.
Question 4 (√ )
loge (x) − 3 = loge x for x > 0
(√ )
loge (x) − loge x =3
( )
x
loge √ =3
x
(√ )
loge x =3
√
x = e3
x = e6
Award 1 mark for correct log laws.
Award 1 mark for the correct final value of x.

26 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

VCAA Assessment Report note:

Poor performance on this question was mainly attributed to the incorrect application of logarithm or index
laws. Students should have good facility with logarithm and exponent laws.
Question 5
g(x) = log2 (x)
2g(8x) = 2 log2 (8x)
= 2 log2 (8) + 2 log2 (x)
= 2 log2 (23 ) + log2 (x2 )
= 6 log2 (2) + log2 (x2 )
= 6 + g(x2 )
= g(x2 ) + 6

Question 6
−2 1 1 1
729 3 = (√ )2 = 2
=
3 9 81
729

Question 7
( 2 )− 1 √ √
9y 2 4x 2 x
= =
4x 9y2 3y

Question 8
( 2 )−5 ( )−8
12−5 × 23 × 9−8 2 ×3 × 23 × 32
=
62 (3 × 2)2
2−10 × 3−5 × 23 × 3−16
= [1 mark]
32 × 22
1
= 9 [1 mark]
2 × 323
Question 9
2x+3 8 43x+1 2x × 23 × 23 × 24
× ÷ = [1 mark]
163x 2x 24 212x × 2x × 26x × 22
2x × 210
= 19x
2 × 22
28
= 18x [1 mark]
2
Question 10
log2 (6 − x) − log2 (4 − x) = 2 for x < 4
( )
6−x
log =2
4−x
6−x
= 22
4−x
6−x
=4
4−x
6 − x = 4 (4 − x)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 27
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

6 − x = 16 − 4x
3x = 10
10
x=
3
Award 1 mark for correct log laws.
Award 1 mark for the correct final value of x.
Question 11
log9 (x + 1) + log9 (2x − 7) = 2
log9 (x + 1) (2x − 7) = 2
(x + 1) (2x − 7) = 92
2x2 − 5x − 7 = 81
2x2 − 5x − 88 = 0
(2x + 11) (x − 8) = 0
11
x=− or x = 8 but x > −1
2
The only answer is x = 8.
Question 12
loge (y) = n loge (x) + c
loge (y) = loge (xn ) + c
loge (y) − loge (xn ) = c
( )
y
loge =c
xn
y
n
= ec
x
y = ec xn
Question 13 ( )
2 1
loge (x ) − loge (x + 1) = loge
2
x2 1
=
x+1 2
2x2 − x − 1 = 0 [1 mark]
(2x + 1) (x − 1) = 0
−1
x = 1 or x = [1 mark]
2
4.3 Logarithmic scales
Question 1 ( )
f
n = 1200 log10 2 [1 mark]
f1
f1 = 256, f2 =(512 )
512
n = 1200 log10
256
n = 361 cents [1 mark]
Question 2 ( )
I
L = 10 log10
10−12

28 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

.22 rifle:
( )
I = 2.5 × 1013 I0
= 2.5 × 1013 × 10−12
= 2.5 × 10 [1 mark]
( )
2.5 × 10
L = 10 log10
( 10−12 )
L = 10 (log10 (2.5 × 10) − log10 (10)−12 )
L = 10 (log10 (2.5) + log)10 (10) + 12 log10 (10)
L = 10 log10 (2.5) + 13
L = 133.98 [1 mark]
The loudness of the gunshot is about 133.98 dB, so ear protection should be worn. [1 mark]
Question 3 ( )
E
M = 0.67 log10
K
San Francisco: MSF = 8.3
( )
ESF
8.3 = 0.67 log10 [1 mark]
K
( )
ESF
12.3881 = log10
K
12.3881 ESF
10 = [1 mark]
K
South America: MSA = 4ESF
( )
4ESF
MSA = 0.67 log10 [1 mark]
K
ESF
Substitute 1012.3881 = .
( K )
MSA = 0.67 log10 4 × 1012.3881
= 8.7 [1 mark]
The magnitude of the South American earthquake was 8.7.

4.4 Indicial equations

Question 1
y = ab−4x + 2
y − 2 = ab−4x
loga (y − 2) = b − 4x
4x = b − loga (y − 2)
1( )
x= b − loga (y − 2)
4
The correct answer is A.
Question 2
3et = 5 + 8e−t
1 1
Let u = et : e−t = t =
e u
8
3u = 5 +
u
3u2 = 5u + 8
2
3u − 5u − 8 = 0
(3u − 8) (u + 1) = 0

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 29
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4
8
u = et = or u = et = −1 (no solution)
3
( )
8
t = loge
3
Award 1 mark for solving for u.
Award 1 mark for rejecting one of the solutions.
Award 1 mark for the correct final value.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was not answered well. Many students were unable to create the quadratic equation evolved
from manipulating e−t . Many students solved via the quadratic formula rather than using simpler factorising
techniques. The feasibility of only one answer was generally well handled.
Question 3
23x−3 = 82−x
( )2−x
23x−3 = 23
= 26−3x
3x − 3 = 6 − 3x
6x = 9
3
x=
2
Award 1 mark for correct manipulation of indices.
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students chose to work with a common base of 8.
Students are reminded to simplify their final answer, especially for fraction answers.
Question 4
ex+4 = e2x−1
⇒ x + 4 = 2x − 1
⇒x=5
Question 5
16 (4x ) − 17 + 4−x = 0 let u = 4x
1
16u − 17 + = 0
u
16u2 − 17u + 1 = 0
(16u − 1) (u − 1) = 0
1
u = 4x = and u = 4x = 1
16
x = −2 or x = 0
Question 6
Let w = ex .
w2 − 3w + 2 = 0
(w − 2) (w − 1) = 0 [1 mark]
w = 2 or w = 1
ex = 2 or ex = 1
x = loge (2) or x = 0 [1 mark]
Question 7
25x+5 = 2−3
5x + 5 = −3
−8
x=
5

30 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

4.5 Logarithmic graphs

Question 1
a. y

x=0

y = f (–x)

(–1, 0) 0 x

Award 1 mark for correct curve and labelled asymptote.

b. y

x=1

y = f (x – 1)

0 (2, 0) x

Award 1 mark for correct curve and labelled asymptote.

c. y
x=0
y=f x
( )
2

0 (2, 0) x

Award 1 mark for correct curve and labelled asymptote.

Question 2
f (x) = − loge (x + 1)
The correct answer is E.
Question 3
The graph shown is y = loge (1 − x). It has domain (−∞, 1) and range R.
y
x=1

(0, 0)
0 x

Hence, a = −1 and b = 1.
The correct answer is D.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 31
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Question 4

Question 5 [ ]
Since y = 2 loge (2x) = 2 loge (x) + loge (2) = 2 loge (x) + loge (4), options A, B, D and E are true, and
option C is false.
Question 6
( ) ( )
x x
a. f = − loge
2 2
b. 4f(x) + 2 = −4 loge (x) + 2

4.6 Exponential graphs

Question 1
f : R+ → R, f (x) = k log2 (x) , k ∈ R
f−1 (1) = 8 ⇔ f (8) = 1
f (8) = k log2 (8) = 1
1
log2 (8) =
1
k
2 = 8 = 23
k
1
=3
k
1
k=
3
The correct answer is B.
Question 2
For the function f, y = 3 is a horizontal asymptote that crosses the y-axis at (0, 2).
The inverse function f−1 has x = 3 as a vertical asymptote that crosses the x-axis at (2, 0).
The correct answer is E.
Question 3
All of A, B, C, and E are true, and D is false when y = 0.
( )
−x −x −x 1 1
2 − e = 0 ⇒ e = 2 or e = , so x = loge .
2 2

32 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4
y

y=2

(0, 1)

(–1, 0) 0 x

The correct answer is D.

Question 4
Let n = 2m
xn = x2m
( )m
= x2
Let n = 4, m = 2, x = 0
(0)4 = (0)2
When x = 0
m
0n = (02 )
=0 [1 mark]
Let n = 4, m = 2, x = 1
(1)4 = (1)2
When x = 1
( )m
1n = 12
=1 [1 mark]
Let n = 4, m = 2, x = −1
(−1)4 = (−1)2
When x = −1
(−1)n = (−1)2m
= 1 [1 mark]
Question 5
A, B, D and E are all true. C is false, as there are no vertical asymptotes, and the domain is R.
When f (−1) = e0 − 1 = 0 (−1, 0) and f (0) = e − 1, (0, e − 1)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 33
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Question 6 ( )
A typical graph is y = − 1 − e−2x so that ak > 0.

Question 7
a.

Award 1 mark for correct curve and labelled asymptote.

b.

Award 1 mark for correct curve and labelled asymptote.

c.

Award 1 mark for correct curve and labelled asymptote.

Question 8
a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by a vertical translation of 3 units in the positive direction of
the x-axis.

34 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Question 9

Question 10

Question 11
a. f(2x) = e4x − (1 [1 mark] )
b. 3f(x + 1) = 3 e2(x+1) − 1
= 3e2x+2 − 3 [1 mark]

4.7 Applications
Question 1
5 − 3t
a. c (t) = te 2
2
5 − 3t
c′ (t) = e 2 (2 − 3t)
4
For maximum or minimum:
c′ (t) = 0
⇒ 2 − 3t = 0
2
t=
( ) 3
2 5 −1
c = e = 0.61 mg/L
3 3
Award 1 mark for the correct maximum value.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was answered well. Some students had incorrect units, such as mm for milligrams. Some
left their answers in exact form. Some found t correct to two decimal places and left their answer as 0.67.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 35
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

b. Solving using CAS:

c(t) = 0.5 ⇒ t1 = 0.33
Award 1 mark for the correct time.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was answered well. Some students gave two answers, 0.33 and 1.19, instead of only the
first one, as specified in the question. Some students rounded incorrectly and gave 0.32 as their answer.
c. c(t) = 0.5 ⇒ t1 = 0.3263 t2 = 1.1876
t2 − t1 = 1.1876 − 0.3263
= 0.86 hours
Award 1 mark for finding the other time.
Award 1 mark for subtracting times, correct to 2 decimal places
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Students should always work to suitable accuracy in intermediate calculations to support rounding the
answer to the required accuracy. Some students wrote down the two values but did not find the difference
for the length of time. Some added the two values. Some students incorrectly converted the time to
minutes.
Question 2
a. C = A loge (kt)
When t = 2, C = 0.1,
0.1 = A loge (2k) [1]
When t = 30, C = 4,
4 = A loge (30k) [2]
[2] ÷ [1]:
A loge (30k) 4
=
A loge (2k) 0.1
loge (30k) = 40 loge (2k)
loge (30) + loge (k) = 40 (loge (2) + loge (k))
loge (30) + loge (k) = 40 loge (2) + 40 loge (k)
loge (30) − 40 loge (2) = 40 loge (k) − loge (k)
loge (30) − 40 loge (2) = 39 loge (k)
−24.3247 = 39 loge (k)
−24.3247
= loge (k)
39
−0.6237 = loge (k)
e−0.6237 = k
k = 0.536 [1 mark]
Substitute k = 0.536 into [1]:
0.1 = A loge (2 × 0.536)
0.1 = 0.0695A
A = 1.439
C = 1.439 loge (0.536t) [1 mark]
b. When t = 15,
C = 1.439 loge (0.536 × 15) = 2.999 M
The concentration after 15 minutes is 2.999 M [1 mark]
c. When C = 10 M,
10 = 1.439 loge (0.536t)
6.9493 = loge (0.536t)
e6.9493 = 0.536t

36 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

1042.4198 = 0.536t
t = 1945 (to the nearest second)
After 1945 seconds, or 32 minutes and 25 seconds, the concentration is 10 M. [1 mark]
Question 3
T = 20 + 75−0.062t
e
a. When t = 0, T = 20 + 75 = 95, so the initial temperature was 95 °C. [1 mark]
b. The exponential function has a horizontal asymptote at T = 20, so as t → ∞, T = 20.
The temperature approaches 20 °C. [1 mark]
c. Let T = 65.
∴ 65 = 20 + 75e−0.062t
45
∴ e−0.062t =
75
−0.062t 3
∴e =
5 ( )
3
∴ − 0.062t = loge
5 ( )
1 3
∴t=− loge
0.062 5
∴ t ≃ 8.24 [1 mark]
It takes approximately 8.24 minutes to cool to 65 °C.
d. T = A + Be−0.062t
As the temperature cannot exceed 85 °C, A = 85. [1 mark]
T = 85 + Be−0.062t
Substitute (8.24, 65):
∴ 65 = 85 + Be−0.05×8.24
−0.412
∴e = −20
∴ B = −20e0.412
∴ B ≃ −30 [1 mark]
−0.062t
e. T = 20 + 75e

Award 1 mark for correct minimum and starting point.

Award 1 mark for correct graph shape.

4.8 Review
Question 1
y = loge (x)
( +)loge (2x)
= loge 2x2
The correct answer is C.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 37
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Question 2
T = Ae−kt + 18
a. When t = 0, T = 98.
∴ 98 = A + 18
∴ A = 80 [1 mark]
The rule becomes T = 80e−kt + 18.
At 3 pm, t = 2 and T = 58.
∴ 58 = 80e−2k + 18
1
∴ e−2k =
2 ( )
1
∴ − 2k = loge
2( )
1 1
∴ k = − loge
2 2
∴ k ≈ 0.3466 [1 mark]
b. T = 80e−0.3466t + 18
At 11 pm, t = 10.
∴ T = 80e−3.466 + 18
∴ T ≈ 20.5 [1 mark]
The temperature is 20.5 °C at 11 pm.
c. T = 80e−0.3466t + 18, t ≥ 0
Horizontal asymptote at T = 18, contains the points (0, 98), (2, 58) and (10, 20.5).

Award 1 mark for correct shape and starting point.

Award 1 mark for correct asymptote.
d. T = 22; either use a CAS graphing screen or solve as follows.
22 = 80e−0.3466t + 18
1
∴ e−0.3466t =
20 ( )
1
∴ − 0.3466t = loge
20 ( )
1 1
∴t = − loge
0.3466 20
∴ t ≈ 8.64
As the graph is decreasing, the temperature will be less than 22 °C when t > 8.64.
The temperature is less than 22 °C from approximately 9:38 pm onwards. [1 mark]
e. As t → ∞, T → 18, the horizontal asymptote value. In the long run, the temperature cools to
18 °C. [1 mark]

38 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Question 3
a. N = 22 × 2t
Let N = 2816.
∴ 2816 = 22 × 2t
∴ 2t = 128
∴ 2t = 27
∴t=7
In 7 days the number of bacteria reaches 2816. [1 mark]
b. As t → ∞, N → ∞, so the number of bacteria will increase without limit. [1 mark]
66
c. i. N =
1 + 2e−0.2t
Let t = 0.
66
∴N=
1 + 2e0
66
∴N=
3
∴ N = 22 [1 mark]
Reconsider the first model, N = 22 × 2t .
If t = 0, N = 22. [1 mark]
Both models have an initial number of 22 bacteria.
ii. As t → ∞, e−0.2t → 0.
66
Therefore N → = 66.
1+0
The number of bacteria will never exceed 66. [1 mark]
Question 4
a. P(t) = Aekt
When t = 0, P(0) = 200,
200 = Ae0
200 = A × 1
A = 200 [1 mark]
∴ P(t) = 200ekt
When t = 30, P(30) = 1000,
1000 = 200e30k
5 = e30k
30k = loge (5)
loge (5)
k=
30
k = 0.0536 [1 mark]
∴ P(t) = 200e0.0536t
b. When t = 60,
Pr(60) = 200e0.0536(60)
≃ 4986
Therefore, there were 4986 expected cases after 60 days. [1 mark]
c. When P(t) = 6000,
P(t) = 200e0.0536t
6000 = 200e0.0536t
30 = e0.0536t
0.0536t = loge (30)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 39
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4
loge (30)
t=
0.0536
t = 63.5
It took 63.5 days for the number of cases to reach 6000. [1 mark]
d. When P(t) = 38 000,
P(t) = 200e0.0536t
38 000 = 200e0.0536t
190 = e0.0536t
0.0536t = loge (190)
loge (190)
t=
0.0536
t = 97.9
It took 97.9 days for 38 000 young people to be infected. [1 mark]
Question 5
Let w = ex .
w2 − 3w + 2 = 0
(w − 2) (w − 1) = 0 [1 mark]
w = 2 or w = 1
ex = 2 or ex = 1
x = loge (2) or x = 0 [1 mark]
Question 6
An exponential function, decaying.

Question 7
Let y = loge (x − 2)
Swap x and y.
⇒ x = loge (y − 2)
⇒ ex = y − 2
⇒ ex + 2 = y
f−1 (x) = ex + 2
Given f : [3, ∞]
Therefore, the domain of f−1 (x) is [0, ∞).

40 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Question 8
a. i. h (x) = f (g( (x)) )
= f x2 (+ 1 )
= loge x2 + 1
Award 1 mark for the correct rule.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was very well answered. The few errors tended to be the result of poor notation, for
example loge x2 + 1, rather than a lack of understanding in determining the rule of this composite
function.
ii. dom h = dom g = R, ran h = [0, ∞)
Award 1 mark for the correct domain.
Award 1 mark for the correct range.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
A small proportion of students gained full marks for this question. While poor notation was a
contributing factor, students appeared to experience difficulty in determining the range of the
composite function, h. A quick sketch over the given domain would have been helpful. Students are
reminded that (the domain) and range( of a function
) are key aspects of a function.
iii. h (−x) = loge (−x)2 + 1 = loge x2 + 1
LHS = h (x) +(h (−x) )
= 2 loge x2 + 1
( )2
= loge x2 + 1
( )
RHS = f ((g (x))2 )
( )2
= f x2 + 1
( )2
= loge x2 + 1 = LHS
Award 1 mark for the left-hand side.
Award 1 mark for the correct proof and right-hand side.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Many students were unsure of how to present their working. In the sample working above, both sides
were operated on separately to arrive at the same expression and the conclusion that one side was in
fact equivalent to the other. Poor notation was again evident, in particular
loge (−x2 + 1) ≠ loge ((−x)2 + 1).
2x
iv. h′ (x) = 2 =0⇒x=0
x +1
h (0) = loge (1) = 0
The point (0, 0) is an absolute minimum turning point.
Award 1 mark for equating the correct derivative to zero.
Award 1 mark for stating the correct coordinates and nature of the point.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Most students could equate the correct derivative to 00. However, many then were unable to solve
the equation, forgetting that a fraction is zero when its numerator is zero. Of those who managed a
solution, some overlooked the second part of the question or assumed that the stationary point was a
point of inflection.
( )
b. i. k (x) : y = loge x2(+ 1 )
k−1 (x) : x = loge y2 + 1
y2 + 1 = ex
y2 = ex − 1
√
y = ± ex − 1

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 41
 Exam question booklet | Topic 4

Take the negative

√ result due to the range:
−1
k (x) = − ex − 1
Award 1 mark for swapping x and y.
Award 1 mark for the correct rule.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Students appeared quite adept at the mechanics of determining the rule for the inverse: swap x and
y then rearrange. However, few students took care to determine the range of the inverse function and
select for the negative root of their expression.
ii. dom k−1 = [0, ∞)
ran k−1 = dom k = (−∞, 0]
Award 1 mark for the correct domain.
Award 1 mark for the correct range.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was not answered well. Most students utilised the fact that Rangek−1 = Domaink but
found stating the domain of the inverse function more difficult. Again, poor notation was evident.
Question 9
a
The shape of the graph is a hyperbola, y = .
x
Question 10
g (x) = 2x
g (y) = 2y
∴ g (x) g (y) = 2x × 2y
= 2x+y
Question 11
a. aebx − c = 0
c
ebx =
a ( )
c
bx = loge
a( )
1 c
x = loge [1 mark]
b a
b. b loge (x − a) = c
c
loge (x − a) =
bc
x − a = eb
c
x = eb + a [1 mark]

42 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

5 Differentiation
Topic 5 Differentiation
Subtopic 5.2 Review of differentiation

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Q7; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
The tangent to the graph of y = x3 − ax2 + 1 at x = 1 passes through the origin.
The value of a is
1
A.
2
B. 1
3
C.
2
D. 2
5
E.
2

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, section A, Q16; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
Part of the graph of y = f (x) is shown below.

x
O 5 6

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 1
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Subtopic 5.2 Review of differentiation

The corresponding part of the graph of y = f ′(x) is best represented by

A. y B. y

x x
O 56 O 5 6

C. y D. y

x
O 56

x
O 5 6

E. y

x
O 5 6

2 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Subtopic 5.2 Review of differentiation

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, section A, Q2; © VCAA

Question 3 (1 mark)
Part of the graph of a cubic polynomial function f and the coordinates of its stationary points are shown
below.

50
(–3, 36)

x
–6 O 5

5 , –400
3 27

–50

f ′ (x) < 0 for the interval

A. (0, 3)
B. (−∞, −5) ∪ (0, 3)
( )
5
C. (−∞, −3) ∪ ,∞
3
( )
5
D. −3,
3
( )
−400
E. , 36
27

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 3
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Subtopic 5.2 Review of differentiation

Question 4 (1 mark)
d ( 8)
x is equal to
dx
A. 8x9
x9
B.
9
C. 8x8
D. 8x7
E. 9x7

Question 5 (1 mark)
1
The derivative of 7 is equal to
x
1
A. 6
7x
7
B. − 8
x
8
C. 8
x
1
D. − 6
6x
7
E. 6
x

4 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Subtopic 5.2 Review of differentiation

Question 6 (1 mark)
3
The value of f ′ (9) if f (x) = x2 + x 2 − 10x is
1
A.
2
B. 18
1
C. 12
2
D. 8
E. 0

Question 7 (1 mark)
The graph of the function y = f (x) is shown below.

Which one of the following is the graph of the derivative function y = f ′ (x)?

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 5
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Subtopic 5.2 Review of differentiation

A. B.

C. D.

E.

6 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Subtopic 5.2 Review of differentiation

Question 8 (1 mark)
The graph of the function is shown below.

Which one of the following figures is the graph of the gradient function y = f ′ (x)?
A. B.

C. D.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 7
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Subtopic 5.2 Review of differentiation

E.

Question 9 (1 mark) √
The equation of the line perpendicular to the curve y = 4x + 9 at the point where x = 4 is given by
A. 2y + 5x = 30
1
B. = 17
5y − 2x
C. 2y − 5x + 10 = 0
D. y + 5x = 25
E. 4y + 5x = 45

Question 10 (1 mark)
The point at which the equation of the tangent to the graph of f, where
x2
f : R → R, f (x) = − + 4, has the equation y = −x + 5 is
4
A. (2, 4)
B. (−2, 4)
( )
1
C. 2, 3
2
D. (2, 3)
E. (−2, 3)

8 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Differentiation
Subtopic 5.3 Differentiation of exponential functions

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q1a; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
Differentiate y = 2e−3x with respect to x.

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q11; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
If the tangent to the graph of y = eax , a ≠ 0, at x = c passes through the origin, then c is equal to
A. 0
1
B.
a
C. 1
D. a
1
E. −
a

Question 3 (2 marks)
e2x + e−2x
Determine the derivative of y = .
ex

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 9
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Differentiation
Subtopic 5.4 Application of exponential functions

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Question 1 (2 marks)
A body that is at a higher temperature than its surroundings cools according to Newton’s Law of Cooling,
which states that

T = T0 e−zt

where T0 is the original excess of temperature, T is the excess of temperature in degrees centigrade after
t minutes, and z is a constant.
a. The original temperature of the body was 95 °C and the temperature of the surroundings was 20 °C.
Determine the value of T0 . (1 mark)

b. Determine the rate at which the temperature is decreasing after a quarter of an hour if it is known that
z = 0.034. Give your answer correct to 3 decimal places. (1 mark)

10 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Subtopic 5.4 Applications of exponential functions

Question 2 (4 marks)
2
The graph of y = Ae−x , where A is a constant, is shown. Answer the following questions correct to
2 decimal places where appropriate.

(0, 5)

0 x

a. If the graph goes through (0, 5), determine the value of A. (1 mark)

dy
b. Determine . (1 mark)
dx

c. Determine the gradient of the tangent to the curve at the point where:
i. x = −0.5 (1 mark)

ii. x = 1 (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 11
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Subtopic 5.4 Applications of exponential functions

Question 3 (3 marks)
The pressure of the atmosphere, P cm of mercury, decreases with the height, h km above sea level,
according to the law

P = P0 e−kh

where P0 is the pressure of the atmosphere at sea level and k is a constant. At 500 m above sea level, the
pressure is 66.7 cm of mercury, and at 1500 m above sea level, the pressure is 52.3 cm of mercury.
a. Determine the values of P0 and k, correct to 2 decimal places. (2 marks)

b. Determine the rate at which the pressure is falling when the height above sea level is 5 km. Give your
answer correct to 2 decimal places. (1 mark)

12 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Differentiation
Subtopic 5.5 Differentiation of trigonometric functions

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Question 1 (1 mark)
Consider the following function.

sin(x) x ≥ 0
f(x) = {
0 x<0

Select the true statement from the following.

A. The function is continuous at x = 0 and differentiable at x = 0.
B. The function is continuous at x = 0 and not differentiable at x = 0.
C. The function is not continuous at x = 0 and differentiable at x = 0.
D. The function is not continuous at x = 0 and not differentiable at x = 0.
E. The lim f(x) exists and f (0) = 0. Therefore the function is differentiable at x = 0.
x→0

Question 2 (1 mark)
The derivative of h(cos(2x)) is
A. 2h′(cos(2x)) cos(2x)
B. h′(cos(2x)) cos(2x)
C. −2h′(cos(2x)) (cos(2x))
D. −2h′(cos(2x)) (sin(2x))
E. 2h′(cos(2x)) (sin(2x))

Question 3 (1 mark) ( )
𝜋
If f (x) = esin(2x) , then f ′ is equal to
2
1
A. −
e
B. 0
C. −1
D. −2
E. 2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 13
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Differentiation
Subtopic 5.6 Applications of trigonometric functions

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Question 1 (4 marks)
The triangle XYZ is inscribed by a circle with radius, r cm. The actual placement of the triangle is
dependent on the size of the angle XZY, 𝜃 radians, and the length of ZM, where M is the midpoint of XY.
Z

h
O

X M Y

a. Show that ∠XOM = 𝜃. (1 mark)

h
b. Show that the relationship between 𝜃, r and h, where h = d (ZM), is given by = cos(𝜃) + 1. (1 mark)
r

dh
c. If the radius of the circle is 3 cm, determine . (1 mark)
d𝜃

dh 𝜋
d. Determine the exact value of when 𝜃 = . (1 mark)
d𝜃 6

14 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Subtopic 5.6 Applications of trigonometric functions

Question 2 (4 marks)
A mechanism for crushing rock is shown. Rocks are placed on a steel platform, S, and a device raises and
lowers a heavy mallet, H. The wheel, W, rotates, causing the upper block, B, to move up and down. The
other wheel, V, is attached to the block, B, and rotates independently, causing the mallet to move up and
down. T is the top of the block B.
The distance, P metres, between T and the steel platform is modelled by the equation P = −2 cos(mt) + n,
where t is the time in minutes and m and n are constants. When t = 0, T is at its lowest point, 4 metres
above the steel platform. The wheel, W, rotates at a rate of 1 revolution per 1.5 minutes.

T
B

4𝜋
a. Show that n = 6 and m = . (2 marks)
3

dP
b. Determine . (1 mark)
dt

c. Calculate the exact rate of change of distance when t = 0.375 minutes. (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 15
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Subtopic 5.6 Applications of trigonometric functions

Question 3 (7 marks)
An industrial process is known to cause the production of two separate gases that are released into the
atmosphere. At a factory where this industrial process occurs, the technicians work a 12-hour day from
6.00 am until 6.00 pm.
The emission of the gas X can be modelled by the rule
( )
𝜋t
x(t) = 1.5 sin + 1.5, 0 ≤ t ≤ 12
3

and the emission of the gas Y can be modelled by the rule

( )
𝜋t
y(t) = 2.0 − 2.0 cos , 0 ≤ t ≤ 12.
3

The graphs of these two functions are shown.

y
4
y = x(t)
y = y(t)

(12, 1.5)
1.5

0 t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

a. Determine the time of the day at which the emissions are the same for the first time and how many units
of each gas are emitted at that time. Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places, and remember to note
whether the time is am or pm. (2 marks)

16 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Subtopic 5.6 Applications of trigonometric functions

b. The Environment Protection Authority (EPA) has strict rules about the emissions of gases. The total
emission of gases for this particular industrial process is given by
T (t) = x (t) + y (t)

i. Sketch the graph of the function T (t) (2 marks)

ii. Determine the maximum and minimum emissions in a 12-hour working day and the times at which
these occur. (2 marks)

c. If the EPA rules state that all emissions from any one company must lie within the range 0 to 7 units at
any one time, indicate whether this company works within the guidelines. (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 17
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Differentiation
Subtopic 5.7 Differentiation and Application of logarithmic functions

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, section A, Q17; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
Let f(x) = − loge (x + 2).
A tangent to the graph of f has a vertical axis intercept at (0, c).
The maximum value of c is
A. −1
B. −1 + loge (2)
C. − loge (2)
D. −1 − loge (2)
E. loge (2)

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods 2, section A, Q9; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
A tangent to the graph of y = loge (2x) has a gradient of 2.
A. 0
B. −0.5
C. −1
D. −1 − loge (2)
E. −2 loge (2)

Question 3 (2 marks)
If a function f (x) = loge (2x), determine f ′ (1).

18 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Differentiation
Subtopic 5.8 Review

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q7; © VCAA

Question 1 (8 marks)
Consider the function f(x) = x2 + 3x + 5 and the point P(1, 0). Part of the graph of y = f (x) is shown below.

O
x

a. Show that point p is not on the graph of y = f (x). (1 mark)

b. Consider a point Q (a, f (a)) to be a point on the graph of f.

i. Find the slope of the line connecting points p and Q in terms of a. (1 mark)

ii. Find the slope of the tangent to the graph of f at point Q in terms of a. (1 mark)

iii. Let the tangent to the graph of f at x = a pass through point p. Find the values of a. (2 marks)

iv. Give the equation of one of the lines passing through point p that is tangent to the graph
of f. (1 mark)

c. Find the value, k, that gives the shortest possible distance between the graph of the function of
y = f (x − k) and point p. (2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 19
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Subtopic 5.8 Review

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, section A, Q3; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
Part of the graph y = f (x) of the polynomial function f is shown below.
y
1 100
,
3 27
1
−
2 1
x
–3 O

(–2, –9)
f ′(x) < 0 for ( )
1
A. x ∈ (−2, 0) ∪ ,∞
3
( )
100
B. x ∈ −9,
27
( )
1
C. x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ ,∞
3
( )
1
D. x ∈ −2,
3
E. x ∈ (−∞, −2] ∪ (1, ∞)

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, section A, Q10; © VCAA

Question 3 (1 mark)
For the curve y = x2 − 5, the tangent to the curve will be parallel to the line connecting the positive
x-intercept
√ and the y-intercept when x is equal to
A. 5
B. 5
C. −5
√
5
D.
2
1
E. √
5

20 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Subtopic 5.8 Review

Source: Adapted from VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section B, Q1; © VCAA

Question 4 (8 marks) ( )
x
Let f : [0, 8𝜋] → R, f (x) = 2 cos +𝜋
2
a. Find the period and range of f. (2 marks)

b. State the rule for the derivative function f ′. (1 mark)

c. Find the equation of the tangent to the graph of f at x = 𝜋. (1 mark)

( )
x
d. Find the equations of the tangents to the graph of f : [0, 8𝜋] → R, f (x) = 2 cos + 𝜋 that have a
2
gradient of 1. (2 marks)

e. Find the values of x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 8𝜋 such that f (x) = 2 f ′ (x) + 𝜋. (2 marks)

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, section 1, Q4; © VCAA

Question 5 (1 mark)
Consider the tangent to the graph of y = x2 at the point (2, 4).
Determine which of the following points lies on this tangent.
A. (1, −4)
B. (3, 8)
C. (−2, 6)
D. (1, 8)
E. (4, −4)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 21
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Subtopic 5.8 Review

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods 2, section A, Q8; © VCAA

Question 6 (1 mark)
The graph of the function f is shown below.

The graph corresponding to f ′ is

A. B.

C. D.

E.

22 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Subtopic 5.8 Review

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods 1, Q9; © VCAA

Question 7 (9 marks)
Consider the functions f : R → R, f(x) = 3 + 2x − x2 and g : R → R, g(x) = ex .
a. State the rule of g ( f (x)). (1 mark)

b. Find the values of x for which the derivative of g ( f (x)) is negative. (2 marks)

c. State the rule of f (g (x)) (1 mark)

d. Solve f (g (x)) = 0. (2 marks)

e. Find the coordinates of the stationary point on the graph of f (g (x)). (2 marks)

f. State the number of solutions to g (f (x)) + f (g (x)) = 0. (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 23
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Topic 5 Subtopic 5.8 Review

Question 8 (1 mark)
Assuming that the functions below are defined on their maximal domain, which of the following functions
is differentiable at x = 2?
|x − 2|
A. f (x) = √
B. f(x) = x − 2
C. f(x) = loge (x − 2)
1
D. f(x) =
x−2
E. f(x) = (x − 2)3

24 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Answers and marking guide

5.2 Review of differentiation
Question 1
y = x3 − ax2 + 1
x = 1 y (1) = 1 − a + 1 = 2 − a
dy dy
= 3x2 − 2ax, x = 1 = 3 − 2a
dx dx
T : y − (2 − a) = (3 − 2a) (x − 1)
at (0, 0) − (2 − a) = − (3 − 2a)
a=1
The correct answer is B.
Question 2
The gradient is negative for x < 5, The gradient is positive for x > 5
The gradient is zero at x = 0 and x = 5
The correct answer is A.
Question 3 ( )
5
The gradient is negative for x ∈ −3,
3
The correct answer is D.
Question 4
y = x8
dy
= 8x7
dx
d ( 8)
⇒ x = 8x7
dx
The correct answer is D.
Question 5
1
y = 7 = x−7
x
dy
= −7x−8
dx
−7
= 8
(x )
d 1 −7
⇒ 7
= 8
dx x x
The correct answer is B.
Question 6
3
f (x) = x2 + x 2 − 10x
1
3x 2
⇒ f ′ (x) = 2x + − 10
2 1
3(9) 2
⇒ f ′ (9) = 2 (9) + − 10
2
9
= 18 + − 10
2
1
= 12
2
The correct answer is C.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 25
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Question 7
The gradient is always negative, option C is the only correct possible graph.
The correct answer is C.
Question 8
Since the graph shown is a positive cubic then its derivative is a positive quadratic.
The correct answer is A.
Question 9
√ 1 √
f (x) = 4x + 9 = (4x + 9) 2 at x = 4, f (4) = 25 = 5 and p (4, 5)
4
f ′ (x) = √
2 4x + 9
2 2 5
f ′ (x) = √ = = mT mp = −
25 5 2
5
y − 5 = − (x − 4)
2
2y − 10 = −5x + 20
2y + 5x = 30
The correct answer is A.
Question 10
y = −x + 5
m = −1
dy −2x
=
dx 4
1
=− x
2
1
− x = −1
2
x=2
f (2) = −1 + 4
=3
∴ the point is (2, 3)
The correct answer is D.

5.3 Differentiation of exponential functions

Question 1
y = 2e−3x
dy
= −6e−3x [1 mark]
dx
Question 2
y = eax , a ≠ 0
AT x = c, y = eax and P (c, eac )
dy
= aeax at x = c, mT = aeac
dx
Tangent: y − eac = aeac (x − c) passes through the origin, (0, 0).
y = axeac − caeac + eac
∴ 0 = −caeac + eac

26 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

eac = caeac
⇒ ca = 1
1
⇒c=
a
The correct answer is B.
Question 3
Simplify:
e2x e−2x
y= x + x
e e
= ex + e−3x [1 mark]
dy
= ex − 3e−3x [1 mark]
dx
5.4 Application of exponential functions
Question 1
a. When t = 0, T = 95 − 20 = 75.
75 = T0 e−z(0)
75 = T0
So T = 75e−zt . [1 mark]
b. T = 75e−0.034t
dT
= −0.034 × 75e−0.034t
dt
dT
= −2.55e−0.034t
dt
When t = 15,
dT
= −2.55e−0.034(15) = −1.531°C/min [1 mark]
dt
Therefore, the temperature is decreasing at a rate of 1.531°C/min.
Question 2
2
a. y = Ae−x
When x = 0, y = 5
5 = Ae0
A=5
2
Thus, y = 5e−x . [1 mark]
dy 2
b. = −2x × 5e−x
dx
dy 2
= −10xe−x [1 mark]
dx
dy 2
c. i. when x = −0.5, = −10(−0.5)e−(−0.5) = 3.89 [1 mark]
dx
dy 2
ii. When x = 1, = −10(1)e−(1) = −3.68 [1 mark]
dx
Question 3
a. P = P0 e−kh
When h = 0.5, P = 66.7 → 66.7 = P0 e−0.5k .
When h = 1.5, P = 52.3 → 52.3 = P0 e−1.5k . [1 mark]
Solve using CAS: P0 = 75.32 cm of mercury, k = 0.24 [1 mark]
So P = 75.32e−0.24h .

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 27
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

b. P = 75.32e−0.24h
dP
= −0.24 × 75.32e−0.24h
dh
dP
= −18.0768e−0.24h
dh
When h = 5,
dPdh = −18.0768e−0.24(5) = −5.44 cm of mercury/km [1 mark]
The rate is falling at 5.44 cm of mercury/km.

5.5 Differentiation of trigonometric function

Question 1
Although the function is continuous at x = 0, so that sin(0) = 0, it is not differentiable at x = 0. [1 mark]
This is because there is a sharp point at x = 0.
The correct answer is B.
Question 2
Let u = cos(2x).
∴ y = h(u)
du
= −2 sin(2x)
dx
dy
= h′ (u)
du
dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx
= h′ (u) × −2 sin(2x)
= −2h′ (cos(2x))(sin(2x))
The correct answer is D.
Question 3
f (x) = esin(2x)
sin(2x)
(f ′ (x)
) = 2 cos (2x) e
𝜋
f′ = 2 cos (𝜋) esin(𝜋) = −2
2
The correct answer is D.

5.6 Applications of trigonometric functions

Question 1
a. Z

θ
–
2

h
O
θ
r
h–r

X M Y

28 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

∠XOY = 2𝜃 because the angle at the centre of the circle is twice the angle at the circumference.
1
∠XOM = ∠YOM = × 2𝜃
2
∠XOM = 𝜃 as required [1 mark]
b. XM = r sin(𝜃)
XM
= tan(𝜃)
h−r
r sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
=
h−r cos(𝜃)
r 1
=
h − r cos(𝜃)
h−r
= cos(𝜃)
r
h
− 1 = cos(𝜃)
r
h
= cos(𝜃) + 1 [1 mark]
r
h
c. r = 3 cm, = cos(𝜃) + 1
3
h = 3 cos(𝜃) + 3
dh
= −3 sin(𝜃) [1 mark]
d𝜃 ( )
𝜋 dh 𝜋 3
d. When 𝜃 = , = −3 sin =− . [1 mark]
6 d𝜃 6 2
Question 2
a. P = −2 cos(mt) + n
When t = 0, P = 4
4 = −2 cos(0) + n
4+2=n
n=6 [1 mark]
The period, m:
3 2𝜋
=
2 m
3m = 4𝜋
4𝜋
m= [1 mark]
3 ( )
4𝜋t
b. P = −2 cos +6
3
( )
dP 8𝜋 4𝜋t
= sin [1 mark]
dt 3 3
c. When t = 0.375,
( )
dP 8𝜋 4𝜋 × 0.375
= sin
dt 3 3
( )
8𝜋 𝜋 8𝜋
= sin = m/min [1 mark]
3 2 3

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 29
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Question 3 ( )
𝜋t
a. x(t) = 1.5 sin + 1.5 0 ≤ t ≤ 12
3 ( )
𝜋t
y(t) = 2.0 − 2.0 cos 0 ≤ t ≤ 12 [1 mark]
3
Solve x(t) = y(t) on CAS.
The first time the emissions are equal is at t = 1.9222 or 1 hour and 55 minutes after 6 am. So at 7.55 am
the emissions are both 2.86 units. [1 mark]
b. i. T(t) = x(t) + y(t)
( ) ( )
𝜋t 𝜋t
T(t) = 1.5 sin + 1.5 + 2 − 2 cos
3 ( ) ( )3
𝜋t 𝜋t
T(t) = 3.5 + 1.5 sin − 2 cos [1 mark]
3 3
πt πt
T(t) T(t) = 1.5 sin — + 3.5 – 2.0 cos —
6 3 3

(12, 1.5)
(0, 1.5)

0 t
6 12
[1 mark]
ii. Maximum emission of 6 units at t = 2.3855 or 2 hours and 23 minutes after 6 am, which is 8.23 am,
and at t = 8.3855 or 8 hours and 23 minutes after 6 am, which is 2.23 pm. [1 mark]
Minimum emission of 1 unit at t = 5.3855 or 5 hours and 23 minutes after 6 am, which is 11.23 am,
and again at t = 11.3855 or 11 hours and 23 minutes after 6 am, which is 5.23 pm. [1 mark]
c. As the emissions range is 1–6 units, they lie within the required range. [1 mark]

5.7 Differentiation and Application of logarithmic functions

Question 1
f (x) = − loge (x + 2)
f (0) = − loge (2)
c = − loge (2)
T : when x = 0 has c = − loge (2)
The correct answer is C.
Question 2
y = loge (2x)
dy 1
= =2
dx x
1
x=
2
y = loge (1) = 0
( )
1
P ,0
2
Tangent: ( )
1
y−0=2 x−
2
= 2x − 1
The tangent crosses the y-axis at y = −1.
The correct answer is C.

30 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Question 3
f (x) = loge (x) + loge (2)
1
f ′ (x) = [1 mark]
x
f ′ (1) = 1 [1 mark]

5.8 Review
Question 1
a. f (x) = x2 + 3x + 5
f (1) = 1 + 3 + 5 = 9 ≠ 0, so the point P (1, 0) is not on the graph of y = f (x)
Award 1 mark for the correct explanation.
b. i. Q (a, f (a))
f (a) − 0 a2 + 3a + 5
m (PQ) = =
a−1 a−1
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.
ii. f ′(x) = 2x + 3, f ′(a) = 2a + 3
Award 1 mark for equating and solving.
iii. f ′(a)
( 2= m )
− a + 3a + 5 = (2a + 3) (1 − a)
−a2 − 3a − 5 = −2a2 − a + 3
a2 − 2a − 8 = 0
(a − 4) (a + 2) = 0
a = −2, 4
Award 1 mark for equating and solving.
Award 1 mark for both correct values of a.
iv. a = 4f ′ (4) = 11 y = 11 (x − 1) = 11x − 11
or
a = −2f ′ (−2) = −1 y = −1 (x − 1) = 1 − x
Award 1 mark for the correct tangent.
3
c. The turning point on the graph of f at x = − needs to be above the point P,
2
3 5 5
so translate f, + 1 = so that k = .
2 2 2
Award 1 mark for the correct method.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of k.
Question 2 ( )
1
The gradient is negative for x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ ,∞
3
The correct answer is C.
Question 3
y = x2 − 5 (√ )
Positive x-intercept: A 5, 0 , y-intercept B (0, −5)
−5 − 0 5 √
Gradient mAB = √ =√ = 5
0− √ 5 5
dy √ 5
= 2x = 5 ⇒ x =
dx 2
The correct answer is D.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 31
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

Question 4 ( )
x
a. f : [0, 8𝜋] → R, f (x) = 2 cos +𝜋
2
2𝜋
Period = 1 = 4𝜋, range [−2 + 𝜋, 2 + 𝜋]
2
Award 1 mark for the correct period.
Award 1 mark for the correct range.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was answered well. However, some students included round brackets instead of square
brackets for the range. Range = [2 + 𝜋, −2 + 𝜋] was occasionally seen. Some students gave approximate
answers instead ( of)exact answers.
x
b. f ′ (x) = − sin
2
Award 1 mark for the correct derivative.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question
( ) was answered well. Some students did not write an equation, leaving their answer as
x
− sin . Others made errors when using the chain rule. Some had their technology in degree mode
2
rather than radian
( )mode.
𝜋
c. f (𝜋) = 2 cos + 𝜋 = 𝜋.
2
( )
𝜋
f ′ (𝜋) = − sin = −1, P (𝜋, 𝜋)
2
T : y − 𝜋 = −1 (x − 𝜋)
y = −x + 2𝜋
Award 1 mark for the correct tangent equation.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was answered well. Students were not required to show any working. The answer could be
obtained directly using technology. Some left their answer as −x + 2𝜋.
( )
′ x
d. f (x) = − sin = 1 and 0 ≤ x ≤ 8𝜋
2
x = 3𝜋, 7𝜋,
f (3𝜋) = 𝜋, f (7𝜋) = 𝜋
T1 : y − 𝜋 = 1 (x − 3𝜋)
y = x − 2𝜋
T2 : y − 𝜋 = 1 (x − 7𝜋)
y = x − 6𝜋
Award 1 mark for each correct tangent equation. 2 marks total.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Once students found x = 3𝜋 or x = 7𝜋 the rest of the question could be completed using technology.
Some students gave only one of the equations of the tangents.

32 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

e. f (x) =(2f ′)(x) + 𝜋 ( )

𝜋 𝜋
2 cos + 𝜋 = −2 sin +𝜋
2 2
( ) ( )
𝜋 x
2 cos = −2 sin
2 2
( )
x
tan = −1, 0 < x < 8𝜋
2
x 3𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 15𝜋
= , , ,
2 4 4 4 4
3𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 15𝜋
x= , , ,
2 2 2 2
Award 1 mark for solving the tangent equation.
Award 1 mark for all four correct solutions.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋
Some students gave x = , , , as the answer. Others tried solving 2f ′ (x) + 𝜋 = 0 instead of
2 2 2 2
2f ′ (x) + 𝜋 = f (x).

Question 5
dy dy |
y = x2 ⇒ = 2x, | = 4 P (2, 4)
dx dx |x=2
T : y − 4 = 4 (x − 2)
= 4x − 8
y = 4x − 4
When x = 3, y = 12 − 4 = 8
(3, 8) lies on the tangent.
The correct answer is B.
Question 6
The gradient is positive and only defined for x > a as x increases gradient and approaches zero, so the only
option is E.
The correct answer is E.
Question 7
a. f : R → R, f(x) = 3 + 2x − x2 and f : R → R, g(x) = ex .
2
g(f(x)) = e3+2x−x [1 mark]
2
b. g′ (f(x)) = (2 − 2x)e3+2x−x < 0
2
Since e3+2x−x > 0 2 − 2x < 0
x>1
[2 marks]
VCAA Examination Report note:
Students generally applied the chain rule to find the derivative; however, poor expression resulted in
2 2
incorrect answers. The expression (2 − 2x)e3+2x−x is not equivalent to 2 − 2xe3+2x−x . Some students did
find the correct answer; however, it was not supported by correct reasoning.
c. f(g(x)) = 3 + 2ex − e2x [1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
2
This question was done well. Some students incorrectly stated f(g(x)) = 3 + 2ex − ex .

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 33
 Exam question booklet | Topic 5

d. f(g(x)) = 3 + 2ex − e2x = 0

Let u = ex ⇔ 3 + 2u − u2 = 0.
u2 − 2u − 3 = 0
(u − 3)(u + 1) = 0
u = ex = 3, u = ex = −1 no solution
x = log e3
Award 1 mark for correctly reducing to a quadratic.
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Most students were able to form a quadratic equation. Some students faltered with the correct
factorisation. The inclusion of x = loge (−1) was a common error.
e. f ′(g(x)) = 2ex − 2e2x = 0 for stationary points.
Let u = ex ⇔ u = u2 .
u2 − u = 0
u(u − 1) = 0
u = ex = 1, u = ex = 0 no solution
x = 0, f(g(0)) = 3 + 2 − 1 = 4
The stationary point is (0, 4).
Award 1 mark for the correct gradient.
Award 1 mark for the correct stationary point.
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was well attempted but not so well done. Common errors included an incorrect derivative
and omitting the y-coordinate of the stationary point.
f. g(f(x)) + f(g(x)) = 0
−f(g(x)) = −(3 + 2ex − e2x ) from part c. As x → −∞, f(g(x)) → −3, x → ∞, f(g(x)) → ∞
From part e, −f(g(x)) has a turning point at (0, −4).
2
g(f(x)) = 23+2x−x : from part b, gradient is negative for x > 1.
As x → ∞, g(f(x)) → 0+ , x → −∞, g(f(x)) → 0+ .
g(f(x)) = −f(g(x)) has only one solution,
So g(f(x)) + f(g(x)) = 0 also has only one solution. [1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was not well done. Few students attempted to draw a rough sketch of each equation and use
addition of ordinates.
Question 8
A has a cusp at x = 2 and is not differentiable at x = 2.
B has an end point at x = 2 and is not differentiable at x = 2.
C and D have vertical asymptotes at x = 2 and are certainly not differentiable at x = 2.
E is differentiable at x = 2.
The correct answer is E.

34 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

6 Further differentiation and

applications
Topic 6 Further differentiation and applications
Subtopic 6.2 The chain rule

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q7; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
2
If f(x) = eg(x ) , where g is a differentiable function, then f ′ (x) is equal to
2
A. 2xeg((x ))
2
B. 2xg x2 eg(x )
2
C. 2xg′(x2 )eg(x )
2
g(x )
D. 2xg′ (2x)
( 2 )e g(2x)
E. 2xg′ x e

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 1, Q1a; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
Let y = (5x + 1)7 .
dy
Find .
dx

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 1, Q1b; © VCAA

Question√3 (3 marks)
If f(x) = x2 + 3, find f ′(1).

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 1
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.2 The chain rule

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods 1, Q1b; © VCAA

Question 4 (2 marks)
( )3
Let g(x) = 2 − x3 .
Evaluate g′ (1)

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q12; © VCAA

Question 5 (1 mark)
dx 3
Let y = 4 cos(x) and x be a function of t such = 3e2t that and x = when t = 0.
dt 2
dy 𝜋
The value of when x = is
dt 2
A. 0 ( )
𝜋
B. 3𝜋 loge
2
C. −4𝜋
D. −2𝜋
E. −12e

Question 6 (1 mark)
√ dy
For y = 1 + f(x), is equal to
dx
1 √
A. f ′ (x) 1 + f(x)
2 ′
f (x)
B. √
2 1 + f(x)
√
C. f ′ (x) 1 + f(x)
f ′ (x)
D. √
1 + f(x)
√
E. 1 + f(x)

2 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.2 The chain rule

Question 7 (1 mark) ( )
𝜋
If f(x) = esin(2x) , then f ′ is equal to
2
1
A. −
e
B. 0
C. −1
D. −2
E. 2

Question 8 (1 mark)
( )5
The derivative of 4x4 + x with respect to x, is equal to
( )4
A. 5 4x4 + x
( )4
B. 80x3 4x4 + x
( )( )4
C. 5 16x3 + 1 4x4 + x
( )4
D. 5 16x3
( )4
E. 5 16x3 + 1

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 3
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Further differentiation and applications

Subtopic 6.3 The product rule

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q1a; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
Let y = x2 sin(x).
dy
Find .
dx

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q1b; © VCAA

Question 2 (2 marks)
Let f(x) = x2 e5x .
Evaluate f′ (1).

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 1, Q1a; © VCAA

Question 3 (2 marks)
dy
If y = x2 loge (x), find
dx

4 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.3 The product rule

Question 4 (1 mark)
If f(x) = g(x) cos(3x) and f ′ (x) = −3e−3x (cos(3x) + sin(3x)) then g(x) is equal to
A. e−3x
B. −e−3x
C. 3e−3x
D. −3e−3x
1
E. − e−3x
3

Question 5 (1 mark)
If f(x) = g(x)e2x , g (1) = 2 and g′ (1) = 1 then f ′ (1) is equal to
A. e2
B. 2e2
C. 3e2
D. 4e2
E. 5e2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 5
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Further differentiation and applications

Subtopic 6.4 The quotient rule

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q1b; © VCAA

Question 1 (2 marks)
ex
Let f(x) = .
cos(x)
Evaluate f ′ (𝜋).

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q1a; © VCAA

Question 2 (2 marks)
x
Let f : (−2, ∞) → R, f (x) = .
x+2
Differentiate f with respect to x.

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q1a; © VCAA

Question 3 (2 marks)
cos(x)
Let y = 2 .
x +2
dy
Find .
dx

6 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.4 The quotient rule

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 1, Q1b; © VCAA

Question 4 (3 marks)
loge (x)
Let f(x) = .
x2
a. Find f′(x). (2 marks)

b. Evaluate f′(1). (1 mark)

Question 5 (1 mark)
4x − 3 dy
If y = then is equal to
3x + 4 dx
4
A.
3
25
B.
(3x + 4)2
−7
C.
(3x + 4)2
7
D.
(3x + 4)2
12x + 9
E.
(3x + 4)2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 7
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.4 The quotient rule

Question 6 (1 mark)
loge (3x) dy
If y = then is equal to
3x dx
1 loge (3x)
A. 2 −
x 3x2
1 ( )
B. 2 1 − loge (3x)
3x
1 ( )
C. 2 loge (3x) − 3
3x
7
D.
(3x + 4)2
12x + 9
E.
(3x + 4)2

Question 7 (1 mark)
e2x
If f(x) = , g (1) = 2 and g′ (1) = 1 then f ′ (1) is equal to
g(x)
A. e2
B. 2e2
3e2
C.
4
5e2
D.
4
e2
E.
4

8 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Further differentiation and applications

Subtopic 6.5 Curve sketching

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q11; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
The function f : R → R, f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx has a local maximum at x = −1 and a local minimum at
x = 3. The values of a and b are respectively
A. −2 and −3
B. 2 and 1
C. 3 and −9
D. −3 and −9
E. −6 and −15

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q21; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
The cubic function R → R, f(x) = ax3 − bx2 + cx , where a, b and c are positive constants, has no stationary
points when
b2
A. c >
4a
b2
B. c <
4a
C. c < 4b2 a
b2
D. c >
3a
b2
E. c <
3a

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 9
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.5 Curve sketching

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section B, Q1a, b; © VCAA

Question 3 (5 marks)
Let f : R → R, f(x) = x3 − 5x. Part of the graph of f is shown below.
y
10

x
–5 O 5

–5

–10

a. Find the coordinates of the turning points. (2 marks)

b. A (−1, f (−1)) and B (1, f (1)) are two points on the graph of f.
i. Find the equation of the straight line through A and B. (2 marks)

ii. Find the distance AB. (1 mark)

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q5; © VCAA

Question 4 (1 mark)
p
Consider f(x) = x2 + , x ≠ 0, p ∈ R
x
There is a stationary point on the graph of f when x = −2.
The value of p is
A. −16
B. −8
C. 2
D. 8
E. 16

10 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.5 Curve sketching

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q4; © VCAA

Question 5 (1 mark)
Let f be a function with domain R such that f′(5) = 0 and f′(x) < 0 when x ≠ 5.
At x = 5, the graph of f has a
A. local minimum.
B. local maximum.
C. gradient of 5.
D. gradient of −5.
E. stationary point of inflection.

Question 6 (1 mark)
1
Consider the function f:R → R, f(x) = (ax − 1)3 (b − 3x) + 1 where a and b real constants. The function
27
will have stationary points at
1 1 + ab
A. x = and x =
a 4a
1 1 − ab
B. x = and x =
a 4a
1 1 + ab
C. x = and x =
9a 4a
1 b
D. x = and x =
a 3
1 ab − 1
E. x = and x =
a 4a

Question 7 (1 mark) ( )
Let f:R → R <, f(x) = (x − 2) (x − 5) 3x2 + ax + 6 where a is a real number. If f has p stationary points,
the possible values of p are
A. p ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4}
B. p ∈ {1, 2, 3}
C. p ∈ {1, 2}
D. p ∈ {1}
E. p ∈ {0}

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 11
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.5 Curve sketching

Question 8 (1 mark)
For the graph of y = x4 − 4x2 + 4(which of)the following statements is most correct?
√
A. There are local maximums at ± 2, 0
( √ )
B. There are local minimums at ± 2, 0
( √ )
C. There are local minimums at ± 2, 0 and a local maximum at (0, 4)
( √ )
D. There are local maximums at ± 2, 0 and a local minimum at (0, 4)
E. There is a local maximum at (0, 4)

Question 9 (2 marks) ( )
Sketch the graph of the derivative of the function with rule y = (x + 2)2 x2 − 4x + 6 in your workbook
and determine the stationary points of the original curve and their nature.

Question 10 (4 marks)
If f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, f ′ (−1) = 3 and f (1) = 1 and there is a point of inflection at (2, 4), find the
values of a, b, c and d.

Question 11 (1 mark)
If f:R → R is a differentiable function such that:
• f ′ (x) = 0 at x = 2 and x = 3
• f ′ (x) > 0 at x > 3 and 2 < x < 3
• f ′ (x) < 0 at x < 2
Which of the following statements is correct?
A. The graph has a stationary point of inflection at x = 3 and a maximum at x = 2.
B. The graph has a stationary point of inflection at x = 3 and a minimum at x = 2.
C. The graph has a stationary point of inflection at x = 2 and a minimum at x = 3.
D. The graph has a maximum at x = 2 and a minimum at x = 3.
E. The graph has a minimum at x = 2 and a maximum at x = 3.

12 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.5 Curve sketching

Question 12 (1 mark)
For the curve y = (x − 5)5 , the point (5, 0) is best classified as
A. A local minimum turning point.
B. A local maximum turning point.
C. A stationary point of inflection.
D. A point where the function is continuous but not differentiable.
E. An axial intercept.

Question 13 (1 mark)
If f ′ (x) < 0 where x > 3 and f ′ (x) > 0 where x < 3, then at the point x = 3, f(x) has a
A. local minimum.
B. local maximum.
C. point of inflection.
D. discontinuous point.
E. gradient of 3.

Question 14 (1 mark)
4 √
For the function f:R+ → R, f(x) = √ + x − 5, state the interval for which the graph of f is strictly
x
increasing.

Question 15 (1 mark)
Given h : R → R, h (x) = x − x3 , the function is strictly increasing over the interval
A. (0, 1)
[ √ √ ]
3 3
B. − ,
3 3
( √ √ )
3 3
C. − ,
3 3
D. (−1, 0)
E. (−1, 1]

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 13
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.5 Curve sketching

Question 16 (1 mark)
1
Find the interval for which the function f : R → R, f(x) = x+1
is strictly decreasing.
e

Question 17 (1 mark)
For[the function
] g : [0, 2𝜋] → R, g(x) = cos(x), g, is strictly decreasing over the interval
3𝜋
A. 0,
2
B. [−𝜋, 0]
C. (0, 𝜋)
D. (−𝜋, 𝜋)
E. [0, 2𝜋]

14 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Further differentiation and applications

Subtopic 6.6 Maximum and minimum problems

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q14; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
A rectangle is formed by using part of the coordinate axes and a point (u, v), where u > 0 on the parabola
y = 4 − x2 .
y

3
(u , v)
2

x
O 1 2 3 4 5

Which one of the following is the maximum area of the rectangle?

A. 4 √
2 3
B.
√
3
8 3−4
C.
3
8
D.
3 √
16 3
E.
9

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 15
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.6 Maximum and minimum problems

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q7; © VCAA

Question 2 (5 marks)
Let P be a point on the straight line y = 2x − 4 such that the length of OP, the line segment from the origin
O to P, is a minimum.
a. Find the coordinates of P. (3 marks)

√
a b
b. Find the distance OP. Express your answer in the form , where a and b are positive
b
integers. (2 marks)

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q21; © VCAA

Question 3 (1 mark)
The trapezium ABCD is shown below. The sides AB, BC and DA are of equal length, p. The size of the
acute angle BCD is x radians.

The area of the trapezium is a maximum when the value of x is

𝜋
A.
12
𝜋
B.
6
𝜋
C.
4
𝜋
D.
3
5𝜋
E.
12

16 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.6 Maximum and minimum problems

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q15; © VCAA

Question 4 (1 mark)
A rectangle ABCD has vertices A(0, 0), B(u, 0), C(u, v) and D(0, v) where (u, v) lies on the graph of
y = −x3 + 8, as shown below.

The√maximum area of the rectangle is

3
A. √ 2
3
B. 6 2
C. 16
D. 8√
3
E. 3 2

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q15; © VCAA

Question 5 (1 mark)
Zoe has a rectangular piece of cardboard that is 8 cm long and 6 cm wide. Zoe cuts squares of side length x
centimetres from each of the corners of the cardboard, as shown in the diagram below.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 17
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.6 Maximum and minimum problems

Zoe turns up the sides to form an open box.

The value of x for which the volume of the box is a maximum is closest to
A. 0.8
B. 1.1
C. 1.6
D. 2.0
E. 3.6

Question 6 (1 mark)
A piece of wire of length 20 cm is bent into the shape of a rectangle. If one side of the rectangle has a length
of x cm, then the area A of the rectangle is equal to
A. A(x) = x(20 − x)
B. A(x) = x(10 − x)
C. A(x) = 20x
D. A(x) = 10x
E. A(x) = 5x

Question 7 (1 mark)
x2 (100 − x)2
The function f : [0, 100] → R, f(x) = + has a maximum value at
16 4𝜋
A. 400
B. 625
C. 700
D. 795
E. 800

18 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.6 Maximum and minimum problems

Question 8 (1 mark)
Find the maximum value for the function f : [−2, 1] → R, f(x) = x3 + 2.

Question 9 (1 mark)
Find the minimum value for the function f : [−1, 3] → R, f(x) = x3 + 2.

Question 10 (1 mark)
Find the maximum value for the function f : [0, 2𝜋] → R, f(x) = sin(x).

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 19
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Further differentiation and applications

Subtopic 6.7 Rates of change

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q3; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
a
Let f : R\ {4} → R, f(x) = , where a > 0.
x−4
The average rate of change of f from x = 6 to x = 8 is
A. a loge (2)
a
B. loge (2)
2
C. 2a
a
D. −
4
a
E. −
8

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q9; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
The average rate of change of the function with the rule f(x) = x2 − 2x over the interval [1, a], where
a > 1, is 8.
The value of a is
A. 9
B. 8
C. 7
D. 4 √
E. 1 + 2

20 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.7 Rates of change

Question 3 (1 mark)
For y = 2e−x+1 sin(x − 1), the rate of change of y with respect to x when x = 1 is
A. −1
B. 1
C. 4
D. 2
E. −2

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q13; © VCAA

Question 4 (1 mark)
The value of an investment, in dollars, after n months can be modelled by the function
f(n) = 2500 × (1.004)n
where n ∈ {0, 1, 2, …}
The average rate of change of the value of the investment over the first 12 months is closest to
A. $10.00 per month.
B. $10.20 per month.
C. $10.50 per month.
D. $125.00 per month.
E. $127.00 per month.

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q4; © VCAA

Question 5 (1 mark) √
The average rate of change of the function f with rule f(x) = 3x2 − 2 x + 1, between x = 0 and x = 3, is
A. 8
B. 25
53
C.
9
25
D.
3
13
E.
9

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 21
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.7 Rates of change

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q6; © VCAA

Question 6 (1 mark)
For
[ the ] function f(x) = sin(2𝜋x) + 2x, the average rate of change for f(x) with respect to x over the interval
1
, 5 is
4
A. 0
34
B.
19
7
C.
2
2𝜋 + 10
D.
4
23
E.
4

Question 7 (1 mark)
For
[ the ] function f(x) = cos(2𝜋x) + 2x, the average rate of change for f(x) with respect to x over the interval
1
, 4 is
4
17 32 34
A. B. C.
15 15 15
4
D. 2 E.
15

Question 8 (1 mark)
The average rate of change of the function with the rule f(x) = x3 + e2x between x = 0 and x = 2 is equal to
8 + e4 7 + e4
A. B. C. 12 + 2e4
2 2
D. 5 + e4 E. 7 + e4

22 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Further differentiation and applications

Subtopic 6.8 Newton’s method

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Question 1 (2 marks)
Determine the root of 2 − x2 = sin(x) in the interval [1, 2] to an accuracy of 3 decimal places.

Question 2 (3 marks) √
4
Use a suitable equation to calculate 12, accurate to 2 decimal places.

Question 3 (3 marks)
The equation 0 = x4 − 5x − 8 has only one negative solution. Determine between which two integer values
the solution lies, then calculate the solution to an accuracy of 3 decimal places.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 23
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Further differentiation and applications

Subtopic 6.9 Review

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q1a; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
( )3 dy
If y = −3x3 + x2 − 64 , find .
dx

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 1, Q1a; © VCAA

Question 2 (2 marks)
dy
If y = x2 sin(x), find .
dx

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q16; © VCAA

Question 3 (1 mark)
A right-angled triangle, OBC, is formed using the horizontal axis and the point C(m, 9 − m2 ) m ∈ (0, 3),
where, on the parabola y = 9 − x2 , as shown below.
y

y = 9 – x2

C(m, 9 – m2)

x
O B(m, 0)

The maximum area of the triangle OBC is

24 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.9 Review

√
3
A.
3
√
2 3
B.
3
√
C. 3
√
D. 3 3
√
E. 9 3

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 1, Q1a; © VCAA

Question 4 (1 mark) √
The average rate of change of the function f with rule f(x) = 3x2 − 2 x + 1 , between x = 0 and x = 3, is
A. 8
B. 25
53
C.
9
25
D.
3
13
E.
9

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section B, Q2; © VCAA

Question 5 (11 marks)

An amusement park is planning to build a zip-line above a hill on its property.
3x(x − 30)2
The hill is modelled by y = , x ∈ [0, 30], where x is the horizontal distance, in metres, from an
2000
origin and y is the height, in metres, above this origin, as shown in the graph below.
y

10

4 hill

x
O 5 10 15 20 25 30

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 25
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.9 Review

dy
a. Find . (1 mark)
dx

b. State the set of values for which the gradient of the hill is strictly decreasing. (1 mark)
The cable for the zip-line is connected to a pole at the origin at a height of 10 m and is straight for
0 ≤ x ≤ a, where 10 ≤ a ≤ 20. The straight section joins the curved section at A(a, b). The cable is then
exactly 3 m vertically above the hill from a ≤ x ≤ 30, as shown in the graph below.
y

10
A(a, b)
8
3m
cable
6

4
hill

2
3m
x
O 5 10 15 20 25 30

c. State the rule, in terms of x, for the height of the cable above the horizontal axis for x [a, 30]. (1 mark)

d. Find the values of x for which the gradient of the cable is equal to the average gradient of the
hill for x ∈ [10, 30] (3 marks)

The gradients of the straight and curved sections of the cable approach the same value at x = a, so there is a
continuous and smooth join at A.
e. i. State the gradient of the cable at A, in terms of a. (1 mark)

ii. Find the coordinates of A, with each value correct to two decimal places. (3 marks)

iii. Find the value of the gradient at A, correct to one decimal place. (1 mark)

26 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.9 Review

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q19; © VCAA

Question 6 (1 mark)
Which one of the following functions is differentiable for all real values of x?
x x<0
A. f(x) = {
−x x ≥ 0
x x<0
B. f(x) = {
−x x > 0
8x + 4 x<0
C. f(x) = {
(2x + 1)2 x≥0
2x + 1 x<0
D. f(x) = {
(2x + 1)2 x≥0
4x + 1 x<0
E. f(x) = {
(2x + 1)2 x≥0

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods 2, Section B, Q1; © VCAA

Question 7 (14 marks)

A rectangular sheet of cardboard has a width of h centimetres. Its length is twice its width.
Squares of side length x centimetres, where x > 0, are cut from each of the corners, as shown in the diagram
below.

The sides of this sheet of cardboard are then folded up to make a rectangular box with an open top, as
shown in the diagram below.
Assume that the thickness of the cardboard is negligible and that Vbox > 0.

A box is to be made from a sheet of cardboard with h = 25 cm.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 27
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.9 Review

a. Show that the volume, Vbox , in cubic centimetres, is given by Vbox (x) = 2x(25 − 2x)(25 − x). (1 mark)

b. State the domain of Vbox . (1 mark)

c. Find the derivative of Vbox with respect to x. (1 mark)

d. Calculate the maximum possible volume of the box and for which value of x this occurs. (3 marks)

e. Waste minimisation is a goal when making cardboard boxes.

Percentage wasted is based on the area of the sheet of cardboard that is cut out before the box is made.
Find the percentage of the sheet of cardboard that is wasted when x = 5. (2 marks)

f. Now consider a box made from a rectangular sheet of cardboard where h > 0 and the box’s length is still
twice its width.
i. Let Vbox be the function that gives the volume of the box.
State the domain of Vbox in terms of h. (1 mark)

ii. Find the maximum volume for any such rectangular box, Vbox , in terms of h. (3 marks)

g. Now consider making a box from a square sheet of cardboard with side lengths of h centimetres.
h
Show that the maximum volume of the box occurs when x = . (2 marks)
6

28 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.9 Review

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q6; © VCAA

Question 8 (1 mark)
A rectangular sheet of cardboard has a length of 80 cm and a width of 50 cm. Squares, of side length x
centimetres, are cut from each of the corners, as shown in the diagram below.

A rectangular box with an open top is then constructed, as shown in the diagram below.

The volume of the box is a maximum when x is equal to

A. 10
B. 20
C. 25
100
D.
3
200
E.
3

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 29
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.9 Review

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods 1, Q7; © VCAA

Question 9 (4 marks) √
The graph of the relation y = 1 − x2 is shown on the axes below. P is a point on the graph of this relation,
A is the point (−1, 0) and B is the point (x, 0).

a. Find an expression for the distance PB in terms of x only. (1 mark)

b. Find the maximum area of the triangle ABP. (3 marks)

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 2, Q3; © VCAA

Question 10 (11 marks)

In a controlled experiment, Juan took some medicine at 8 pm. The concentration of medicine in his blood
was then measured at regular intervals. The concentration of medicine in Juan’s blood is modelled by the
5 −3t
function c (t) = te 2 , t ≥ 0, where c is the concentration of medicine in his blood, in milligrams per litre,
2
t hours after 8 pm. Part of the graph of the function c is shown below.

30 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.9 Review

a. What was the maximum value of the concentration of medicine in Juan’s blood, in milligrams per litre,
correct to two decimal places? (1 mark)

b. Answer the following.

i. Find the value of t, in hours, correct to two decimal places, when the concentration of medicine in
Juan’s blood first reached 0.5 milligrams per litre. (1 mark)

ii. Find the length of time that the concentration of medicine in Juan’s blood was above 0.5 milligrams
per litre. Express the answer in hours, correct to two decimal places. (2 marks)

c. Answer the following.

i. What was the value
[ of]the average rate of change of the concentration of medicine in Juan’s blood
2
over the interval , 3 ?
3
Express the answer in milligrams per litre per hour, correct to two decimal places. (2 marks)

ii. At times t1 and t2 , the instantaneous rate of change of the[concentration

] of medicine in Juan’s blood
2
was equal to the average rate of change over the interval , 3 .
3
Find the values of t1 and t2 , in hours, correct to two decimal places. (2 marks)

d. Alicia took part in a similar controlled experiment. However, she used a different medicine. The
concentration of this different medicine was modelled by the function n (t) = Ate−kt , t ≥ 0, where A and
k ∈ R+ .
If the maximum concentration of medicine in Alicia’s blood was 0.74 milligrams per litre at t = 0.5
hours, find the value of A, correct to the nearest integer. (3 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 31
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.9 Review

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 1, Q10; © VCAA

Question 11 (7 marks)
A line intersects the coordinate axes at the points U and V with coordinates (u, 0) and (0, v), respectively,
5
where u and v are positive real numbers and ≤ u ≤ 6.
2
a. When u = 6, the line is a tangent to the graph of y = ax2 + bx at the point Q with coordinates (2, 4), as
shown. (3 marks)

If a and b are non-zero real numbers, find the values of a and b.

b. The rectangle OPQR has a vertex at Q on the line. The coordinates of Q are (2, 4), as shown.

32 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.9 Review

i. Find an expression for v in terms of u. (1 mark)

ii. Find the minimum total shaded area and the value of u for which the area is a minimum. (2 marks)

iii. Find the maximum total shaded area and the value of u for which the area is a maximum. (1 mark)

Question 12 (1 mark)
The graph of the function f, with rule y = f(x), is shown.
Sketch the graph of the derivative function y = f ′ (x).

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 33
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Topic 6 Subtopic 6.9 Review

Question 13 (2 marks)
The graph of the function f : (0, 8] → R is shown. Sketch the graph of the derivative function.

34 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Answers and marking guide

6.2 The chain rule
Question 1
2
f(x) = eg(x )
d ( ( 2 )) g(x2 )
f ′(x) = g x e
dx ( ) 2
f ′(x) = 2xg′ x2 eg(x )
The correct answer is C.
Question 2
y = (5x + 1)7
Apply the chain rule.
dy
= 7 × 5(5x + 1)6
dx
= 35(5x + 1)6 [1 mark]
Question 3 √
y = f(x) = x2 + 3
√ 1
y = u = u 2 where u = x2 + 3 (chain rule)
dy 1 − 1 1 du
= u 2= √ = 2x
du 2 2 u dx
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
dy x
f′(x) = =√
dx x2 + 3
1 1
f′ (1) = √ =
1+3 2
Award 1 mark for using the chain rule.
Award 1 mark for the correct derivative.
Award 1 mark for the correct final answer.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Many students only gave the expression for f ′ (x), not the specific value of f ′ (1). Students should also note
1 1 1 1
that √ ≠ ± , √ = .
4 2 4 2
Question 4
( )3
g(x) = 2 − x3( using) the chain rule
g = u 3 u = 2 − x3
g′ (u) = 3u2 u′ (x) = −3x2
( )2
g′ (x) = −9x2 2 − x3
g′ (1) = −9
Award 1 mark for using the chain rule.
Award 1 mark for the correct result.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Students competently applied the chain rule; however, some erred with the derivative of (2 − x3 )3 , especially
with negatives. Some students opted unnecessarily to take the longer route by (often incorrectly) expanding
the rule given by g. Others forgot to evaluate g′ (1)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 35
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Question 5
dx 3
y = 4 cos(x) = 3e2t and x = when t = 0
dt 2
dy
= −4 sin(x)
dx
3 3
x = ∫ 3e2t dt ⇒ x = e2t + c when x = , t = 0 ⇒ c = 0
2 2
dy dy dx 2t
= = −4 sin(x) × 3e
dt dx dt
𝜋 𝜋 3
When x = , = e2t ⇒ 3e2t = 𝜋
2 ( 2) 2
dy 𝜋
= −4 sin × 𝜋 = −4𝜋
dt 2
The correct answer is C.
Question 6
Let u = 1 + f(x).
1
∴ y = u2
du
= f ′ (x)
dx
dy 1 − 1
= u 2
du 2
dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx
dy 1
= √ × f ′ (x)
dx 2 u
dy 1
= f ′ (x) × √
dx 2 1 + f(x)
The correct answer is B.
Question 7
f(x) = esin(2x)
′ sin(2x)
) = 2 cos(2x)e
(f (x)
𝜋
f′ = 2 cos (𝜋) esin(𝜋) = −2
2
The correct answer is D.
Question 8
( )5
y = 4x4 + x
y = u5 where u = 4x4 + x
dy du
= 5u4 = 16x3 + 1
du dx
dy dy du ( )
= × = 5 16x3 + 1 u4
dx du( dx ) ( )4
= 5 16x3 + 1 4x4 + x

36 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

6.3 The product rule

Question 1
y = x2 sin(x) using the product rule.
dy d d ( 2)
= x2 (sin(x)) + sin(x) x
dx dx dx
dy
= x2 cos(x) + 2x sin(x)
dx
= x (x cos(x) + 2 sin(x)) [1 mark]
Question 2
f(x) = x2 e5x
Using the product rule:
u = x2 v = e5x
du dv
= 2x = 5e5v
dx dx
f′(x) = 2xe5x + 5x2 e5x
f′ (1) = 2e5 + 5e5
= 7e5
Award 1 mark for using the product rule.
Award 1 mark for the correct result.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was well answered. Most students correctly identified the product rule but did not evaluate (as
instructed) or their answers were incomplete. An incorrect combination of the product and chain rule
resulted in an answer of 10xe5x as a common error.
Question 3
y = x2 loge (x)
u = x2 v = loge (x)
du dv 1
= 2x =
dx dx x
dy dv du
=u +v (product rule)
dx dx dx
dy 1
= x2 × + 2x loge (x)
dx x
dy ( )
= x + 2x loge (x) = x 1 + 2 loge (x)
dx
Award 1 mark for using the product rule.
Award 1 mark for the correct result.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students did not simplify the expression or incorrectly combined the terms to obtain 3 x loge (x).
Question 4
f (x) = g(x) cos(3x)
f (x) = g′ (x) cos(3x) − 3g(x) sin(3x)
′

= −3e−3x (cos(3x) + sin(3x))

g′ (x) = −3e−3x and g (x) = e−3x
The correct answer is A.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 37
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Question 5
f(x) = g(x)e2x
f (x) = g′ (x)e2x + 2g(x)e2x
′

= g′ (1) e2 + 2g (1) e2 from question g (1) = 2 and g′ (1) = 1

= e2 + 4e2 = 5e2
The correct answer is E.

6.4 The quotient rule

Question 1
ex
f(x) =
cos(x)
Using the quotient rule:
ex cos(x) − ex (− sin(x))
f ′ (x) =
cos2 (x)
x
e (cos(x) + sin(x))
f ′ (x) = 2
cos (x)
′ e𝜋 (cos(𝜋) + sin(𝜋))
f (𝜋) =
cos2 (𝜋)
𝜋
e (−1 + 0)
f ′ (𝜋) =
(−1)2
′ 𝜋
f (𝜋) = −e
Award 1 mark for using the quotient rule.
Award 1 mark for the correct substitution and final answer.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Students competently applied the quotient rule; however, many were unable to carry out the required
evaluation, often omitting it completely. Students who opted to use the product and chain rules tended to
make little progress due to confusion with negative signs or negative exponents. Students should take care
with legibility, for example, to distinguishing clearly the variable x and the constant 𝜋.
Question 2
x
f : (−2, ∞) → R, f(x) = using the quotient rule.
x+2
Let u = x, v = x + 2.
u′(x) = 1 v′(x) = 1
1 (x + 2) − x
f′(x) =
(x + 2)2
2
f′(x) = , for x > −2
(x + 2)
Award 1 mark for using the quotient rule.
Award 1 mark for the correct result.
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was well handled. Students choosing to use the quotient rule tended to progress better than
those using the product rule.
Some very poor algebraic slips were made. The most common was ‘cancelling’ x + 2 in the numerator with
x + 2 in the denominator. Others unnecessarily expanded (x + 2)2 and did so incorrectly.
Question 3
cos(x)
y= 2
x +2

38 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Using the quotient rule:

u = cos(x) v = x2 + 2
du dv
= − sin(x) = 2x
dx ( 2 ) dx
dy − x + 2 sin(x) − 2x cos(x)
= ( 2 )2
dx x +2
Award 1 mark for using the quotient rule.
Award 1 mark for the correct result.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Most students were able to confidently apply the quotient rule. However, many students did not obtain full
marks due to errors caused by, for example, a denominator of x4 + 4 as the supposed expansion of
2
(x2 + 2) . Students should very carefully consider the placement and usage of brackets. For example, the
expression x2 + 2 × − sin(x2 ) is not equivalent to (x2 + 2) × − sin(x).
Question 4
loge (x)
a. y =
x2
Apply the quotient rule.
u = loge (x) v = x2
du 1 dv
= = 2x
dx x dx
1 2
′ x × x − 2x loge (x)
f (x) =
x4
1 − 2 loge (x)
=
x3
Award 1 mark for using the quotient rule.
Award 1 mark for the final correct derivative.
1 − 2 loge (1)
b. f ′ (1) =
1
= 1 [1 mark]
Question 5
4x − 3
y=
3x + 4
dy 4 (3x + 4) − 3 (4x − 3) (12x + 16) − (12x − 9)
= =
dx (3x + 4)2 (3x + 4)2
25
=
(3x + 4)2
The correct answer is B.
Question 6
loge (3x)
y=
3x
let u = loge (3x) and v = 3x
du 1 dv
= and =3
dx x dx ( )
1
dy x × 3x − 3 loge (3x) 3 1 − loge (3x)
= ( 2) =
dx 3x 9x2
1 ( )
= 2 1 − loge (3x)
3x
The correct answer is B.
© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 39
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Question 7
e2x
f(x) =
g(x)
2e2x g(x) − g′ (x)e2x
f ′ (x) = [ ]2
g(x)
2e2 g(1) − g′ (1)e2
= [ ]2 from question g(1) = 2 and g′ (1) = 1
g (1)
4e2 − e2 3e2
= =
4 4
The correct answer is C.

6.5 Curve sketching

Question 1
f (x) = x3 + ax2 + bx
f ′ (x) = 3x2 + 2ax + b
f ′ (−1) = 0 ⇒ 3 − 2a + b = 0 [1]
f ′ (3) = 0 ⇒ 27 + 6a + b = 0 [2]
[2] − [1]: 24 + 8a = 0
⇒ a = −3
b = 2a − 3 = −9
The correct answer is D.
Question 2
f : R → R, f(x) = ax3 − bx2 + cx, a, b, c ∈ R+
f′(x) = 3ax2 − 2bx + c ≠ 0
There will be no stationary points when Δ < 0.
⇒ Δ = (−2b)2 − 4 × 3a × c < 0
b2
4b2 − 12ac < 0 or c >
3a
The correct answer is D.
Question 3
a. f : R → R, f(x) = x3 − 5x
f′ (x) = 3x2 − 5 = 0
√ (√ ) √
15 15 10 15
⇒ x=± ,f =− ,
3 3 9
( √ ) √
15 10 15
f − =
3 9
(√ √ ) ( √ √ )
15 10 15 15 10 15
TP ,− , − ,
3 9 3 9
Award 1 mark for setting the derivative equal to zero.
Award 1 mark for both correct turning points.

40 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6
b. i. A (−1, f (−1)) = (−1, 4) , B (1, f (1)) = (1, −4)
4+4
mAB = = −4
−1 − 1
y − 4 = −4 (x + 1)
y − 4 = −4x − 4
y = −4x
Award 1 mark for calculating the correct gradient.
Award√ 1 mark for the correct equation.
ii. dAB = (4 − −4)2 + (−1 − 1)2
√
= 68
√
= 2 17
Award 1 mark for the correct distance.
Question 4
p
f(x) = x2 + = x2 + px−1
x p
f (x) = 2x − px−2 = 2x − 2
′

p x
f ′ (−2) = −4 − = 0.
4
p
= −4
4
p = −16
The correct answer is A.
Question 5
Since the gradient of f is negative ( f′(x) < 0, x ≠ 5) on either side of the stationary point ( f′(5) = 0), at
x = 5 the graph of f has a stationary point of inflection.
The correct answer is E.
Question 6
1 3
f ′ (x) = × (ax − 1)3 × −3 + (b − 3x) × (ax − 1)2 × a
27 27
1 3 a 2
= − × (ax − 1) + (ax − 1) (b − 3x)
9 9
1
= × (ax − 1)2 (− (ax − 1) + a (b − 3x))
9
1
= × (ax − 1)2 (−ax + 1 + ab − 3ax)
9
1
= (ax − 1)2 (1 + ab − 4ax) = 0
9
ax − 1 = 0 or 1 + ab − 4ax = 0
1 1 + ab
x= or x =
a 4a
The correct answer is A.
Question 7 ( )
Sketch f : R → R, f(x) = (x − 2) (x − 5) 3x2 + ax + 6 using CAS; p ∈ {1, 2, 3}.
∴ The graph of y = f(x) could have 1, 2 or 3 stationary points.
The correct answer is B.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 41
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Question 8
dy ( )
= 4x3 − 8x = 4x x2 − 2 = 0
dx
when x = 0 and y = 4 ⇒ (0, 4) is a local maximum
dy √
= 0 ⇒ x = 0 and x = ± 2
dx √ ( √ )
when x = ± 2 and y = 0 ⇒ both ± 2, 0 are local minimums
The correct answer is C.
Question 9 ( )
The derivative of y = (x + 2)2 x2 − 4x + 6 is found by applying the Product rule.
Let y = u × v
Where u = (x + 2)2 and v = (x2 − 4x + 6)
du dv
= 2(x + 2) = 2x − 4
dx dx
dy dv du
=u× +v×
dx dx dx ( )
= (x + 2)2 × (2x − 4) + x2 − 4x + 6 × 2 (x + 2)
( )
= (x + 2)2 × 2 (x − 2) + x2 − 4x + 6 × 2 (x + 2)
[ ( )]
= 2 (x + 2) (x + 2) (x − 2) + x2 − 4x + 6
[ ]
= 2 (x + 2) x2 − 4 + x2 − 4x + 6
[ ]
= 2 (x + 2) 2x2 − 4x + 2
( )
= 4 (x + 2) x2 − 2x + 1

Award 1 mark for the correct derivative curve.

The graph of the original function has a minimum stationary point at x = −2 and point of inflection
at x = 1.
Award 1 mark for the correct stationary points.
Question 10
f ′ (x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
f (−1) = −a + b − c + d (equation 1)
=1
f (2) = 8a + 4b + 2c + d (equation 2)
=4 [1 mark]
Award 1 mark for the correct substitution and use of f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
f ′ (−1) = 3a − 2b + c (equation 3)
=3
f ′ (2) = 12a + 4b + c (equation 4)
=0 [1 mark]

42 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Award 1 mark for the correct substitution and use of f ′ (x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
Solve the equations simultaneously.
1 2 4 28
a= b=− c= d= [2 marks]
9 3 3 9
1
Award mark for each correct value of a, b, c and d
2
Question 11
The graph has a stationary point of inflection at x = 3 and a minimum at x = 2.
The correct answer is B.

Question 12
A stationary point of inflection.
The correct answer is C.

Question 13
f ′ (x) < 0 implies that the graph has negative gradients for x > 3, therefore the graph of f(x) is decreasing
when x > 3.
f ′ (x) > 0 implies that the graph has positive gradients for x < 3, therefore the graph of f(x) is increasing
when x < 3.
Taking these two facts together implies that there is a local maximum at x = 3.
The correct answer is B.

Question 14
The graph of f(x) looks like this:

This implies that f is strictly increasing when x ∈ [5, ∞). [1 mark]

Question 15
The graph of h(x) is a negative cubic with stationary points at
h′ (x) = 1 − 3x2 = 0
1 = 3x2
1
x2 =
3 √
1 3
x = ±√ = ±
3 3
( √ √ )
3 3
h(x) is increasing when x ∈ − ,
3 3
The correct answer is C.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 43
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Question 16
The graph of f(x) looks like:

The graph of f(x) is strictly decreasing for all values of x. That is x ∈ R. [1 mark].
Question 17
The graph of g(x) looks like:

The graph of g(x) is strictly decreasing when x ∈ (0, 𝜋).

The correct answer is C.

6.6 Maximum and minimum problems

Question 1
A=l×w
= x (× y )
A(x) = x 4 − x2
= 4x − x3
dA
= 4 − 3x2 = 0 for max/min
dx
4 2
⇒ x2 = ⇒ u = √ since u > 0
3
( ) 3 ( ) √
2 2 4 16 16 3
Amax = A √ =√ 4− = √ =
3 3 3 3 3 9
The correct answer is E.
Question 2
a. s(x) = dOP
√
= x2 + y2
√
= x2 + (2x − 4)2
√
= 5x2 − 16x + 16
( )1
s = 5x2 − 16x + 16 2
ds 1 ( 2 )− 1
= 5x − 16x + 16 2 × (10x − 16)
dx 2
10x − 16
= √
2 5x2 − 16x + 16
ds
Minimum value occurs where =0
dx

44 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6
10x − 16
0= √
2 5x2 − 16x + 16
= 10x − 16
16 = 10x
8
x=
5
8
y=2× −4
5
4
=−
( 5 )
8 4
P ,−
5 5
ds
Award 1 mark for correctly deriving .
dx
Award 1 mark for the correct value of x.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of y.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Students who tackled this question by finding an expression for OP in terms of x, then setting the
derivative to zero, often had difficulty finding the derivative correctly, which ended up with an incorrect x
value. However, most students calculated a y coordinate. Some students opted for a solution by working
with similar triangles. A common incorrect response for P was (2, 0), which is the point of intersection of
the line y = 2x − 4 and the x-axis, while others incorrectly assumed the point P to be midway between
the line segment
√ formed by y = 2x − 4 and its axial intercepts.
( ) ( )2 ( )2
8 8 8
b. s = + 2× −4
5 √ 5 5
( )2 ( )2
8 4
= + −
√ 5 5
64 + 16
=
√ 25
80
=
√ 25
16 × 5
=
√5
4 5
dOP =
5
Award 1 mark for correctly using the distance formula.
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was attempted well. Some students misquoted the distance formula or made arithmetic
errors in their calculations.
Question 3
A = 2 × Atriangle + Arectangle
1
= 2 × bh + lw
2
b = p cos(x), h = p sin(x)
l = p, w = h = p sin(x)
A = p cos(x) × p sin(x) + p × p sin(x)
= p2 (cos(x) sin(x) + sin(x))

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 45
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6
dA ( )
= p2 2 cos2 (x) + cos(x) − 1 = 0
dx
𝜋 𝜋
since 0 < x < , x = .
2 3
The correct answer is D.
Question 4
A (u) = u.v( )
= u 8 − u3
= 8u − u4
dA
= 8 − 4u3 = 0 for max/min
du
⇒ u3 = 2
√3
⇒ u = 2 since u > 0
(√3
)
Amax = A 2
√
3
= 2 (8 − 2)
√3
=6 2
Question 5
V(x) = x(6 − 2x)(8 − 2x)
dV
= 12x2 − 56x + 48 = 0
dx
Since 0 < x < 3, solving ⇒ x ≈ 1.13
Question 6
Let the other side be y cm
2x + 2y = 20 ⇒ y = 10 − x
A = xy ⇒ A(x) = x(10 − x)
Question 7
Using CAS technology to graph the function the maximum value for the domain given is when x = 0,
therefore the maximum value is 795.
Question 8
f(x) is an upright cubic function with a point of inflection so its maximum value occurs at the end point
f (1) = (1)3 + 2 = 3.
Maximum is at y = 3 when x = 1. [1 mark]
Question 9
f(x) is a positive quadratic function, so its minimum value occurs at the local minimum.
Minimum ⇒ f ′ (x) = 2x = 0
=x=0
2
f (0) = 0 + 2 = 2
⇒ Minimum is at y = 2 when x = 0. [1 mark]
Question 10
The graph of f(x) looks like this:

𝜋
The maximum value is f(x) = 1 when x = . [1 mark]
2

46 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

6.7 Rates of change

Question 1
a
f : R⧵(4) → R, f(x) =
x−4
a a
f (8) = , f (6) =
4 2
a a
f (8) − f (6) −
= 4 2
8−6 2
( )
1 a − 2a
=
2 4
a
=−
8
The correct answer is E.
Question 2
f(x) = x2 − 2x
f (a) = a2 − 2a, f (1) = 1 − 2 = −1
f (a) − f (1) a2 − 2a + 1
=
a−1 a−1
(a − 1)2
=
a−1
=a−1
Since a > 1,
a−1=8⇒a=9
The correct answer is A.

Question 3
y = 2e−x+1 sin(x − 1)
Using the product rule:
dy dv du
=u +v
dx dx dx
= 2e−x+1 cos(x − 1) − 2e−x+1 sin(x − 1)
= 2e−x+1 (cos(x − 1) − sin(x − 1)
When x = 1,
dy
= 2e0 (cos(0) − sin(0))
dx
= 2(1 − 0)
=2
The correct answer is D.
Question 4
f (n) = 2500 × (1.004)n
f (12) − f (0)
= 10.22
12 − 0
The correct answer is B.
Question 5 √
f(x) = 3x2 − 2 x + 1
√
f(3) = 27 − 2 4 = 23 f(0) = −2
f(3) − f(0) 23 + 2 25
= =
3−0 3−0 3
The correct answer is D.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 47
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Question 6
f(x) = sin(2𝜋x) + 2x
f(5) = sin(10𝜋) + 10 = 10
( ) ( )
1 𝜋 1 3
f = sin + =
4 2 2 2 ] [
1
The average rate of change over , 5 is
( ) 4
f(5) − f 14 10 − 32 34
= = .
5 − 14 5 − 14 19
The correct answer is B.
Question 7
f(x) = cos(2𝜋x) + 2x
( ) = cos(8𝜋)
f(4) ( )+ 8
1 𝜋 1
f = cos +
4 2 2 (1)
f(4) − f 4
Average rate of change = 1
4− 4 ( ( ) )
(cos(8𝜋) + 8) − cos 𝜋2 + 12
= 15
(1) 4
(1 + 8) − 2
= 15
4
17 4
= ×
2 15
34
=
15
The correct answer is C.
Question 8
f(x) = x3 + e2x
f(x) = x3 + e2x
f(0) = 1 and f(2) = 8 + e4
f(2) − f(0) 7 + e4
Average rate = =
2−0 2
6.8 Newton’s method
Question 1
f(x) = 2 − x2 − sin(x)
f′(x) = −2x − cos(x) [1 mark]
Let x0 = 1.
f(1)
x1 = 1 −
f ′(1)
(1 − sin(1))
∴ x1 = 1 −
−2 − cos(1)
= 1.062 406
f(Ans)
x2 = Ans −
f ′(Ans)
= 1.061 549 9
Therefore, x = 1.062 (3 d.p.). [1 mark]

48 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Question 2 √
4
If x4 = 12, then x = 12.
∴ f(x) = x4 − 12
f′(x) = 4x3 [1 mark]
√
4
4 4
As 1 = 1 and 2 = 16, the solution to x = 12 lies between 1 and 2, and closer to 2. [1 mark]
Let x0 = 2.
f(2)
x1 = 2 −
f ′(2)
4
∴ x1 = 2 −
32
= 1.875
f(Ans)
x2 = Ans −
f ′(Ans)
= 1.861 361 1
f(Ans)
x3 = Ans −
f ′(Ans)
= 1.861 209 74
√4
Therefore, 12 = 1.86 (2 d.p.). [1 mark]
Question 3
Let f(x) = x4 − 5x − 8.
f(0) = 04 − 5(0) − 8
= −8
<0
f(−1) = (−1)4 − 5(−1) − 8
= −2
<0
f(−2) = (−2)4 − 5(−2) − 8
= 18
>0
As there is a sign change between x = −1 and x = −2, the solution to the equation must lie between these
values. Most likely it is closer to −1, as f (−1) is closer to 0 than f (−2). [1 mark]
Let x0 = −1.
f(x) = x4 − 5x − 8
f”(x) = 4x3 − 5 [1 mark]
f(−1)
x1 = −1 −
f ′(−1)
−3
∴ x1 = −1 −
21
= −1.222 222
f(Ans)
x2 = Ans −
f ′(Ans)
= −1.194 373 21
f(Ans)
x3 = Ans −
f ′(Ans)
= −1.193 793 76
Therefore, x = −1.194 (3 d.p.). [1 mark]

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 49
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

6.9 Review
Question 1
( )3
y = −3x3 + x2 − 64
dy ( )( )2
= 3 −9x2 + 2x −3x3 + x2 − 64
dx ( )( )2
= −3 9x2 − 2x 3x3 − x2 + 64 [1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
Students generally recognised the need to deploy the chain rule; however, a significant number of students
could not be awarded the mark. Poor use of brackets (or lack of brackets) resulted in an incorrect
( )2 ( )
expression. For example, the expression 3 −3x3 + x2 − 64 −9x2 + 2x is not equivalent to
( )2
3 −3x3 + x2 − 64 − 9x2 + 2x. Transcription errors (especially with exponents) and arithmetic errors with
unnecessary expansions were also observed.
Question 2
y = x2 sin(x)
u = x2 v = sin(x) (product rule)
du dv
= 2x = cos(x)
dx dx
dy dv du
=u +v
dx dx dx
dy 2
= x cos(x) + 2x sin(x)
dx
dy
= x (x cos(x) + 2 sin(x))
dx
Award 1 mark for using the product rule.
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Although this question was generally very well handled, some students made errors in an attempt to
factorise, which was not necessary.
Question 3
1 ( )
A(m) = m 9 − m2
2
1( )
= 9m − m3
2
dA 1 ( )
= 9 − 3m2 = 0
dm √ 2
m = 3, m > 0
(√ ) √
A 3 =3 3
The correct answer is D.
Question 4 √
f(x) = 3x2 − 2 x + 1
√
f (3) = 27 − 2 4 = 23 f (0) = −2
f (3) − f (0) 23 + 2 25
= =
3−0 3−0 3
The correct answer is D.

50 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Question 5
3x(x − 30)2
a. y = f(x) = , x ∈ [0, 30]
2000
dy 9 (x − 10) (x − 30)
= , x ∈ (0, 30) [1 mark]
dx 2000
VCAA Examination Report note:
Other equivalent forms were acceptable.
This question was answered ( well. Common ) incorrect answers were
2
9x (x − 30) (x − 15) 9 x − 40x + 30
and .
500 2000
dy
b. m=
dx
dm
Solving ≤ 0 ⇒ x ∈ (0, 20] [1 mark]
dx
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was not done well. Most students interpreted the question as asking where the function
modelling the hill was strictly decreasing, rather than the gradient of the hill and so the most common
incorrect response was [10, 30] or a combination of round and square brackets with those two values.
3x (x − 30)2
c. g(x) = f(x) + 3 = +3 [1 mark]
2000
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was generally well done. Some students did not give an equation. Others added 10, instead
of 3, to f.
f (30) − f (10) 0 − 6 −3
d. Average gradient = =
30 − 10 20 10
dy 9 (x − 10) (x − 30) −3
Solving = =
dx √ 2000 10
60 ± 10 3
gives x = .
3
Award 1 mark for calculation of the average gradient.
Award 1 mark for solving the derivative equal to the average gradient.
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.
VCAA Examination Report note:
A common incorrect answer for the average gradient
3
was .
10
30
1
Some students used h(x)dx.
30 − 10 ∫10
30
1
instead of h′(x) dx.
30 − 10 ∫10
Some students gave approximate answers for the x values, 14.23(√and 25.77.
)
±10 3+6
Other students did not use brackets correctly, giving x = as their answer. Another
√ 3
6 ± 10 3
common incorrect answer was .
3
9 (a − 10) (a − 30)
e. i. g′ (a) = [1 mark]
2000

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 51
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

VCAA Examination Report note:

Common incorrect answers were
9a2 9a 27 3 2 9 10 27
− + , a − a− + and
2000 50 50 2000 100 a 20
3a2 − 180a2 + 2700a − 20 000
.
2000a
f (a) − 10 h (a) − 10
Some students used instead of .
a a
b − 10
Other students wrote .
a
The answer had to be given in terms of a.
ii. At the point (a, b), the gradient of the straight section and the gradient of the curve are equal (smooth
join).
Also, the y-values are equal.
9(a − 10)(a − 30) 10 − b
g′(a) = = and b = g(a)
2000 0−a
Solving gives a = 11.12, b = 8.95 ⇒ A (11.12, 8.95).
Award 1 mark for each equation (up to 2 marks).
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Many students did not equate the correct expressions. Some students found the value of a but not the
value of b. Other students rounded their answers incorrectly, giving (11.11, 8.94).
iii. g′ (11.12) = −0.094 85 [1 mark]
= −0.1
VCAA Examination Report note:
Students who obtained the correct value for a in Question 2eii were generally successful with this
question.
Question 6
Only E is a smooth, continuous graph and differentiable at the origin.
4x + 1 x<0
f(x) = {
(2x + 1)2 x ≥ 0
f (0) = 1
f ′ (x) = 4
The correct answer is E.
Question 7
a. Vbox = L × W × H
L = 25 − 2x, H = 50 − 2x = 2 (25 − x) , W = x
V = 2x (25 − 2x) (25 − x)
[1 mark]
b. L = 25 − 2x > 0, H = 2 (25 − x) > 0 , W = x > 0
25
0<x< [1 mark]
2
c. Vbox = 4x3 − 150x2 + 1250x
dVbox ( )
= 2 6x2 − 150x + 625 [1 mark]
dx

52 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6
dVbox ( )
d. Solving = 2 6x2 − 150x + 625 = 0
dx
25 ( √ )
gives x = 3− 3
6
( ( √
25 √ )) 15625 3
Vmax = Vbox 3− 3 = cm3
6 9
Award 1 mark for solving.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of x.
Award 1 mark for the correct maximum volume.
e. When x = 5, area of the 4 corners is 4 × 5 × 5 = 100, The area of cardboard: h × 2h = 25 × 50 = 1250
100
% wasted × 100% = 8%
1250
Award 1 mark for correct calculations.
Award 1 mark for the correct % wastage.
h
f. i. Vbox = 2x (h − 2x) (h − x) , 0 < x < [1 mark]
2
ii. Vbox = 4x3 − 6x2 h + 2h2 x
dVbox
Solving = 12x2 − 12xh + 2h2 = 0
dx( √ )
h
gives x = 3− 3
6( √
h( √ )) 3h3
Vmax = Vbox 3− 3 = cm3
6 9
Award 1 mark for solving.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of x.
Award 1 mark for the correct maximum volume.
h
g. Vbox = x(h − 2x)2 = 4x3 − 4hx2 + h2 x domain 0 < x <
2
dVbox 2 2
dVbox h
= 12x − 8xh + h = (2x − h) (6x − h) = 0 for max x =
dx dx 6
h dV
x> < 0,
6 dx
h dV
x< >0
6 dx
So, it is a maximum by the sign test.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of x
Award 1 mark for sign test.
Question 8
L = 80 − 2x
W = 50 − 2x W > 0 ⇒ 0 < x < 25
V = LWH
V = x (80
( − 2x) (50 − 2x)2 )
V = x 4000 − 260x + 4x
V = 4000x − 260x2 + 4x3
dV
= 4000 − 520x + 12x2 = 0
dx
dV ( )
= 4 3x2 − 130x + 1000 = 0
dx
dV
= 4 (3x − 100) (x − 10) = 0
dx
x = 10 since 0 < x < 25
The correct answer is A.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 53
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

Question 9 √
a. d (PB) = 1 − x2 [1 mark]
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Though mostly well done, some students left their answer as an incorrect and unsimplified form of the
distance formula.√
1
b. A(x) = (x + 1) 1 − x2
2
Applying the product rule:
⎡ 1
dA 1 ⎢ √ 1 ( ) − ⎤
= 1 × 1 − x2 + (x + 1) ×− 2x × 1 − x2 2 ⎥
dx 2⎢ 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
[ ]
dA 1 √ x (x + 1)
= 1 − x2 − √
dx 2 1 − x2
[ ]
dA 1 1 − x2 − x (x + 1)
= √ = 0 for a maximum or minimum.
dx 2 1 − x2
1 − x2 − x (x + 1) = 0
1 − x2 − x2 − x = 0
2x2 + x − 1 = 0
(2x − 1) (x + 1) = 0 but x > 0
1
x=
2 ( ) √ √
1 1 3 3 3 3
Amax = A = × × =
2 2 2 4 8
Award 1 mark for the method.
Award 1 mark for correctly applying the product rule.
Award 1 mark for the correct values of x and maximum area.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
The majority of students used calculus to solve this problem. Some students used geometry and
trigonometry to obtain a correct solution. Most students managed to find an expression for the area in
terms of x. Many of those who used calculus found the differentiation of the expression difficult,
generally as a result of poor setting out, particularly with lack of brackets, or dealing with negative terms.
Students are encouraged to practice differentiations involving combinations of product and chain rules.
Question 10
5 − 3t
a. c (t) = te 2
2
5 − 3t
c′ (t) = e 2 (2 − 3t)
4
For maximum or minimum:
c′ (t) = 0
⇒ 2 − 3t = 0
2
t=
( ) 3
2 5 −1
c = e = 0.61 mg/L
3 3
Award 1 mark for the correct maximum value
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was answered well. Some students had incorrect units, such as mm for milligrams. Some
left their answers in exact form. Some found t correct to two decimal places and left their answer as 0.67.

54 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6
b. i. Solving using CAS:
c(t) = 0.5 ⇒ t1 = 0.33
Award 1 mark for the correct time.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was answered well. Some students gave two answers, 0.33 and 1.19, instead of only the
first one, as specified in the question. Some students rounded incorrectly and gave 0.32 as their
answer.
ii. c(t) = 0.5 ⇒ t1 = 0.3263 t2 = 1.1876
t2 − t1 = 1.1876 − 0.3263
= 0.86 hours
Award 1 mark for finding the other time.
Award 1 mark for subtracting times, correct to 2 decimal places
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Students should always work to suitable accuracy in intermediate calculations to support rounding
the answer to the required accuracy. Some students wrote down the two values but did not find the
difference for the length of time. Some added the two values. Some students incorrectly converted the
time to minutes.
( )
c(3) − c 23
c. i. = −0.227 064
3 − 23
= −0.23
Award 1 mark for finding the average rate.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of average rate, correct to 2 decimal places.
VCAA Assessment Report note:( )
c(3) − c 23
Average rate of change = −0.23 mg/L/h, correct to two decimal places. Some students
3 − 23
3 − 23
worked out the average value of the function. Some used ( ) . Others had incorrect units.
c(3) − c 32
Some changed their answer to 0.23 mg/L/h.
5 − 3t
ii. c′ (t) = e 2 (2 − 3t)
4
= 0.227 062
⇒ t1 = 0.90, t2 = 2.12
Award 1 mark for solving the gradient equal to average rate.
Award 1 mark from CAS for both correct times.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some rounded their answers incorrectly. Others did not work to the required number of decimal
places.
d. n(t) = Ate−kt
1
n(0.5) = 0.74 = Ae−1
2
2 × 0.74
⇒A= =4
e−1
1
n(0.5) = 0.74 = Ae−1
2
2 × 0.74
⇒A= =4
e−1
Award 1 mark for differentiating and solving for time.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of k.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of A.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 55
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

VCAA Assessment Report note:

Many students were able to set up at least one of the equations. n′(0.5) = 0.74 was often used. Some
students differentiated by hand incorrectly. Some students gave the value of k, not A. Others gave an
exact answer.
Question 11
a. y = ax2 + bx
Q (2, 4) ⇒ 4 = 4a + 2b (1)
dy
= 2ax + b
dx
dy |
mT = | = 4a + b
dx |x=2
T : y − 4 = (4a + b) (x − 2)
Crosses at (6, 0):
−4 = 4 (4a + b)
4a + b = −1 (2)
(1) − (2) : b = 5
So 4a = −1 − b
4a = −6
3
a=−
2
Award 1 mark for the first equation.
Award 1 mark for the equation involving tangents.
Award 1 mark for both correct values of a and b.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Most students knew to set up two equations to solve simultaneously. The most common error was to
substitute x = 6 and y = 0 into y = ax2 + bx, stating incorrectly that the point (6, 0) lay on the parabola.
b. i. By similar triangles:
v 4
=
u u−2
4u
v=
u−2
Award 1 mark for the correct expression.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students were able to set up a suitable equation; however, errors in algebraic manipulation (or
poor setting out of working) often resulted in incorrect final answers.
1
ii. A = uv − 8
2
2u2
A (u) = − 8 Quotient rule
u−2
dA 4u (u − 2) − 2u2
= =0
du (u − 2)2
2u2 − 8u = 0
2u (u − 4) = 0
5
u = 0 or u = 4 but ≤ u ≤ 6
2
32
A (4) = −8
2
A (4) = 8
The minimum area is 8 and occurs when
Award 1 mark for using the quotient rule and setting the derivative to zero.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of u and the correct minimum area.

56 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 6

VCAA Assessment Report note:

This question was answered poorly. A complete solution to this question required setting up an
equation for the area in one variable and then testing turning points as well as endpoints to determine
the minimum value. Many students set up overly complex equations for the area or had difficulty in
differentiating their equation correctly. Other students did the reverse by simply assuming u = 6.
iii. Examine the endpoints.
2 × 36
A (6) = − 8 = 10
( ) 4 25
5 2×
A = 1 4 −8
(2) 2
5
A = 25 − 8
2
( )
5
A = 17
2
5
The maximum area is 17 and occurs when u = .
2
Award 1 mark for the correct maximum area and value of u.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was also answered poorly. Many students who attempted this question incorrectly
assumed that the value of the maximum area occurred at a local stationary point. Some students only
gave a partial answer to the question and not the values for both u and area.
Question 12

Award 1 mark for the correct curve shape and the correct asymptote.
Question 13

Award 1 mark for the correct placement of the two derivative sections.
Award 1 mark for the use of correct end points on each section.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 57
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

7 Anti-differentiation
Topic 7 Anti-differentiation
Subtopic 7.2 Anti-differentiation

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 1, Q2; © VCAA

Question 1 (2 marks)
Find an anti-derivative of (4 − 2x)−5 with respect to x.

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q16; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
Let f(x) = axm and g(x) = bxn , where a, b, m and n are positive integers. The domain of f = domain of
g = R.
If f ′ (x) is an anti-derivative of g(x), then which one of the following must be true?
m
A. is an integer
n
n
B. is an integer
m
a
C. is an integer
b
b
D. is an integer
a
E. n − m = 2

Question 3 (1 mark)
( )
4 2
Find 3x − 2 dx.
∫ x

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 1
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Topic 7 Subtopic 7.2 Anti-differentiation

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q19; © VCAA

Question 4 (1 mark)
x (√ )
If f(x) = t2 + 4 dt, then f ′ (−2) is equal to
∫0
√
A. 2
√
B. − 2
√
C. 2 2
√
D. −2 2
√
E. 4 2

Question 5 (1 mark)
6
dx is equal to:
∫ x+5
1
A. 6 dx
∫ x+5
1
B. 6dx dx
∫ ∫ x+5
1
C. 6dx + dx
∫ ∫ x+5

6dx
∫
D.
(x + 5)dx
∫
6
E.
(x + 5)dx
∫

2 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Topic 7 Subtopic 7.2 Anti-differentiation

Question 6 (1 mark)
1
An anti-derivative of is equal to
x8
1
A. +c
8x9
8
B. − 9 +c
x
1
C. − 7 +c
7x
9
D. − 9 +c
x
1
E. +c
9x9

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 3
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Topic 7 Anti-differentiation
Subtopic 7.3 Anti-derivatives of exponential and trigonometric functions

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q9; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
( )
d xekx
Given that = (kx + 1) ekx , then xekx dx is equal to
dx ∫
xekx
A. +c
kx + 1
( )
kx + 1 kx
B. e +c
k
1 kx
C. e dx
k∫
( )
1 kx kx
D. xe − e dx + c
k ∫
1 ( )
E. 2 xekx − ekx + c
k

Question 2 (1 mark)
The gradient of a curve is given by 2 sin(2x) − 4e−2x . The curve passes through the origin. The equation of
the curve is given by
A. 2e−2x − 1 − cos(2x)
B. 1 + cos(2x) − 2e−2x
C. cos(2x) + 2e−2x − 3
D. 4 cos(2x) − 8e−2x + 4
E. −4 cos(2x) + 8e−2x − 4

4 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Topic 7 Subtopic 7.3 Anti-derivatives of exponential and trigonometric functions

Question 3 (1 mark)
If aebx dx = −2e2x + c, then
∫
A. a = 4 and b = −2
B. a = −2 and b = 2
C. a = −1 and b = 2
D. a = −4 and b = 2
E. a = −4 and b = −2

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 1, Q3; © VCAA

Question 4 (2 marks)
The function with rule g(x) has derivative g′ (x) = sin(2𝜋x).
1
Given that find g(1) = , find g(x).
𝜋

Question 5 (3 marks)
Find the derivative of x sin(x) and hence find an antiderivative of x cos(x).

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 5
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Topic 7 Subtopic 7.3 Anti-derivatives of exponential and trigonometric functions

Question 6 (1 mark)
1 1
Which one of the following options is an anti-derivative of 2 − ( )?
x cos2 2x
( )
1 x
A. − − 2 tan
x 2
2 (2)
B. − 3 − ( )
x cos3 2x
( )
1 1 x
C. − tan
x 2 2
( )
( 2) x
D. loge x − tan
2
( )
1 ( 2) x
E. loge x − 2 tan
2 2

Question 7 (1 mark) ( )
x 5𝜋
The gradient of a curve is given by 2 cos . If the x intercept is x = then the y intercept will be at
2 3
y=
1
A. −
2
1
B.
2
C. −2
√
3
D.
2
E. 2

6 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Topic 7 Anti-differentiation
1
Subtopic 7.4 The anti-derivative of f (x) =
x

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Question 1 (1 mark)
x2 + 2x − 3
Determine dx.
∫ x2

Question 2 (1 mark)
6
dx is equal to
∫ x+5
1
A. 6 dx
∫ x+5
1
B. 6dx dx
∫ ∫ x+5
1
C. 6dx + dx
∫ ∫ x+5

6dx
∫
D.
(x + 5)dx
∫
6
E.
(x + 5)dx
∫

Question 3 (3 marks)
If f(x) = x loge (x), find f ′ (x) and hence loge (x)dx.
∫

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 7
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7
1
Topic 7 Subtopic 7.4 The anti-derivative of f(x) = x

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods 1, Q2; © VCAA

Question 4 (3 marks)
1 1
The derivative with respect to x of the function f : (1, ∞) → R has the rule f ′ (x) = − .
2 (2x − 2)
Given that f(2) = 0, find f(x) in terms of x.

8 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Topic 7 Anti-differentiation
Subtopic 7.5 Families of curves

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q3; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
2
Let f ′ (x) = √ .
2x − 3
If f(6) = 4, √then
A. f(x) = 2 2x − 3
√
B. f(x) = 2x − 3 − 2
√
C. f(x) = 2 2x − 3 − 2
√
D. f(x) = 2x − 3 + 2
√
E. f(x) = 2x − 3

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 9
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Topic 7 Subtopic 7.5 Families of curves

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q6; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
Part of the graph of y = f ′ (x) is shown below.
y

The corresponding part of the graph of y = f(x) is best represented by

A. y B. y

x x

C. y D. y

x
x

E. y

10 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Topic 7 Subtopic 7.5 Families of curves

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 1, Q7; © VCAA

Question 3 (3 marks) ( )
′ 𝜋 1
If f (x) = 2 cos(x) − sin(2x) and f = , find f(x).
2 2

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods 1, Q2; © VCAA

Question 4 (2 marks)
Let f ′ (x) = x3 + x.
Find f(x) given that f(1) = 2.

Question 5 (1 mark)
Sketch the graph of the antiderivative of the function f with rule y = f(x).

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 11
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Topic 7 Subtopic 7.5 Families of curves

Question 6 (1 mark)
The graph of the function f with rule y = f(x) is shown. Sketch a graph of an antiderivative function of f.

Question 7 (1 mark)

The graph of y = f ′ (x) is shown above.

Which of the following statements is true for the graph of y = f(x)?
The graph has a local maximum at x = 0 and a stationary point of inflection at x = 4.
The graph has a local minimum at x = 0 and a stationary point of inflection at x = 4.
The graph has a local maximum at x = 4 and a stationary point of inflection at x = 0.
The graph has a local minimum at x = 4 and a stationary point of inflection at x = 0.
The graph has a local minimum at x = 4, a local maximum at x = 1, and a stationary point of
inflection at x = 0.

12 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Topic 7 Anti-differentiation
Subtopic 7.6 Applications

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Question 1 (3 marks)
A particle moves in a straight line so that its velocity, in metres per second, can be defined by the rule
v = 2t3 − t + 1, t ≥ 0
a. Determine the rule for the position of the particle, if it is known the particle started 1 m to the left of the
origin. (1 mark)

b. Determine the velocity and position of the particle after 3 seconds. (2 marks)

Question 2 (2 marks)
A particle moves in a straight line so that its acceleration, after t seconds, is given by a = 4 − 2t, t ≥ 0. If
v = 0 and x = 3 when t = 0, calculate the position and velocity of the particle when t = 2.

Question 3 (2 marks)
db 3
The rate of growth of bacteria in a petri dish in a laboratory can be modelled by = 100t 2 , where b is the
dt
number of bacteria after t hours. Initially there were 80 bacteria cells.
a. Determine an equation for b in terms of t. (1 mark)

b. Determine how long, to the nearest minute, it would take the number of bacteria to reach 500. (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 13
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Topic 7 Anti-differentiation
Subtopic 7.7 Review

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q5; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
Let f ′ (x) = 3x2 − 2x such that f(4) = 0.
The rule of f is
A. f(x) = x3 − x2
B. f(x) = x3 − x2 + 48
C. f(x) = x3 − x2 − 48
D. f(x) = 6x − 2
E. f(x) = 6x − 24

Question 2 (1 mark)
The graph of the function y = f(x) is shown.

0 x

14 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Topic 7 Subtopic 7.7 Review

Select the graph from the following that could be the graph of the anti-derivative.
A. y B. y

x 0 x
0

C. y D. y

0 x 0 x

E. y

0 x

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 15
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Topic 7 Subtopic 7.7 Review

Question 3 (1 mark)
1
An anti-derivative of dx is
∫ 5
(3x − 4) 2
1
A. 3
3(x − 4) 2
−3
B. 3
2(3x − 4) 2
−9
C. 3
2(3x − 4) 2
3
D. 3
(3x − 4) 2
−2
E. 3
9(3x − 4) 2

Question 4 (1 mark)
The gradient of a curve is given by 6x − 1. The curve passes through the point (2, 1). The equation of the
curve is given by
A. y = 3x2 − x
B. y = 3x2 − x − 9
C. y = 3x2 − 11
D. y = 6
E. y = 2x2 − x − 3

Question 5 (3 marks)
Find the derivative of x sin(x) and hence find an anti-derivative of x cos(x).

16 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Topic 7 Subtopic 7.7 Review

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods 1, Q1; © VCAA

Question 6 (4 marks)
( )
1 1
Let f : , ∞ → R, f(x) = .
3 3x − 1
a. i. Find f ′ (x). (1 mark)

ii. Find an antiderivative of f(x). (1 mark)

sin(𝜋x)
b. Let g : R\ {−1} → R, g(x) = .
x+1
Evaluate g′ (1). (2 marks)

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 1, Q2; © VCAA

Question 7 (3 marks)
3
Let f ′ (x) = 1 − where x ≠ 0
x
Given that f(e) = −2, find f(x).

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 17
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Topic 7 Subtopic 7.7 Review

Question 8 (3 marks)
( )3
Let f(x) = g′ (x) and h(x) = k′ (x), where g(x) = x2 − 2 and k(x) = cos2 (x).
Find
a. ( f(x) + h(x)) dx (1 mark)
∫

b. ( f(x) − 4) dx (1 mark)
∫

c. 3h(x)dx (1 mark)
∫

Question 9 (3 marks)
tan(x) dy dx 2
If y = , find , given = √ and x = 4 when t = 1.
4 dt dt t

18 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Answers and marking guide

7.2 Anti-differentiation
Question 1
(4 − 2x)−5 dx
∫
(4 − 2x)−4
=
−2 × −4
1
=
8(4 − 2x)4
Award 1 mark for the correct power.
Award 1 mark for the correct factor out the front.
Question 2
a, b, m and n ∈ Z+
d b n+1
(axm ) = maxm−1 = bxn dx = x
dx ∫ n+1
b
⇒ = m(n + 1)xm−n−2 ⇒ m − n − 2 = 0
a
b b
Since = m (n + 1) and m, n are both integers, it is clear that is an integer.
a a
b m
n = 1, m = 3: = 6, =3
a n
b m
n = 2, m = 4: = 12, =2
a n
b m 5
n = 3, m = 5: = 20, =
a n 3
The correct answer is D.
Question 3
( )
2 2
3x − 2 dx = 3x4 dx −
4
dx
∫ x ∫ ∫ x2

= 3x4 dx − 2x−2 dx
∫ ∫
3x5 2
= + + c [1 mark]
5 x
Question 4
x√
f(x) = t2 + 4 dt
∫0
√
f ′ (x) = x2 + 4
√ √ √
f ′ (−2) = 4 + 4 = 8 = 2 2
The correct answer is C.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 19
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Question 5
From the rule
k f(x)dx = k f(x)dx
∫ ∫
The correct answer is A.
Question 6
1
dx
∫ x8

= x−8 dx
∫
1
= − x−7 + c
7
1
=− 7 +c
7x
The correct answer is C.

7.3 Anti-derivatives of exponential and trigonometric functions

Question 1
d ( kx )
xe = (kx + 1)ekx
dx
(kx + 1)ekx dx = xekx
∫

k xekx dx + ekx dx = xekx

∫ ∫

k xekx dx = xekx − ekx dx

∫ ∫
( )
kx 1 kx kx
xe dx = xe − e dx + c
∫ k ∫
The correct answer is D.
Question 2
dy
= 2 sin(2x) − 4e−2x
dx
( )
y = 2 sin(2x) − 4e−2x dx
∫
= − cos(2x) + 2e−2x + c
When x = 0 and y = 0,
0 = −1 + 2 + C ⇒ C = −1
y = − cos(2x) + 2e−2x − 1
The correct answer is A.

20 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Question 3
a
a ebx dx = ebx + c
∫ b
a
−2e = ebx
2x
b
Equating coefficients:
e2x = ebx
b=2
a
−2 =
b
a
−2 =
2
a = −4
The correct answer is D.
Question 4
g′ (x) = sin(2𝜋x)

g(x) = sin(2𝜋x)dx
∫
1
=− cos(2𝜋x) + c
2𝜋
1 1
g(1) = = − cos(2𝜋) + c
𝜋 2𝜋
1 1 3
= =− +c⇒c=
𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
3 1
g(x) = − cos(2𝜋x)
2𝜋 2𝜋
Award 1 mark for the correct antiderivative.
Award 1 mark for the correct constant of integration.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Most students could anti-differentiate sin (2𝜋x) but many neglected ‘+c’, which was essential in order to
move to the next step. Mistakes in the attempt to combine the two fractions for c were common.
Question 5
d
(x sin (x)) = sin (x) + x cos (x) [1 mark]
dx
(x cos (x)) dx = x sin (x) − sin (x) dx [1 mark]
∫ ∫
= x sin (x) + cos (x) [1 mark]
Question 6
( ) ( )
1 1 1 x
− ( ) dx = − − 2 tan +c
∫ x2 cos2 x x 2
2
The correct answer is A.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 21
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Question 7
( )
dy x
= 2 cos
dx ( 2 ( ))
x
y= 2 cos dx
∫ ( )2
x
= 4 sin +C
2
5𝜋
when x = and y = 0
3
( )
5𝜋
0 = 4 sin +C=2+C ⇒ C = −2
6
( )
x
y = 4 sin −2
2
now when x = 0, y = −2
The correct answer is C.

7.4 The anti-derivative of f (x) = 1

x
Question 1
x2 + 2x − 3 ( −1 −2
)
dx = 1 + 2x − 3x dx
∫ x2 ∫
= x + 2 loge (x) + 3x−1 + c
3
= x + 2 loge (x) + + c, x > 0 [1 mark]
x
Question 2
From the rule,
kf(x) dx = k f(x) dx.
∫ ∫
The correct answer is A.
Question 3
Let u = x, v = loge (x).
du dv 1
= 1, =
dx dx x
1
f ′ (x) = × x + 1 × loge (x)
x
= 1 + loge (x) [1 mark]

x loge (x) = (loge (x) + 1)dx

∫

x loge (x) = loge (x)dx + 1dx [1 mark]

∫ ∫

loge (x)dx = x loge (x) − x [1 mark]

∫

22 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Question 4
1 1
f ′ (x) = −
2 2x − 2
( )
1 1
f(x) = − dx
∫ 2 2x − 2
x 1
f(x) = − loge (2x − 2) + c [1 mark]
2 2
1 1
f(2) = 0 ⇒ 0 = 1 − loge (2) + c; c = loge (2) − 1 [1 mark]
2 2
x 1 1
f(x) = − loge (2x − 2) + loge (2) − 1
2 2 2
( )
x 1 2x − 2
f(x) = − 1 − loge
2 2 2
x 1
f(x) = − 1 − loge (x − 1) x>1 [1 mark]
2 2
VCAA Examination Report note: ( )
1
This question was attempted well. A common misconception was that dx = loge (2x − 2) + c,
∫ 2x − 2
which was incorrect. Some students found a value of c but did not substitute it back into the final answer to
1 x
state f (x). Some poor notation was observed, for example, is not the same as , and notation for the
2x 2
natural logarithm is loge not loge.

7.5 Families of curves

Question 1
2 −1
f ′ (x) = √ = 2 (2x − 3) 2
2x − 3
1
2
f(x) = 1
(2x − 3) 2 + c
2× 2
√
f(x) = 2 2x − 3 + c
√
f(6) = 4 ⇒ 4 = 2 9 + c, c = −2
√
f(x) = 2 2x − 3 − 2
The correct answer is C.
Question 2
The gradient changes from positive to zero to negative to zero, then stays positive. The graph also has to be
a quintic graph. Graph B is the only option.
The correct answer is B.
Question 3
f ′ (x) = 2 cos(x) − sin(2x)
f(x) = (2 cos(x) − sin(2x)) dx
∫
1
f(x) = 2 sin(x) + cos(2x) + c
2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 23
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7
( )
𝜋 1
f =
2 2
( )
1 𝜋 1
= 2 sin + cos(𝜋) + c
2 2 2
1 1
= 2 − + c ⇒ c = −1
2 2
1
f(x) = 2 sin(x) + cos(2x) − 1
2
Award 1 mark for the correct antiderivative.
Award 1 mark for attempting to find c.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of c.
Question 4
f ′ (x) = x3 + x, f (1) = 2
( 3 )
f (x) = x + x dx
∫
x4 x2
f (x) = + +c
4 2
1 1 1 1 5
2 = + + c, c = 2 − − =
4 2 4 2 4
4 2
x x 5
f (x) = + +
4 2 4
Award 1 mark for the correct antiderivative.
Award 1 mark for the correct answer with correct c value.
Question 5
Given that f (x) has a cubic shape, the antiderivative function has to be a polynomial of degree 4.
The function given has two x-intercepts, one of which is also a stationary point. This implies that the quartic
has a positive shape, with a point of inflection at x = 0 and a stationary point.

Award 1 mark for the correct antiderivative graph showing a quartic curve.
Question 6
The graph y = f (x) of is an inverted quadratic, which implies that the antiderivative function is an inverted
cubic function.
The graph y = f (x) of has two x-intercepts, at x = 1 and x = 3.
This implies that the stationary points of the anti-derivative function will occur when x = 1 and x = 3.

24 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Award 1 mark for the correct antiderivative graph of a negative cubic curve.
Question 7
At x = 0 the gradient goes from negative to positive, and is zero at x = 0, this is a local minimum. At x = 4
the gradient is zero, but its rate of change goes from negative to positive, this is a stationary point of
inflection.
The correct answer is B.

7.6 Applications
Question 1
dx
a. v = = 2t3 − t + 1
dt
x= 2t3 − t + 1dt
∫
1 1
= t4 − t2 + t + c
2 2
When t = 0, x = −1.
1 1
−1 = (0) − (0) + 0 + c
2 2
c = −1
1 1
Therefore, x = t4 − t2 + t − 1. [1 mark]
2 2
b. t = 3
1 1
x = (3)4 − (3)2 + 3 − 1
2 2
81 9
= − +2
2 2
= 36 + 2
= 38 [1 mark]
3
v = 2t − t + 1
= 2(3)3 − 3 + 1
= 54 − 3 + 1
= 52 [1 mark]
After 3 seconds, the particle is 38 m to the right of the origin, with a velocity of 52 m/s.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 25
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Question 2
dv
a= = 4 − 2t
dt

v= 4 − 2tdt
∫
= 4t − t2 + c
When t = 0, v = 0.
0 = 4(0) − (0)2 + c
c=0
Therefore, v = 4t − t2 .
dx
v= = 4t − t2
dt

= 4t − t2 dt
∫
1
= 2t2 − t3 + c
3
When t = 0, x = 3.
1
3 = 2(0)2 − (0)3 + c
3
c=3
1
Therefore, x = 2t2 − t3 + 3. [1 mark]
3
t=2
v = 4(2) − (2)2
=8−4
=4
1
x = 2(2)2 − (2)3 + 3
3
8
=8− +3
3
25
=
3
25
After 3 seconds, the particle is m to the right of the origin, with a velocity of 4 m/s. [1 mark]
3
Question 3
db 3
a. = 100t 2
dt
3
b= 100t 2 dt
∫
5
100t 2
= 5
+c
2
5
= +c
40t 2
Initially, b = 80.
5
80 = 40(0) 2 + c
80 = 0 + c
c = 80
5
Therefore, b = 40t 2 + 80. [1 mark]

26 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7
5
b. 500 = 40t 2 + 80
t = 2.56
0.56139 × 60 = 33.68 [1 mark]
Therefore, the bacteria will number 500 after 2 hours, 34 minutes.

7.7 Review
Question 1
f ′ (x) = 3x2 − 2x

f(x) = (3x2 − 2x)dx = x3 − x2 + c

∫
f(4) = 0 ⇒ 0 = 46 − 16 + c, c = −48
f(x) = x3 − x2 − 48
The correct answer is C.
Question 2
dy 1
= 2
dx x
1
y= dx
∫ x2
1
=− +c
x
The correct answer is A.
Question 3
1 −5
dx = (3x − 4) 2 dx
∫ 5 ∫
(3x − 4) 2
−3
(3x − 4) 2
=
3 × − 32
−3
(3x − 4) 2
=
− 92
−3
2 (3x − 4) 2
=−
9
The correct answer is E.
Question 4
dy
= 6x − 1
dx
y= (6x − 1) dx
∫
= 3x2 − x + C
when x = 2 and y = 1
1 = 12 − 2 + C ⇒ C = −9
y = 3x2 − x − 9
The correct answer is B.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 27
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Question 5
d
(x sin(x)) = sin(x) + x cos(x) [1 mark]
dx

(x cos(x))dx = x sin(x) − sin(x)dx [1 mark]

∫ ∫
= x sin(x) + cos(x) [1 mark]
Question 6
−3
a. i. f ′ (x) = −3(3x − 1)−2 = using the chain rule. [1 mark]
(3x − 1)2
VCAA Examination Report note:
The majority of students correctly applied the chain rule. Errors were generally arithmetic in nature
or with the negative exponent.
1 1 1
ii. dx = loge (3x − 1) + c since x > [1 mark]
∫ (3x − 1) 3 3
VCAA Examination Report note:
Students should note that they could easily verify their answer by using the chain rule to differentiate
their answer, and checking whether or not this derivative was in fact the rule for f.
sin(𝜋x)
b. g : R⧵ {−1} → R, g(x) =
x+1
Using the quotient rule:
𝜋 cos (𝜋x) (x + 1) − 1 × sin (𝜋x)
g′ (x) =
(x + 1)2
2𝜋 cos (𝜋) − sin(𝜋)
g′ (1) =
4
′ 𝜋
g (1) = −
2
Award 1 mark for using quotient rule.
Award 1 mark for correct result.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Though generally well handled, poor placement of, or lack of, brackets when using quotient rule (or the
combination of product and chain rules) led to errors in evaluation. Other errors included the
misconception that cos (𝜋) = 1 or misquoting the relevant differentiation rule (which is listed on the
formula sheet).
Some students did not answer the question in its entirety (i.e. completely forgetting to evaluate g′ (1)).
Question 7
3
f ′ (x) = 1 −
x
( )
3
f (x) = 1− dx
∫ x
= x − 3 loge (|x|) + c
To find c, f (e) = −2
−2 = e − 3 loge (e) + c ⇒c=1−e
f (x) = x − 3 loge (|x|) + 1 − e
Award 1 mark for the correct integration.
Award 1 mark for finding the constant.
Award 1 mark for the correct function.

28 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 7

Question 8
( )3
a. x2 − 2 + cos2 (x) + c [1 mark]
( )3
b. x2 − 2 − 4x + c [1 mark]
c. 3cos2 (x) + c [1 mark]
Question 9
dx
x= dt
∫ dt
2
= √ dt
∫ t
√
=4 t+c [1 mark]
√
4=4 1+c
c=0
√
∴x=4 t [1 mark]
( √)
tan 4 t
y=
t
dy 1
=√ ( √)
dt t × 2cos2 4 t
1
= √ ( √) [1 mark]
2 tcos2 4 t

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 29
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

8 Integral calculus
Topic 8 Integral calculus
Subtopic 8.2 The fundamental theorem of integral calculus

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q9; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
8 2

If f(x)dx = 5, then f(2 (x + 2))dx is equal to

∫ ∫
4 0
A. 12
B. 10
C. 8
1
D.
2
5
E.
2

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q8; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
12 5 5

If g(x) dx = 5 and g(x) dx = −6, then g(x) dx is equal to

∫ ∫ ∫
1 12 1
A. −11
B. −1
C. 1
D. 3
E. 11

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 1
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.2 The fundamental theorem of integral calculus

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 1, Q3; © VCAA

Question 3 (2 marks)
4( )
1
∫ √x
Evaluate dx.
1

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q4; © VCAA

Question 4 (1 mark)
𝜋
6

(a sin(x) + b cos(x)) dx is equal to

∫
0 ( √ )
2− 3 a−b
A.
2
( √ )
b− 2− 3 a
B.
2
( √ )
2− 3 a+b
C.
2
( √ )
2− 3 b−a
D.
2
( √ )
2− 3 b+a
E.
2

2 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.2 The fundamental theorem of integral calculus

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q15; © VCAA

Question 5 (1 mark)
5 5

If g(x)dx = 20 and (2g(x) + ax) dx = 90, then the value of a is

∫ ∫
0 0
A. 0
B. 4
C. 2
D. −3
E. 1

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 1, Q2; © VCAA

Question 6 (2 marks)
5
2
Let dx = loge (b).
∫ 2x − 1
4
Find the value of b.

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q8; © VCAAA

Question 7 (1 mark)
4 4

If f(x)dx = 6, then (5 − 2 f(x)) dx is equal to

∫ ∫
1 1
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
E. 16

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 3
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.2 The fundamental theorem of integral calculus

Question 8 (2 marks)
a 0
a5
Given that x4 dx = find x4 dx.
∫ 5 ∫
0 −a

Question 9 (1 mark)
4

(2 f(x) + 6) dx can be written as

∫
1
4

A. 2 f(x)dx + 6
∫
1
4 4

B. 2 f(x)dx + 3dx
∫ ∫
1 1
4

C. 2 ( f(x) + 6) dx
∫
1
4

D. 2 f(x)dx + 18
∫
1

E. 2 f(x)dx + 6x
∫
1

Question 10 (2 marks)
Let f be a differentiable function defined for all real x, where f(x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ [0, a].
a 5a ( ( ) )
x
If f(x)dx = a, find 2 f + 2 dx.
∫ ∫ 5
0 0

4 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.2 The fundamental theorem of integral calculus

Question 11 (1 mark)
3k ( ( ) ) k
x
Find 4 g − 1 dx, given (g(x)) dx = 2k, where function g is continuous for x ∈ R and given
∫ 3 ∫
0 0
g(x) ≥ 0 for x ∈ [0, k].

Question 12 (1 mark)
3 3

If ( f(x)) dx = 4 then (2f(x) − 3) dx is equal to

∫ ∫
1 1
A. 0
B. 2
C. 3
D. 5
E. 8

Question 13 (1 mark)
5 1

Given that (h(x)) dx = 4, (h(x) − 2) dx is equal to

∫ ∫
1 5
A. 0
B. 1
C. 4
D. 7
E. 8

Question 14 (2 marks)
6 3 6

Given that ( f(x)) dx = 14, find ( f(x) + 2) dx + ( f(x)) dx.

∫ ∫ ∫
2 2 3

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 5
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Integral calculus

Subtopic 8.3 Areas under curves

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q5; © VCAA

Question 1 (5 marks)
2
Let f : R⧵ {1} → R, f(x) = + 1.
(x − 1)2
a. i. Evaluate f (−1). (1 mark)

ii. Sketch the graph of f on the axes below, labelling all asymptotes with their equations. (2 marks)
y

5
4
3

2
1
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2

−3
−4

b. Find the area bounded by the graph of f, the x -axis, and the line x = −1 and the line x = 0. (2 marks)

6 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.3 Areas under curves

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q17; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
The graph of a function f, where f(−x) = f(x), is shown below.

The graph has x-intercepts at (a, 0), (b, 0), (c, 0) and (d, 0) only.
The area bound by the curve and the x-axis on the interval [a, d] is
d

A. f(x)dx
∫
a
b d d

B. f(x)dx − f(x)dx + f(x)dx

∫ ∫ ∫
a c c
b c

C. 2 f(x)dx + f(x)dx
∫ ∫
a b
b b+c

D. 2 f(x)dx − 2 f(x)dx
∫ ∫
a b
b b c

E. f(x)dx + f(x)dx + f(x)dx

∫ ∫ ∫
a c d

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 7
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.3 Areas under curves

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q20; © VCAA

Question 3 (1 mark)
[ ] [ ] √
𝜋 𝜋
The graphs of f : 0, → R, f(x) = cos(x) and g : 0, → R, g(x) = 3 sin(x) are shown below.
2 2
The graphs intersect at B.

y
y = 3 sin(x)
(–π2 , 3)
1 B

y = cos(x)

A
x
O π
–
2

The ratio of the area of the shaded region to the area of triangle OAB is
A. 9 : 8 √
√ 3𝜋
B. 3 − 1 :
√ 8
C. 8 3 − 3 :√ 3𝜋
√ 3𝜋
D. 3 − 1 :
√ 4
3𝜋
E. 1 :
8

8 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.3 Areas under curves

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q3; © VCAA

Question 4 (1 mark)
The area of the region enclosed by the graph of y = x(x + 2)(x − 4) and the x-axis is
128
A.
3
20
B.
3
236
C.
3
148
D.
3
E. 36

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q19; © VCAA

Question 5 (1 mark) √
Jake and Anita are calculating the area between the graph of y = x and the y-axis between y = 0 and
y = 4. Jake uses a partitioning, shown in the diagram below, while Anita uses a definite integral to find the
exact area.

The difference between the results obtained by Jake and Anita is

A. 0
22
B.
3
26
C.
3
D. 14
E. 35

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 9
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.3 Areas under curves

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q16; © VCAA

Question 6 (1 mark) √
The graph of f : [1, 5] → R, f(x) = x − 1 is shown below.

Which one of the following definite integrals could be used to find the area of the shaded region?
5
(√ )
A. x − 1 dx
∫
1
2
(√ )
B. x − 1 dx
∫
0
5
( √ )
C. 2− x − 1 dx
∫
0
2
( )
D. x2 + 1 dx
∫
0
2
( 2)
E. x dx
∫
0

10 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.3 Areas under curves

Question 7 (1 mark)
The area bounded by the graph of y = −x2 + 8x + 12, the x-axis and the lines x = 1 and x = 4 , is equal to
A. 3
1
B. 2
3
1
C. 5
3
2
D. 7
3
E. 7.66

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 11
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Integral calculus

Subtopic 8.4 Areas between curves and average values

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q15; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
Part of the graph of a function f, where a > 0, is shown below.

(–2a, 2a) f

(a, a)

x
O

(0, –a)

The average value of the function f over the interval [−2a, a] is

A. 0
a
B.
3
a
C.
2
3a
D.
4
E. a

12 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.4 Areas between curves and average values

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q19; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark) ( )
𝜋x
The graphs f : R → R, f(x) = cos and g : R → R, g(x) = sin(𝜋x) are shown in the diagram below.
2

5
3 x
0
1 1 3
3
f

An integral expression that gives the total area of the shaded regions is
3( ( ))
𝜋x
A. sin(𝜋x) − cos dx
∫ 2
0
( 3 ( ))
𝜋x
B. 2 sin(𝜋x) − cos dx
∫ 2
5
3
1
( ( )
3 ) 1( ( ) ) 3( ( ) )
𝜋x 𝜋x 𝜋x
C. cos − sin(𝜋x) dx − 2 cos − sin(𝜋x) dx − cos − sin(𝜋x) dx
∫ 2 ∫ 2 ∫ 2
0 1 5
3 3
5
( ( )
3 ) 3( ( ) )
𝜋x 𝜋x
D. 2 cos − sin(𝜋x) dx − 2 cos − sin(𝜋x) dx
∫ 2 ∫ 2
1 5
3
1
( ( )
3 ) 1( ( )) 3( ( ) )
𝜋x 𝜋x 𝜋x
E. cos − sin(𝜋x) dx + 2 sin(𝜋x) − cos dx + cos − sin(𝜋x) dx
∫ 2 ∫ 2 ∫ 2
0 1 5
3 3

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 13
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.4 Areas between curves and average values

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q8; © VCAA

Question 3 (7 marks)
Let f : R → R, f(x) = x2 ekx , where k is a positive real constant.
a. Show that f′(x) = xekx (kx + 2). (1 mark)

b. Find the value of k for which the graphs of y = f(x) and y = f′(x) have exactly one point of
intersection. (2 marks)

2xekx
Let g(x) = − . The diagram below shows sections of the graphs of f and g for x ≥ 0.
k
y

f
x=2
x
0 2

Let A be the area of the region bounded by the curves y = f(x), y = g(x) and the line x = 2.
c. Write down a definite integral that gives the value of A. (1 mark)

16
d. Using your result from part a, or otherwise, find the value of k such that A = . (3 marks)
k

14 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.4 Areas between curves and average values

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q14; © VCAA

Question 4 (1 mark) ( )
𝜋
A value of k for which the average value of y = cos kx − over the interval [0, 𝜋] is equal to the
2
average value of y = sin(x) over the same interval is
1
A.
6
1
B.
5
1
C.
4
1
D.
3
1
E.
2

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q8; © VCAA

Question 5 (1 mark) [ ]
The graph of a function f : −2, p → R is shown below.

[ ]
The average value of f over the interval −2, p is zero.
25
The area of the shaded region is .
8
If the graph is a straight line, for 0 ≤ x ≤ p, then the value of p is
A. 2
B. 5
5
C.
4
5
D.
2
25
E.
4

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 15
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.4 Areas between curves and average values

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q20; © VCAA

Question 6 (1 mark)
The graph of a function, h, is shown below.

The average value of h is

A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7
E. 10

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 1, Q6; © VCAA

Question 7 (3 marks)
Let g : R → R, g(x) = (a − x)2 , where a is a real constant.
31
The average value of g on the interval [−1, 1] is .
12
Find all possible values of a.

16 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.4 Areas between curves and average values

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 1, Q10c; © VCAA

Question 8 (3 marks)
−x
Let f : [0, ∞] → R, f(x) = 2e 5 .
A right-angled triangle OQP has vertex O at the origin, vertex Q on the x-axis and vertex P on the graph of
f, as shown. The coordinates of P are (x, f(x)).

Let S be the point on the graph of f on the y-axis and let T be the point on the graph of f with the
1
y-coordinate .
2
Find the area of the region bounded by the graph of f and the line segment ST.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 17
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.4 Areas between curves and average values

Question 9 (1 mark)
𝜋
The average value of the function y = 3sin2 (2x) over 0 ≤ x ≤ is
2
A. 0.00472
B. 0.0019
C. 1.5
D. 4.5
3𝜋
E.
4

Question 10 (1 mark) √
The average value of the function y = 4x + 9 over 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 is
1
A.
2
1
B. 4
12
1
C. 8
6
1
D. 16
3
1
E. 65
3

18 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.4 Areas between curves and average values

Question 11 (1 mark)
Consider the graphs of the functions f and g shown below.

The area of the shaded region could be represented by

d

A. ( f(x) − g(x)) dx
∫
a
d

B. ( f(x) − g(x)) dx
∫
0
b c

C. ( f(x) − g(x)) dx + ( f(x) − g(x)) dx

∫ ∫
0 b
a d
c
D. f(x)dx + (f(x) − g(x)) dx + f(x)dx
∫ ∫a ∫
0 b
d c

E. f(x)dx − g(x)dx
∫ ∫
0 a

Question 12 (3 marks)
Find the area of the shaded region between the equations y = x3 and y = 8, as shown.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 19
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.4 Areas between curves and average values

Question 13 (1 mark)
Given f : R → R, f(x) = e2x − 1 and, g : R → R, g(x) = −e2x , the area enclosed between the graphs
y = f(x) and y = g(x) and the lines x = −1 and x = 0 is given by
− 1 loge (2)
2 ( 2x ) 0
( )
A. 2e − 1 dx + −2e2x + 1 dx
∫−1 ∫− 1 log (2)
2 e

− 1 loge (2)
2 ( ) 0
( )
B. −2e2x + 1 dx + 2e2x − 1 dx
∫−1 ∫− 1 log (2)
2 e

0
( )
C. 2e2x − 1 dx
∫−1
0
( )
D. 2e2x + 1 dx
∫−1
1
−1
( 2x ) 2
log(2)
( )
E. 2e − 1 dx + −2e2x + 1 dx
∫ 1 log(2) ∫0
2

Question 14 (3 marks) ( )
x
Find the area enclosed by the curves with equations f(x) = cos and g(x) = sin(x) over the interval
2
[0, 2𝜋].

20 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Integral calculus

Subtopic 8.5 Applications

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: Adapted from VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section B, Q2; © VCAA

Question 1 (11 marks)

An area of parkland has a river running through it, as shown below. The river is shown shaded.
( )
𝜋x
The north bank of the river is modelled by the functionf1 : [0, 200] → R, f1 (x) = 20 cos + 40
100
( )
𝜋x
The south bank of the river is modelled by the function f2 : [0, 200] → R, f2 (x) = 20 cos + 30
100
The horizontal axis points east and the vertical axis points north.
All distances are measured in metres.
y

80
north

f1
60
west east

40 f2
south

P
20

0 x
0 50 100 150 200

A swimmer always starts at point P, which has coordinates (50, 30).

Assume that no movement of water in the river affects the motion or path of the swimmer, which is always
a straight line.
a. The swimmer swims north from point P.
Find the distance, in metres, that the swimmer needs to swim to get to the north bank of the
river. (1 mark)

b. The swimmer swims east from point P.

Find the distance, in metres, that the swimmer needs to swim to get to the north bank of the
river. (2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 21
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.5 Applications

c. On another occasion, the swimmer swims the minimum distance from point P to the north bank of the
river.
Find this minimum distance. Give your answer in metres, correct to one decimal place. (2 marks)

d. Calculate the surface area of the section of the river shown on the graph above in square metres. (1 mark)

e. A horizontal line is drawn through point P. The section of the river that is south of the line is declared a
‘no swimming’ zone.
Find the area of the ‘no swimming’ zone, correct to the nearest square metre. (3 marks)

f. Scientists observe that the north bank of the river is changing over time. It is moving further north from
its current position. They model its predicted new location using the function with rule y = kf1 (x), where
k ≥ 1.
Find the values of k for which the distance north across the river, for all parts of the river, is strictly less
than 20 m. (2 marks)

22 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.5 Applications

Source: Adapted from VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section B, Q3; © VCAA

Question 2 (7 marks)
During a telephone call, a phone uses a dual-tone frequency electrical signal to communicate with the
telephone exchange.
The strength,
( f,)of a simple
( dual-tone
) frequency signal is given by the function
𝜋t 𝜋t
f (t) = sin + sin where t is a measure of time and t ≥ 0.
3 6
Part of the graph of y = f(t) is shown below.

t
O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

−1

−2

a. State the period of the function. (1 mark)

b. Find the values of t where f(t) = 0 for the interval t ∈ [0, 6]. (1 mark)

c. Find the maximum strength of the dual-tone frequency signal, correct to two decimal places. (1 mark)

d. Find the area between the graph of f and the horizontal axis for t ∈ [0, 6]. (2 marks)

e. The rectangle bounded by the line y = k, k ∈ R+ , the horizontal axis, and the lines x = 0 and x = 12 has
the same area as the area between the graph of f and the horizontal axis for one period of the dual-tone
frequency signal.
Find the value of k. (2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 23
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.5 Applications

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 2, Q2; © VCAA

Question 3 (14 marks)

A city is located on a river that runs through a gorge.
The gorge is 80 m across, 40 m high on one side and 30 m high on the other side.
A bridge is to be built that crosses the river and the gorge.
A diagram for the design of the bridge is shown below.
The main frame of the bridge has the shape of a parabola. The parabolic frame is modelled by
3
y = 60 − x2 and is connected to concrete pads at B(40, 0) and A(−40, 0).
80

60
Q N

X(–40, 40) E

P F Y (40, 30)
M

A O B x
–40 40

The road across the gorge is modelled by a cubic polynomial function.

a. Find the angle, 𝜃, between the tangent to the parabolic frame and the horizontal at the point A(−40, 0) to
the nearest degree. (2 marks)

The road from X to Y across the gorge has gradient zero at X(−40, 40) and at Y(40, 30), and has equation
x3 3x
y= − + 35
25 600 16
m
b. Find the maximum downwards slope of the road. Give your answer in the form − where m and n are
n
positive integers. (2 marks)

24 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.5 Applications

Two vertical supporting columns, MN and PQ, connect the road with the parabolic frame.
The supporting column, MN is at the point where the vertical distance between the road and the parabolic
frame is a maximum.
c. Find the coordinates (u, v) of the point M, stating your answers correct to two decimal places. (3 marks)

The second supporting column, PQ, has its lowest point at P(−u, w).
d. Find, correct to two decimal places, the value of w and the lengths of the supporting columns MN and
PQ. (3 marks)

For the opening of the bridge, a banner is erected on the bridge, as shown by the shaded region in the
diagram below.
y

60

E
F

x
–40 O 40

e. Find the x-coordinates, correct to two decimal places, of E and F, the points at which the road meets the
parabolic frame of the bridge. (3 marks)

f. Find the area of the banner (shaded region), giving your answer to the nearest square metre. (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 25
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Integral calculus

Subtopic 8.6 Review

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q11; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
a a

If f(x)dx = k, then (3f(x) + 2)dx is

∫ ∫
0 0
A. 3k + 2a
B. 3k
C. k + 2a
D. k+2
E. 3k + 2

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q2; © VCAA

Question 2 (4 marks)
Let y = x loge (3x).
dy
a. Find . (2 marks)
dx

2
( )
b. Hence, calculate loge (3x) + 1 dx. Express your answer in the form loge (a), where a is a positive
∫
1
integer. (2 marks)

26 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.6 Review

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q3; © VCAA

Question 3 (5 marks)
3
Let f : R⧵ {1} → R, where f(x) = 2 + .
x−1
a. Sketch the graph of f. Label the axis intercepts with their coordinates and label any asymptotes with the
appropriate equation. (3 marks)

b. Find the area enclosed by the graph of f, the lines x = 2 and x = 4, and the x-axis. (2 marks)

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q12; © VCAA

Question 4 (1 mark)
4 4 2

If f(x)dx = 4 and f(x)dx = −2, then ( f(x) + x) is equal to

∫ ∫ ∫
1 2 1
A. 2
B. 6
C. 8
7
D.
2
15
E.
2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 27
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.6 Review

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q15; © VCAA

Question 5 (1 mark)
Let h be a function with an average value of 2 over the interval [0, 6].
The graph of h over this interval could be
A. y B. y

4 4

2 2

x x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

C. y D. y

6 8

4 6

2 4

x 2
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
–2 x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

E. y

x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

28 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.6 Review

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods 1, Q6; © VCAA

Question 6 (5 marks)
Let f : [−𝜋, 𝜋] → R, where f(x) = 2 sin(2x) − 1.
𝜋 𝜋
a. Calculate the average rate of change of f between x = − and x = . (2 marks)
3 6

𝜋 𝜋
b. Calculate the average value of f over the interval − ≤x≤ . (3 marks)
3 6

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 1, Q5; © VCAA

Question 7 (7 marks)
Consider the function f : [−1, 3] → R, f(x) = 3x2 − x3 .
a. Find the coordinates of the stationary points of the function. (2 marks)

b. On the axes below, sketch the graph of f.

Label any end points with their coordinates. (2 marks)

c. Find the area enclosed by the graph of the function and the horizontal line given by y = 4. (3 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 29
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.6 Review

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 2, Q2; © VCAA

Question 8 (13 marks)

On 1 January 2010, Tasmania Jones was walking through an ice-covered region of Greenland when he
found a large ice cylinder that was made a thousand years ago by the Vikings.
A statue was inside the ice cylinder. The statue was 1 m tall and its base was at the centre of the base of the
cylinder.

The cylinder had a height of h metres and a diameter of d metres. Tasmania Jones found that the volume of
the cylinder was 216 m3 . At that time, 1 January 2010, the cylinder had not changed in a thousand years. It
was exactly as it was when the Vikings made it.
a. Write an expression for h in terms of d. (2 marks)

b. Show that the surface area of the cylinder excluding the base, S square metres, is given by the rule
𝜋d2 864
S= + . (1 mark)
4 d

c. Tasmania found that the Vikings made the cylinder so that S is a minimum.
Find the value of d for which S is a minimum and find this minimum value of S. (2 marks)

d. Find the value of h when S is a minimum. (1 mark)

30 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.6 Review

e. On 1 January 2010, Tasmania believed that due to recent temperature changes in Greenland, the ice of
the cylinder had just started melting. Therefore, he decided to return on 1 January each year to measure
the ice cylinder. He observes that the volume of the ice cylinder decreases by a constant rate of 10 m3
per year. Assume that the cylindrical shape is retained and d = 2h at the beginning and as the cylinder
melts. (1 mark)
Write down an expression for V in terms of h.

dh
f. Find in terms of h. (3 marks)
dt

g. Find the rate at which the height of the cylinder will be decreasing when the top of the statue is just
exposed. (1 mark)

h. Find the year in which the top of the statue will just be exposed. (Assume that the melting started on
1 January 2010.) (2 marks)

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods 1, Q8; © VCAA

Question 9 (5 marks)
dy √ x x
The gradient of a function is given by = x+6− − .
dx 2(3 )
29
The graph of the function has a single stationary point at 3, .
4
a. Find the rule of the function. (3 marks)

b. Determine the nature of the stationary point. (2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 31
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.6 Review

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods 2, Section B, Q1; © VCAA

Question 10 (5 marks)
Let g : R → R, g(x) = x3 − kx, k ∈ R+ .
a. Let C(−1, g(−1)) and D(1, g(1)) be two points on the graph of g.
i. Find the distance CD in terms of k. (2 marks)

b. The diagram below shows part of the graphs of g and y = x. These graphs intersect at the points with the
coordinates (0, 0) and (a, a).

i. Find the values of k such that the distance CD is equal to k + 1. (1 mark)

ii. Find the value of a in terms of k. (1 mark)

iii. Find the area of the shaded region in terms of k. (2 marks)

32 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.6 Review

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods 2, Section B, Q1; © VCAA

Question 11 (12 marks)

Consider the quartic f : R → R, f(x) = 3x4 + 4x3 − 12x2 and part of the graph of y = f(x) below.

a. Find the coordinates of the point M, at which the minimum value of the function f occurs. (1 mark)

b. State the values of b ∈ R for which the graph of y = f(x) + b has no x-intercepts. (1 mark)

1
c. Part of the tangent, l, to y = f(x) at x = − is shown below. (1 mark)
3

Find the equation of the tangent l.

1
d. The tangent l intersects y = f(x) at x = − and at two other points.
3 √
a± b
State the x-values of the two other points of intersection. Express your answers in the form ,
c
where a, b and c are integers. (2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 33
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.6 Review

√ the total area of the regions bounded by the tangent l and y = f(x). Express your answer in the form
e. Find
a b
, where a, b and c are positive integers. (2 marks)
c

f. Let p : R → R, p(x) = 3x4 + 4x3 + 6(a − 2)x2 − 12ax + a2 , a ∈ R.

State the value of a for which f(x) = p(x) for all x. (1 mark)

g. Find all solutions to p′(x) = 0, in terms of a where appropriate. (1 mark)

h. i. Find the values of a for which p has only one stationary point. (1 mark)

ii. Find the minimum value of p when a = 2. (1 mark)

iii. If p has only one stationary point, find the values of a for which p(x) = 0 has no solutions. (1 mark)

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods 1, Q2; © VCAA

Question 12 (4 marks)
Let y = x loge (3x).
dy
a. Find . (2 marks)
dx

2
( )
b. Hence, calculate loge (3x) + 1 dx. Express your answer in the form loge (a), where a is a
∫
1
positive integer. (2 marks)

34 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.6 Review

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 2, Q5; © VCAA

Question 13 (15 marks)

Answer the following.
t −2t
a. Let S(t) = 2e 3 + 8e 3 , where 0 ≤ t ≤ 5.
i. Find S(0) and S(5). (1 mark)

ii. The minimum value of S occurs when t = loge (c).

State the value of c and the minimum value of S. (2 marks)

iii. On the axes below, sketch the graph of S against t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 5. Label the end points and the
minimum point with their coordinates. (2 marks)

iv. Find the value of the average rate of change of the function S over the interval [0, loge (c)]. (2 marks)

t − 2t
b. Let V : [0.5] → R, V (t) = de 3 + (10 − d) e 3 , where d is a real number and d ∈ (0, 10).
If the minimum value of the function occurs when t = loge (9), find the value of d. (2 marks)

c. i. Find the set of possible values of d such that the minimum value of the function occurs
when t = 0. (2 marks)

ii. Find the set of possible values of d such that the minimum value of the function occurs
when t = 5. (2 marks)

k 2 1
d. If the function V has a local minimum (a, m), where 0 ≤ a ≤ 5, it can be shown that m = d 3 (10 − d) 3
2
Find the value of k. (2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 35
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.6 Review

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 2, Q4; © VCAA

Question 14 (16 marks)

16 − x2
Part of the graph of a function R → R, g(x) = is shown below.
4

a. Points B and C are the positive x-intercept and y-intercept of the graph of g, respectively, as shown in the
diagram above. The tangent to the graph of g at the point A is parallel to the line segment BC.
i. Find the equation of the tangent to the graph of g at the point A. (2 marks)

ii. The shaded region shown in the diagram above is bounded by the graph of g, the tangent at the point
A, and the x-axis and y-axis.
Evaluate the area of this shaded region. (3 marks)

b. Let Q be a point on the graph of y = g(x). Find the positive value of the x-coordinate of Q, for which the
distance OQ is a minimum and find the minimum distance. (3 marks)

c. The tangent to the graph of g at a point p has a negative gradient and intersects the y-axis at point
D(0, k), where 5 ≤ k ≤ 8.

Find the gradient of the tangent in terms of k. (2 marks)

36 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Topic 8 Subtopic 8.6 Review

d. i. Find the rule A(k) for the function of k that gives the area of the shaded region. (2 marks)

ii. Find the maximum area of the shaded region and the value of k for which this occurs. (2 marks)

iii. Find the minimum area of the shaded region and the value of k for which this occurs. (2 marks)

Question 15 (1 mark) ) (
𝜋t
The temperature T ° over a time period of a day is given by the function T (t) = 17 − 6 sin , where t is
12
the time in hours. Using the given function the average temperature over the first 12 hours is equal to
A. 17
12
B. 204 −
𝜋
12
C. 17 +
𝜋
12
D. 17 −
𝜋
12
E.
𝜋

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 37
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Answers for marking guide

8.2 The fundamental theorem of integral calculus
Question 1
8

f(x) dx
∫
4
du
Let u = 2 (x + 2) , = 2.
dx
Terminals: x = 0, u = 4, x = 2, u = 8
2 8
1
f (2 (x + 2)) dx = f (u) du
∫ ∫ 2
0 4
8
1
= f (x) dx
2∫
4
5
=
2
Alternatively:
y = f (x)
y = f (2 (x′ + 2))
x
x′ = − 2
2
x = 4, x′ = 0
x = 8, x′ = 2
A translation of 2 units to the left parallel to the x-axis does not affect the area.
1
A dilation by a factor of from the y-axis means the area is halved.
2
The correct answer is E.

Question 2
12 5

g(x)dx = 5, g(x)dx = −6
∫ ∫
1 12
5 12 12
g(x)dx + g(x)dx = g(x)dx
∫1 ∫5 ∫1
5
g(x)dx + (−6) = −5
∫1
5
g(x)dx = −1
∫1
The correct answer is B.

38 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Question 3
4( ) 4
1 −1
∫ √ dx = x 2 dx
∫
x
1 1[ ]
4
1
= 2 x2
[√ 1 √ ]
=2 4− 1

= 2 (2 − 1)
=2
Award 1 mark for the correct antiderivative.
Award 1 mark for the correct final answer.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was not answered well. A range of incorrect anti-derivatives were given, the majority of
which involved the logarithm function.
Question 4
𝜋
6
(a sin(x) + b cos(x)) dx
∫0
𝜋
= [−a cos(x) + b sin(x)]06
[ ( ) ( )]
𝜋 𝜋
= −a cos + b sin
6 6
− [−a cos(0) + b sin(0)]
( √ )
( √ )
a 3 b 2 − 3 a+b
= − + − (−a) =
2 2 2
The correct answer is C.
Question 5
5
Given g(x)dx = 20
∫0
5

(2g(x) + ax) dx = 90
∫
0
5 5

2 g(x)dx + ax dx = 90
∫ ∫
0
[0 ]5
1 2
2 × 20 + ax = 90
2 0
a
(25 − 0) = 50
2
⇒ a=4
The correct answer is B.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 39
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Question 6
5
2 [ ]5
dx = loge (|2x − 1|)
∫ 2x − 1 4
4 ( )
= loge (9) − loge (7)
( )
9
= loge
7
9
So b = .
7
Award 1 mark for the correct antiderivative.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of b.
VCAA Assessment Report note: ( )
a
This was a routine application of dx = loge (|ax + b|) + c.
∫ ax + b
Question 7
4
f(x)dx = 6
∫1
4 4

(5 − 2f(x)) dx = [5x]41 − 2 f(x)dx

∫ ∫
1 1
= 20 − 5 − 2 × 6
=3
The correct answer is A.
Question 8
0 0

x dx = − x4 dx
4
[1 mark]
∫ ∫
−a 0
a5
=− [1 mark]
5
Question 9
4 4 4

2 f(x)dx + 6dx = 2 f(x)dx + [6x]41

∫ ∫ ∫
1 1 1
4

= 2 f(x)dx + 18
∫
1
The correct answer is D.
Question 10
5a ( ) 5a
x
2 f dx + 2 2dx = 2 × 5a + 2 [2x]5a [1 mark]
∫ 5 ∫ 0
0 0
= 10a + 20a
= 30a [1 mark]

40 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Question 11
3k ( ) 3k [ ( )]3k
x x
4 g dx − 4 1dx = 4 3G − 4 [x]3k
∫ 3 ∫ 3 0 0
0 0
= 4 [3 (G (k) − G (0))] − 4 [3k] [1 mark]
= 4 × 3 × 2k − 12k
= 12k [1 mark]

Question 12
3 3

2 f(x)dx − 3 dx = 2 × 4 + [3x]31
∫ ∫
1 1
= 8 − (9 − 3)
=2
The correct answer is B.
Question 13
1 1 5

h(x)dx − 2 dx = − h(x)dx − [2x]15

∫ ∫ ∫
5 5 1
= −4 − (2 − 10)
=4
The correct answer is C.
Question 14
6 3 3 6 3

f(x)dx + f(x)dx + 2 dx = f(x)dx + 2 dx [1 mark]

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
3 2 2 2 2
6

= f(x)dx + [2x]32
∫
2
= 14 + (6 − 4)
= 16 [1 mark]

8.3 Areas under curves

Question 1
2
a. i. f : R⧵ (1) → R, f(x) = +1
(x − 1)2
2 3
f (−1) = 2
+1= [1 mark]
(−2) 2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 41
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8
( ) ( )
3 3
ii. Note that the graph must pass through the points −1, , (0, 3) , (2, 3) , 3, .
2 2
y
6
5
(0, 3)
4
3
2
1 y=1

0 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2
−3
−4
x=1
Award 1 mark for the correct asymptotes.
Award 1 mark for the correct graph.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Most students correctly recognised that a truncus shape was required and most of these students
located it correctly. Again, curvature was an issue for some, with graphs ‘turning away’ from the
asymptotes or crossing them. Students who made use of their answer to part a, and found a
y-intercept were most successful in producing a correct graph. Those who did not recognise the
truncus tended to draw a rectangular hyperbola with correct asymptotes.
0 ( )
2
b. A = + 1 dx
∫ (x − 1)2
[
−1 ]0
−2
A= +x = (2 + 0) − (1 − 1)
(x − 1) −1
A = 2 units2
Award 1 mark for the correct definite integral and anti-derivative.
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Students were generally able to set up the correct definite integral, but often did not find the correct
anti-derivative or evaluated it incorrectly. The most common errors were an anti-derivative that involved
a log component or overlooking the +1 constant when anti-differentiating.

Question 2
Given that f (−x) = f (x), the graph is symmetrical about the y-axis.
b d 0 c

f(x)dx = f(x)dx, and − f(x)dx = − f(x)dx

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
a c b 0
b 0

A = 2 f(x)dx − 2 f(x)dx
∫ ∫
a b
b b+c

= 2 f(x)dx − 2 f(x)dx
∫ ∫
a b
Since b + c = 0
The correct answer is D.

42 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Question 3
[ ] [ ]
𝜋 𝜋
f : 0, → R, f(x) = cos(x), g : 0, → R,
2 2
√
g(x) = 3 sin(x)
To find the point of intersection of f(x) and g(x):
f(x) = g(x) √
⇒ cos(x) = 3 sin(x)
1
⇒ tan(x) = √
3( √ )
𝜋 𝜋 3
⇒x= B ,
6 6 2
𝜋 𝜋
6 √ 2
Shaded area = 3 sin(x)dx + cos(x)dx
∫0 ∫𝜋
√ 3 1
6
= 3− +
√ 2 2
= 3−1
√ √
1 𝜋 3 3𝜋
Area of the triangle OAB = × × =
2 2 2 8
√
√ 3𝜋
The ratio of areas is 3 − 1 : .
8
The correct answer is B.
Question 4
y = x (x + 2) (x − 4)
0
20
A1 = y dx = using CAS
∫ 3
−2
| 4 | | 128 |
A2 = | y dx| = ||− |
|∫0 | 3 |
20 128 148
A= + =
3 3 3
The correct answer is D.
Question
√ 5
y = x ⇒ x = y2
Area with y-axis:
b

A = xdy
∫
a
4

= y2 dy
∫
0
1 [ 3 ]4
= y
3 0

64
=
3

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 43
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

y 4 3 2 1
√
x 16 9 4 1

J = 1 × (16 + 9 + 4 + 1) = 30
64 26
J − A = 30 − =
3 3
The correct answer is C.
Question 6
b

Area with the y-axis, A = (x2 − x1 ) dy

∫
√ a
f(x) =
√ x − 1 f (5) = 2
y = x − 1 ⇒ y2 = x − 1 ⇒ x2 = y2 + 1
x1 = 1
2 2 2
(( 2 ) )
A= y + 1 − 1 dy = y2 dy = x2 dx
∫ ∫ ∫
0 0 0
(by dummy variable property)
The correct answer is E.
Question 7
y = −x2 + 8x + 12 = − (x − 6) (x − 2)

4
( )
A1 = −x2 + 8x − 12 dx
∫
2
[ ]4
1 3 2
= − x + 4x − 12x
3 2
( ) ( )
64 8
= − + 64 − 48 − − + 16 − 24
3 3
1
=5
3

44 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8
2
( 2 )
A2 = −x + 8x − 12 dx
∫
1
[ ]2
1 3 2
= − x + 4x − 12x
3 1
( ) ( )
8 1
= − + 16 − 24 − − + 4 − 12
3 3
1
= −2
3
1 1 2
Total area A = A1 + |A2 | = 5 + 2 = 7
3 3 3
The correct answer is D.

8.4 Areas between curves and average values

Question 1
Equation of left-hand graph:
−3a 3
m= = − , c = −a
2a 2
3
y=− x−a
2
Equation of right-hand graph:
2a
m= = 2, c = −a
a
y = 2x − a
a
1
Average value = f(x)dx
a − (−2a) ∫
−2a
⎛ ( ) a 0
⎞
1 ⎜ 3
= − x − a dx + (2x − a) dx⎟
3a ⎜ ∫ 2 ∫ ⎟
⎝−2a 0 ⎠
a
=
3
The correct answer is B.

Question 2 ( )
𝜋x
f : R → R, f(x) = cos
2
g : R → R, f(x) = sin(𝜋x)
1
3

A1 = ( f(x) − g(x)) dx
∫
0
1

A2 = (g(x) − f(x)) dx
∫
1
3
5
3

A3 = (f(x) − g(x)) dx
∫
1

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 45
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8
3

A4 = (g(x) − f(x)) dx
∫
5
3
A = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 but A2 = A3 , so A = A1 + 2A2 + A4 .
1
3 1 3

= (f(x) − g(x)) dx + 2 (g(x) − f(x)) dx + (g(x) − f(x)) dx

∫ ∫ ∫
0 1 5
3 3
1
3 1 3

A= (f(x) − g(x)) dx − 2 (f(x) − g(x)) dx − (f(x) − g(x)) dx

∫ ∫ ∫
0 1 5
3 3
The correct answer is C.
Question 3
a. f (x) = x2 ekx
Differentiating using the product
( rule:)
f ′ (x) = 2xekx + x2 kekx = ekx kx2 + 2x
f ′ (x) = xekx (kx + 2)
Award 1 mark for correct proof.
b. f(x) = f ′ (x)( )
x2 ekx = ekx kx2 + 2x
Since ekx ≠ 0, x2 = kx2 + 2x [1 mark]
x2 (k − 1) + 2x = 0
x (x (k − 1) + 2) = 0
When k = 1, there is only one solution, x = 0. [1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
Many students found this question challenging. Most students found the correct quadratic equation to
solve but solved for k , rather than the x value that satisfied the quadratic equation. Few students realised
that x = 0 was the unique solution. Incorrect use of the null factor law and/or the incorrect discriminant
of the quadratic were the main sources of error.
2xekx
c. g(x) = −
k
2

A= ( f(x) − g(x)) dx
∫
0
( 2 ) 2
2xe kx
1 ( 2 )
A= x2 ekx + dx = kx + 2x ekx dx [1 mark]
∫ k k∫
0 0
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was attempted well, although students commonly left out the dx, or found the sum of the
integral of f(x) and g(x).

46 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8
d [ 2 kx ] ( ) ( )
d. From part a, x e = ekx kx2 + 2x so that kx2 + 2x ekx dx = x2 ekx .
dx ∫
1 [ 2 2k ]2 1 ( 2k )
A= xe = 4e − 0 [1 mark]
k 0 k
4e2k
=
k
4e2k 16
=
k k
e2k = 4
2k = loge (4) [1 mark]
1
k= loge (4)
2
k = loge (2) [1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
16
While students could equate their answer to part c. to , many students did not use their result from
k
part a. Incorrect algebraic manipulation made progress difficult for some students.
Question
(4 )
𝜋
y = cos kx − = sin(kx)
2
𝜋
1 2
y= sin(x) dx =
𝜋−0∫ 𝜋
0
𝜋
1 2
y= sin(kx) dx =
𝜋−0∫ 𝜋
0
1
k=
2
The correct answer is E.
Question 5
Since the average value is zero, the areas are equal.
1 2 25
p =
2 8
25
p2 =
4
5
⇒ p = , since p > 0
2
The correct answer is D.
Question 6
( )
1
A = 2× × 5 × 6 + 4 × 10
2
= 70
= 10 y
⇒y=7
The correct answer is D.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 47
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Question 7
g : R → R, g(x) = (a − x)2
1
1 31
(a − x)2 dx =
1 − (−1) ∫ 12
−1
1
1 ( 2 ) 31
a − 2ax + x2 dx =
2 ∫ 12
−1
[ ]1
2 2 x3 31
a x − ax + =
3 −1 6
( ) ( )
1 1 31
a2 − a + − −a2 − a − =
3 3 6
2 31
2a2 + =
3 6
31 2 27
2a2 = − =
6 3 6
27 9 × 3
a2 = =
12 4 × 3
3
a=±
2
Award 1 mark for the correct definite integral.
Award 1 mark for integration.
Award 1 mark for both final answers.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Most students attempted this question but far too many misunderstood ‘average value’ to be either
‘average rate’ or ‘average of’. The correct anti-derivative of the bracketed form of g(x) was less evident than
for the expanded form, due to the necessary division by the coefficient of x.
The formula for the ‘average value’ was not on the formula sheet. Students should ensure that they have
a good understanding of the concept that the average value of a function f over the interval [a, b] is
b
1
f(x)dx
b−a∫
a

Question 8
1 x 1
f(x) = ⇒ 2e− 5 =
2 2
x 1
e− 5 =
( ) 4
1
xT = −5 loge = 5 loge (4)
4
( )
1 2 − 12
S(0, 2) T 5 loge (4) , m(ST) =
2 0 − 5 loge (4)
3
=−
10 loge (4)

48 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

The line ST is y = g(x)

3x
=2−
10 loge (4)
b

Area = (g(x) − f(x)) dx

∫
a
5 loge (4) ( )
3x x
−
= 2− − 2e 5 dx
∫ 10 loge (4)
0
[ ]5 loge (4)
3x2 −
x
= 2x − + 10e 5
20 loge (4)
0
( )
3 × 25 loge (4) 1
= 10 loge (4) − + 10 × − (0 − 0 + 10)
20 4
25 15
= loge (2) −
4 4
25 15
= loge (2) −
2 2
Award 1 mark for the correct equation of the line ST (or equivalent methods) and setting up a definite
integral involving the area.
Award 1 mark for the correct integration.
Award 1 mark for the correct area.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Many students made a start with this question, yet most had difficulty with the substitutions required to
continue. Students who obtained two marks neglected to take into account the rectangle below the
y = 0.5 line.
Question 9
b
1
y= y(x)dx
b−a∫
a
𝜋
2
1
= 3sin2 (2x)dx
𝜋
−0 ∫
2
0
𝜋
2
6
= sin2 (2x)dx
𝜋∫
0
6 𝜋
= × = 1.5
𝜋 4
The correct answer is C.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 49
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Question 10
b
1
y= y (x) dx
b−a∫
a
4
1 (√ )
= 4x + 9 dx
4−0∫
0
[ ]4 ( )
1 1 2 3 1 3 3
= × (4x + 9) 2 = 25 − 9
2 2
4 4 3 0
24
1
= (125 − 27)
24
1
=4
12
The correct answer is B.
Question 11
d c
Top area minus bottom area: A = f(x)dx − g(x)dx
∫0 ∫a
The correct answer is E.
Question 12
when x = 2, y = 8
Point of intersection of curves is (2, 8). [1 mark]
2

Area = (2 × 8) − x3 dx [1 mark]
∫
0
[ ]
4 2
x
= 16 −
4 0
= 16 − 4

= 12 units2 [1 mark]
Question 13
POI:
f(x) = g(x)
e2x − 1 = −e2x
2e2x = 1
1
e2x =
2 ( )
1
2x = loge
2
( )
1 1
x = loge
2 2
1
= − loge (2)
2

50 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8
− 1 loge (2)
2 ( ) 0
( 2x )
A= −2e2x + 1 dx + 2e − 1 dx
∫−1 ∫− 1 log (2)
2 e

The correct answer is B.

Question 14

From the(graph:
)
x 𝜋 5𝜋
y = cos = sin(x) at x = and x =
2 3 3
Award 1 mark for finding correct x-values of points of intersection.
5𝜋
𝜋( ( )) 3 ( ( ) )
x x
Area = sin(x) − cos dx + cos − sin(x) dx [1 mark]
∫ 2 ∫ 2
𝜋 𝜋
3
1 1
= +
2 2
= 1 units2 [1 mark]

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 51
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

8.5 Applications
Question 1 ( )
𝜋x
a. f1 (x) : [0, 200] → R, f1 (x) = 20 cos + 40
100
( )
𝜋x
f2 (x) : [0, 200] → R, f2 (x) = 20 cos + 30
100
P(50, 30), f1 (50) = 40
The swimmer needs to swim north 10 metres.
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.
200 400
b. Solving f1 (x) = 30 ⇒ x = ,
3 3
200 50
So the distance is − 50 = metres.
3 3
Award 1 mark for solving for x values.
Award 1 mark for the correct distance.
√from P to a point on f1 (x):
c. Distance
s(x) = (x − 50)2 + ( f1 (x) − 30)2
ds
Solving = 0 ⇒ x = 54.477, f1 (54.477) = 8.47
dx
The minimum distance is 8.5 metres (to 1 d.p.).
Award 1 mark for solving the distance derivative to zero.
Award 1 mark for the correct minimum distance.
200

d. A = ( f1 (x) − f2 (x)) dx = 2000 m2

∫
0
Award 1 mark for the correct area.
e. The required area is
400
3 150

N = 30 × (150 − 50) − (30 − f1 (x)) dx − f2 (x) dx

∫ ∫
200 50
3
2
= 837 m
Award 1 mark for each correct definite integral.
Award 1 mark for the correct area.
f. s(x) = kf1 (x) − f2 (x) <
( 20 )
𝜋x
s(x) = 20 (k − 1) cos + 40k − 30
100 ( )
𝜋x
The maximum separation occurs when cos = 1 or x = 0, 200.
100
This gives 60k = 70. [ )
7
Given that k ≥ 1, k ∈ 1, .
6
Award 1 mark for solving.
Award 1 mark for the correct interval.

Question 2 ( ) ( )
𝜋t 𝜋t
a. f(t) = sin + sin , t≥0
3 6
The period is 12, since f(t + 12) = f(t) [1 mark]

52 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

VCAA Examination Report note:

This question was answered well. Common incorrect answers were 6, 18 and 12t.
b. f(t) = 0 t ∈ [0.6] ⇒ t = 0, 4, 6 [1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was answered
( )well. Some ( students
) only gave two values, either 0, 4 or 4, 6.
𝜋 𝜋t 𝜋 𝜋t
c. Solving f ′ (t) = cos + cos = 0, t ∈ (0, 4)
3 3 6 6
t = 1.8875, f (1.8875) = 1.76 [1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was answered well. Common incorrect answers were 1.73 and 1.79.
4 4
15
d. A = f(t) dt − f(t) dt =
∫ ∫ 𝜋
0 6
Award 1 mark for correct integrals.
Award 1 mark for the correct equation.
VCAA Examination Report note:
4 6 6
12 12
The most common incorrect answer was f(t)dt + f(t)dt = or f(t)dt = .
∫ ∫ 𝜋 ∫ 𝜋
0 4 0
15
e. 12k = 2 ×
𝜋
30 5
12k = , k =
𝜋 2𝜋
Award 1 mark for correct working.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of k.
VCAA Examination Report note:
15 5
Many students did not double their answer from Question 3d., giving 12k = ,k = .
𝜋 4𝜋
5𝜋
Other students had the correct method but wrote their final answer as k = .
2
Question 3
3
a. y = f (x) = 60 − x2
80
dy 6
= x
dx 80
dy | 6
| = − × −40
|
dx x=−40 80
=3
= tan(𝜃)
𝜃 = tan−1 (3)
= 71.56°
= 72°
Award 1 mark for the gradient at the point.
Award 1 mark for the correct angle.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was not answered well. A common incorrect response was 71°. Some students did not
ON 60
convert their answer to degrees. Others gave the answer as 56°, using tan(𝜃) = = . Some found
OA 40
m = 3 but were unable to find the angle.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 53
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8
x3 3x
b. y = g(x) = − + 35
25 600 16
dy 3x2 3
p(x) = = −
dx 25 600 16
dp 6x
= =0⇒x=0
dx 25 600
3
p(0) = −
16
3 3
The maximum slope is − . That is, downwards.
16 16
Award 1 mark for the correct derivative.
Award 1 mark for the correct maximum slope.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students did not interpret the question correctly and found the gradient of the straight line passing
through X and Y. Some solved h′ (x) = 0 for x.
c. s(x) = f(x) − g(x)
( ) ( 3 )
3 x 3x
= 60 − x2 − − + 35
80 25 600 16
ds
= 0 ⇒ x = u = 2.490 31
dx
g(u) = 34.5337
M (2.49, 34.53)
Award 1 mark for setting up the difference of functions.
Award 1 mark for solving the derivative equal to zero and obtaining the correct value of u.
Award 1 mark for the correct coordinates.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students did not give their answers correct to two decimal places. Some worked to one decimal
place and others rounded their answers incorrectly. Others did not set up the distance formula correctly or
did not use brackets correctly in the distance formula. Some substituted u into g instead of h. A common
incorrect response was v = 24.53.
d. w = g(−u) = 35.4663 = 35.47 [1 mark]
d(MN) = f(u) − g(u)
= 25.23 [1 mark]
d (PQ) = f(−u) − g(−u)
= 24.30 [1 mark]
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students did not work to the required number of decimal places or rounded incorrectly. Others had
PQ = 25.23 and MN = 24.30.
3
e. f(x) = 60 − x2
80
3
x 3x
g(x) = − + 35
25 600 16
Solving f(x) = g(x)
3 2 x3 3x
60 − x = − + 35 [1 mark]
80 25 600 16
xe = −23.71 [1 mark]
xf = 28.00 [1 mark]

54 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

VCAA Assessment Report note:

Some students did not work to the required number of decimal places. Others rounded to 27.00 instead of
28.00. Some students gave answers without showing any working.
xf

f. A = ( f(x) − g(x)) dx
∫
xe
( 28 ) ( 3 )
3 2 x 3x
= 60 − x − − + 35 dx
∫ 80 25600 16
−23.7
= 869.62
= 870 m2 [1 mark]
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students rounded incorrectly to 869 or did not work to the required number of decimal places.
Some gave their answers in exact form.

8.6 Review
Question 1
a a

3 f(x)dx + 2dx = 3k + 2a
∫ ∫
0 0
The correct answer is A.
Question 2
a. y = x loge (3x) using product rule
dy d d ( )
= loge (3x) (x) + x loge (3x)
dx dx dx
dy 1
= loge (3x) + x ×
dx x
dy
= loge (3x) + 1
dx
Award 1 mark for using the product rule.
Award 1 mark for the correct result.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Most students used the product rule; however, many erred with the derivative of loge (3x)
1
Common incorrect answers were loge (3x) + 3 and loge (3x) + .
3
−2
( )
b. loge (3x) + 1 dx
∫
1 [ ]
= x loge (3x) 2
( 1 )
= 2 loge (6) − loge (3)
= loge (36) − loge (3)
= loge (12)
Award 1 mark for the correct integration by recognition.
Award 1 mark for the correct result.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Students generally were not able to form an integral from their previous answer, ignoring the ‘hence’
instruction. Some students attempted to integrate the given expression. Some poor application of log
laws and/or log notation was observed.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 55
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Question 3
3
a. f : R⧵{1} → R, f(x) = 2 +
x−1
Crosses the x-axis at y = 0 ⇒ f(0) = 2 − 3 = −1 (0, −1)( )
3 1 1
Crosses the y-axis at y = 0 ⇒ x − 1 = − ⇒ x = − − ,0
2 2 2
x = 1 is the vertical asymptote; y = 2 is a horizontal asymptote.
Award 1 mark for the correct shape.
Award 1 mark for the correct axial intercepts.
Award 1 mark for both correct asymptotes.
y

4
( )
– 1– , 0
2
2
y=2

x
–2 –1 1 2 3 4
(0, –1)
–2

x=1
–4

VCAA Assessment Report note:

Some well-constructed graphs were presented by students. The highest-scoring graphs were clearly
labelled with the correct points/equations, as specified by the question, and with care taken in showing
the asymptotic behaviour nature of the curve as it approached an asymptote. Using a dashed line to
represent an asymptote indicated that the curve was distinct from its asymptote.
4 ( )
3
b. A = 2+
∫ x−1
[2 ]4
A = 2x + 3 loge (x − 1)
( ) 2
= 8 + 3 loge (3) − (4 + loge (1))
= 4 + 3 loge (3) = 4 + loge (27)
Award 1 mark for correct integration.
Award 1 mark for the correct area value.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Students were able to identify the required integral; however, many then erred in the evaluation of the
terminals. A common error occurring as a result of incorrectly applying logarithmic laws was a final
answer of 4 + loge (9). Many students were unable to recognise that the antiderivative of the reciprocal of
(x − 1) involved a logarithmic function. The ‘dx’ was often omitted.

Question 4
2 2 [ ]2
1
( f(x) + x) dx = f(x) dx + x2
∫ ∫ 2 1
1 1
4 ( )
4
1
= f(x) dx − f(x) dx + 2 −
∫ ∫ 2
1 2

56 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8
4 4
3
= f(x) dx − f(x) dx +
∫ ∫ 2
1 2
3 15
=4+2+ =
2 2
The correct answer is E.
Question 5
Graph C is the only graph that has an average value of 2 over [0, 6]; that is, if a line y = 2 is drawn, the area
bound by the graph and the line is equal above and below the line.
6
1
That is, h (x) dx = 2.
6−0∫
0
The correct answer is C.
Question 6
f(b) − f(a)
a. The average rate of change of f(x) over [a, b] is .
b−a
( ) ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
f 𝜋6 − f − 𝜋3 2 sin 𝜋3 − 1 − 2 sin −2𝜋 3
−1
𝜋 ( 𝜋) = 𝜋 𝜋
6 − −3 6 + 3 √ √
( ) ( ) − 3
2 sin 𝜋3 − 2 sin −2𝜋 3
2× 3 −2×
2 2
= 3𝜋
= 𝜋
√ 6 2
4 3
=
𝜋
Award 1 mark for using the correct rate of change.
Award 1 mark for the correct final answer.
VCAA Assessment Report note: ( )
𝜋
Most students used the correct gradient rule but erred when evaluating, particularly f − or in
3
dealing with fractions in the denominator. A few students confused average rate of change with average
value, and some incorrectly found the average of derivatives.
b
1
b. The average value of a function f(x) over [a, b] is f = f(x)dx
b − a ∫a
𝜋
1 6
f = 𝜋 ( 𝜋) (2 sin(2x) + 1) dx
∫− 𝜋
6 − −3 3
𝜋 [( ( ) ) ( ( ) ))
1 6 2 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
= 𝜋 [− cos(2x) − x] 𝜋 = − cos − − − cos − +
2
−
3 𝜋 3 6 3 3
[ ] ( )
2 1 𝜋 1 𝜋 2 𝜋
= − − − − = −1 −
𝜋 2 6 2 3 𝜋 2
−(𝜋 + 2)
=
𝜋
Award 1 mark for using the correct average value.
Award 1 mark for correct integration and evaluation.
Award 1 mark for the correct final answer.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Most students used the correct expression for average volume. As with the previous part of the question,
arithmetic errors, especially when substituting the terminals, caused difficulties. Some students omitted
the −1 in the integrand, while others misplaced negative signs or the constant of 2.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 57
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Question 7
a. f : [−1, 3] → R, f(x) = 3x2 − x3
For stationary points: f ′ (x) = 6x − 3x2 = 0
3x (2 − x) = 0
x = 0, x = 2
f(0) = 0, f(2) = 12 − 8 = 4
The stationary points are (0, 0) and (2, 4).
Award 1 mark for solving the derivative equal to zero.
Award 1 mark for both correct coordinates.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Students must be vigilant in ensuring they answer the specific question. In this question, coordinates
were required and not simply x values. Some students omitted the turning point (0, 0) and others
incorrectly found x-intercepts.
b. The curve crosses the x-axis when
3x2 − x3 = 0
x2 (3 − x) = 0
The x-intercepts are at (0, 0) and (3, 0).
Endpoints:
f(−1) = 3 + 1
=4
The endpoints are at (−1, 4) and (3, 0).

Award 1 mark for the correct shape and turning points.

Award 1 mark for the correct endpoints and graph on the restricted domain.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
The correct response to this question required a smooth curve (not V shapes at turning points) and
endpoints clearly labelled with their coordinates.
b
c. A = (y2 − y1 ) dx
∫a
y2 = 4, y1 = 3x2 − x3 , a = −1, b = 2
2
( ( ))
A= 4 − 3x2 − x3 dx
∫−1
2
( )
= 4 − 3x2 + x3 dx
∫−1

58 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8
[ ]2
3 1 4
= 4x − x + x
4 −1
( )
1
= (8 − 8 + 4) − −4 + 1 +
4
27 3
= = 6 = 6.75
4 4
Award 1 mark for the correct definite integral.
Award 1 mark for the correct antiderivative and evaluation.
Award 1 mark for the correct final value of the area.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Most students knew to seek a difference of two areas and were adept with basic integration; however,
quite often arithmetic errors in evaluations or the incorrect use of negative signs marred their progress
towards acquiring full marks. Some students unnecessarily ‘overworked’ the problem by creating three
or four integrations, increasing the likelihood of an error. A few students took a more direct route that
involved symmetry of the curve.
Question 8
d
a. V = 𝜋r2 h, r=
( )2 2
d
216 = 𝜋 h
2
4 × 216
h=
𝜋d2
864
h=
𝜋d2
Award 1 mark for the correct volume.
Award 1 mark for expressing h in terms of d.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was quite well answered. Some students used the formula for the volume of a cone instead
d2 d2
of a cylinder. Some used poor notation, omitting brackets and writing = . Many left their answer in
2 4
216
the form h = ( )2 , which was accepted; however, it is preferable to write in simplified form.
𝜋 2d
𝜋d2
b. S = + 𝜋hd
4
( )
𝜋d2 864
S= + 𝜋d
4 𝜋d2
𝜋d2 864
S= +
4 d
Award 1 mark for correctly showing the surface area.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This was a ‘show that’ question and some students showed sufficient working. Some included the area of
the base of the cylinder. Others did not include the area of the top of the cylinder and only considered the
curved surface area.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 59
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8
dS 𝜋d 864
c. = − 2
dd 2 d
dS
= 0 for maximum or minimum
dd
𝜋d 864
− 2 =0
2 d
2 × 864
d3 = since d > 0
𝜋
√
3 2 × 864
d=
𝜋
12
d= √ 3
𝜋
( )
12
Smin = s √ 3
𝜋
√
3
= 108 𝜋
Award 1 mark for finding the correct value of d.
Award 1 mark for the correct minimum value of S.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students answered only part of the question, finding the correct value for d but not attempting to
find S. Exact answers were required. Answers such as d = 8.19 … and S = 158.17 … were often given.
864
d. h =
𝜋d2
(√3
)2
864 𝜋
=
𝜋 12
6
=√ 3
𝜋
Award 1 mark for the correct value of h.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
12 864 72
Some students did not square √ 3
, using h = ( ) to get 2 . An exact answer was required, not a
𝜋 12
𝜋 √
3
𝜋 𝜋3
12
decimal expression such as 4.09, as was given by some students. Some substituted d = √ 3
into
𝜋
𝜋d2 864
S= + .
4 d
e. V = 𝜋r2 h
( )2
d
V=𝜋 h
2
( )2
2h
V=𝜋 h since d = 2h
2
V = 𝜋h3
Award 1 mark for the correct expression.

60 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

VCAA Assessment Report note:

Some students used an incorrect formula, such as
V = 𝜋(2h)2 h = 4𝜋h3 or V = 2𝜋rh = 2𝜋h2 .
dV dV
f. Given = −10, = 3𝜋h2
dt dh
dh dh dV
=
dt dV dt
10
=−
3𝜋h2
Award 1 mark for the correct given rate and differentiation.
Award 1 mark for correctly using the chain rule.
Award 1 mark for the final correct rate.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
dV
Many students were able to set up the related rates equation and find . Some students did not find the
dh
dh dV
reciprocal before substituting into . Many used = 10 m3 /year.
dV dt
dh | 10
g. || =−
dt h−1 3𝜋
10
The height will be decreasing at a rate ofm/year.
3𝜋
Award 1 mark for evaluating the rate when h = 1.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Students who answered Question 2f correctly tended to also answer this question correctly. An exact
answer was required. Some students gave incorrect units.
dh 10
h. =−
dt 3𝜋h2
3𝜋h2 dh = −10t + c
∫
𝜋h3 = −10t + c
6
when t = 0, √
3
𝜋
⇒ V = 𝜋h3 = 216 ⇒ c = 216
𝜋h3 = −10t + 216
when h = 1
216 − 𝜋
t=
10
= 21.29
The top of the statue will just be exposed in the year 2031.
Award 1 mark for finding the value of t.
Award 1 mark for the final correct year.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was not answered well. A number of different approaches could have been used. Some
216
students gave 2032 as their final answer. Some did not subtract 𝜋 from 216 and used t = . Incorrect
( ) 10.
3𝜋h2
terminals were often used or if evaluating t = − dh, a constant of integration was often
∫ 10
( )
10
missing. Some used t = − dh.
∫ 3𝜋h2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 61
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Question 9 ( )
dy √ x 3 29
a. = x+6− − 3,
dx ( 2 2 ) 4
√ x 3 2 3 x2 3x
y= x+6− − dx = (x + 6) 2 − − +c
∫ 2 2 3 4 2
29 2 3 9 3 29 9 9
= × 9 2 − − + c, c = − 18 + + = −4
4 3 4 2 4 4 2
2 3 x2 3x
y = (x + 6) 2 − − −4
3 4 2
Award 1 mark for the correct integration.
Award 1 mark for the correct integrals.
Award 1 mark for the correct c value.
dy √ 3
b. when x = 4, = 10 − 2 − < 0 and when
dx 2
dy √ 3
x = 2, = 8−1− >0
dx 2 ( )
29
Since the graph has a single stationary point when 3,
4
This point is an absolute maximum turning point.
Award 1 mark for using the sign test.
Award 1 mark for identifying the correct nature of the stationary point.
Question 10
a. g : R → R, g(x) = x3 − kx
g(−1) = −1
√ + k, g(1) = 1 − k, C(−1, −1 + k), D(1, 1 − k)
d (CD) = (1−− 1)2 + ((1 − k) − (−1 + k))2
√
= 4 + 4 − 8k + 4k2
√
= 2 k2 − 2k + 2
Award 1 mark for the correct coordinates.
Award 1 mark for the correct distance.
VCAA Examination Report note:
As in Question 1bii. some students did their solutions
√by hand and made arithmetic errors, especially
sign errors. This would have been time consuming. 22 + (2 − 2k)2 = 2 + 2 − 2k was sometimes given.
Some incorrect answers contained x. When defining g(x) = x3 − kx on the technology, a multiplication
sign must be inserted between k and x.
√ 7
b. i. Solving 2 k2 − 2k + 2 = k + 1, gives k = 1 or k =
3
Award 1 mark for both correct values of k.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Students who answered Question c.i. correctly were generally able to answer this question. Some
students gave only one value for k.
ii. Solving g(x) = x3 − kx = x gives x = a
g (a) = a3 − ka = a
a3 − ka − a = 0
a3[ − (k + 1) a =
] 0
a a2 − (k + 1) = 0
√
a = k + 1 since a > 0 [1 mark]

62 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

VCAA Examination Report note: √

A common incorrect answer was a = ± k + 1. By inspection of the graph, the answer was positive.
Some √
students found k in terms of a, instead of a in terms of k.
k+1
iii. A = (x − g(x)) dx
∫0
√
k+1
( )
= x − x3 + kx dx
[1 mark]
∫0
To√solve using CAS, complete the entry line as:
k+1
( )
x − x3 + k × x dx
∫0
(k + 1)2
A= [1 mark]
4
VCAA
√
Examination Report note: √
k+1 k+1
( ) ( )
x − x3 + kx dx was a common error, leaving out the brackets in x − x3 + kx dx. To
∫ ∫
0 √ 0
k+1

avoid these errors it would have been better to use the expression (x − g(x)) dx. Some students
∫
0
overcomplicated the question by breaking up the areas into different sections. The easiest approach
was to use ‘upper function subtract lower function’. There was evidence that students substituted
√ − (k − 3) (k + 1)
k + 1 instead of k + 1 and this resulted in the answer of .
4
Question 11
a. f : R → R, f(x) = 3x4 + 4x3 − 12x2
f ′ (x) = 12x3 + 12x2 − 24x
f ′ (x) = 12x (x + 2) (x − 1)
f ′ (x) = 0 ⇒ x = −2
f(−2) = −32
Minimum M (−2, −32) [ 1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was answered well. Some students only gave the x value when coordinates were required.
b. b > 32 [1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was answered well. Common incorrect answers were (−∞, 32) , b = 32, b ≥ 32, [33, ∞]
and ( b = 33. Others
) used the x-coordinate and gave x > 2 as their answer.
1 13
c. P − , −
3 ( 9 )
1 80
mT = f ′ − =
3 9
Tangent: ( )
13 80 1
y+ = x+
9 9 3
80x 41
y = l(x) = + [1 mark]
9 27
VCAA Examination Report note:
An equation and exact values were required.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 63
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

d. Solving l (x) = f(x):

80x 41
+ = 3x4 + 4x3 − 12x2 [1 mark]
9 27 √
−1 ± 42 1
x= ,x = − [1 mark]
3 3
VCAA Examination Report note: √
1± 42
Exact values were required. There were many sign errors, for example x = . Some students
3
found the values
√ of x where the √ gradient of l was equal to the gradient of f.
−1 − 42 −1 + 42
e. x1 = , x2 =
3 3
−1 x2
3
A= (l(x) − f(x)) dx + (l(x) − f(x)) dx [1 mark]
∫x ∫− 1
1
( 3 )
80x 41 ( 4 )
x2
3 2
A= + − 3x + 4x − 12x dx
∫x 9 27
1
√
784 42
A= [1 mark]
135
VCAA Examination Report note:
Students who answered Question 1d. correctly were generally able to answer this question correctly.
Some students split the integral, which was unnecessary. Others put a negative sign in front of the
integral for the bounded area below the x-axis. Some had their terminals or expressions the reverse of
what was required.
f. For f(x) = p (x) we require the following equations to hold:
6 (a − 2) x2 = −12x2
−12ax = 0
a2 = 0
The unique solution for this system of equations is a = 0.
f(x) = p (x) when a = 0. [1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
Some students gave an additional expression a = −6x(x − 2), which was obtained if technology was used
rather than equating coefficients.
g. p′ (x) = 12x3 + 12x2 + 12 (a − 2) x − 12a
( )
p′ (x) = 12 (x − 1) x2 + 2x + a
√
p′ (x) = 0 ⇒ x = 1, x = −1 ± 1 − a [1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note: √
√ −1 ± 9 − 4a
A common error was x = 1 ± 1 − a. x = , x = 0 was often given. This comes from
2
forgetting to differentiate −12ax when differentiating p(x).
h. i. There is only one stationary point at x = 1 when a > 1. [1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was not answered well. Common incorrect answers were a = 1, a = 0 or a > 0
ii. when a = 2, p(1) = −13.[1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was answered well. The minimum value needed to be stated, not just the coordinates
of the turning point.
iii. There is only one stationary point at x = 1 when a > 1,
so p (1) = a2 − 6a − 5 > 0. [1 mark]

64 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8
2
√ solving a − 6a − 5 > 0 with a > 1
For no solutions,
gives a > 3 + 14. [1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was not answered well. Many students did not attempt this question. Some students
solved p(x) = 0 or p′(x) = 0 for x. Others tried to apply the discriminant to a cubic equation.
√ Others,
who used a correct method, sometimes gave an incorrect inequality, for example a < 14 + 3.
Question 12
a. y = x loge (3x) using product rule
dy d d ( )
= loge (3x) (x) + x loge (3x)
dx dx dx
dy 1
= loge (3x) + x ×
dx x
dy
= loge (3x) + 1
dx
Award 1 mark for using the product rule.
Award 1 mark for the correct result.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Most students used the product rule; however, many erred with the derivative of loge (3x).
1
Common incorrect answers were loge (3x) + 3 and loge (3x) + .
3
2
( )
b. loge (3x) + 1 dx
∫1
[ ]2
= x loge (3x)
( 1 )
= 2 loge (6) − loge (3)
= loge (36) − loge (3)
= loge (12)
Award 1 mark for the correct integration by recognition.
Award 1 mark for the correct result.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Students generally were not able to form an integral from their previous answer, ignoring the ‘hence’
instruction. Some students attempted to integrate the given expression. Some poor application of
log laws and/or log notation was observed.
Question 13
t − 2t
a. i. S(t) = 2e 3 + 8e 3, 0≤t≤5
S(0) = 2 + 8 = 10
5 − 10
S(5) = 2e 3 + 8e 3 [1 mark]
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students gave an approximate answer for S (5) when an exact answer was required.
ds 2 t 16 − 2t
ii. = e3 − e 3 = 0
dt 3 3
Solving using CAS gives t = 3 loge (2) = loge (8)
⇒ c = 8 ([1 mark])
Smin = S loge (8) = 6 [1 mark]
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students did not find the minimum value.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 65
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8
( )
5 − 10
iii. Endpoints (0, 10), 5, 2e 3 + 8e 3 ≈ (5, 10.87)
( )
Minimum loge (8) , 6 ≈ (2.08, 6)

Award 1 mark for correct minimum and endpoints.

Award 1 mark for a correctly drawn graph.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Many students drew accurate graphs. Some had the coordinates the wrong way around and others did
not put the coordinates on the graph. Some did not sketch the graph over the required domain.
f (b) − f (a)
iv. Average value: [1 mark]
b−a
( )
s loge (c) − s (0) 6 − 10
=
loge (c) − 0 loge (8)
−4
= [1 mark]
loge (8)
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students worked out the average value of the function and not the average rate of change.
4 loge (8) − 0
Others left the negative sign off their answer, writing . Some students gave .
ln 8 6 − 10
t − 2t
b. V : [0.5] → R, V (t) = de 3 + (10 − d) e 3
dV d t 2 − 2t
Now d ∈ (0, 10) = e 3 − (10 − d) e 3
dt 3 3
dV
Now = 0 when t = loge (9). [1 mark]
dt
20
Solving for d, gives d = . [1 mark]
11
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was answered reasonably well. Some students tried to solve the equation by hand but
were unsuccessful.
20
c. i. If the minimum value occurs at t = 0 then d = .
3.
This could be the endpoint of the function or the turning point occurs outside the domain [0, 5].
[1 mark]

66 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

When t < 0:
dv 20
Using CAS, when t = −1, = 0 ⇒ d = 8.4 >
dt 3
20
so ≤ d < 10 [1 mark]
3
VCAA Assessment Report note:
20
Many students found d = but did not consider the set of values for d. Some had the inequality
3
20 20
as ≤ d ≤ 10 or < d < 10.
3 3
ii. If the minimum value occurs at t = 5
This could be the endpoint of the function or the turning point occurs outside the domain [0, 5].
[1 mark]
When t > 5:
dv 20
Using CAS, when t = 6 = 0 ⇒ d = 0.05 <
dt 2 + e5
20
so 0 < d ≤
2 + e5
[1 mark]
VCAA Assessment Report note:
20
Many students found d = , but did not consider the set of values for d. Some had the
2 + e5
inequality written incorrectly.
t − 2t
d. V (t) = de 3 + (10 − d) e 3 has local minimum at (a, m), 0 ≤ a ≤ 5
a − 2a
(1) V (a) = m ⇒ m = de 3 + (10 − d) e 3
d a 2 − 2a
(2) V′ (a) = 0 ⇒ 0 = e 3 − (10 − d) e 3
3 3
(1) − 3 × (2) ⇒ m = 3 (10 − d) e
a
2 × (1) + 3 × (2) ⇒ 2m = 2de 3
a 2m a 3d
e3 = ⇒ e− 3 =
3d 2m
( )2
− 2a 3d 9d2 m
⇒e 3 = = 2
=
2m 4m 3 (10 − d)
2
27d (10 − d)
m3 =
4
2 1
3d 3 (10 − d) 3
m= 1
43
k 2 1
= d 3 (10 − d) 3
2
2×3 1− 2
k= 1 =3×2 3
4√3
3
k=3 2
Award 1 mark for eliminating a.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of k.
VCAA Assessment Report note: ( )
20
This question was not answered well. Some students were able to find a = loge − 2 but did
d
1
not substitute it into V. A common incorrect response was k = −3 × 2 3

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 67
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8

Question 14
16 − x2
a. i. g : R → R, g(x) =
4
B (4, 0) , C (0, 4) ⇒ mBC = −1
x
g′ (x) = −
2
x
g (xA ) = − A = −1
′
2
⇒ xA = 2
A (2, 3)
Tangent at A:
y − 3 = −1 (x − 2)
y = −x + 5
Award 1 mark for equating gradients.
Award 1 mark for the correct equation for the tangent.
ii. Area of triangle minus area under curve:
4
16 − x2
1×5×5− dx
∫ 4
0
25 32
= −
2 3
11
=
6
Award 1 mark for the correct definite integral representing the area.
Award 1 mark for evaluation.
Award 1 mark for the final correct area.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
There were many different approaches to this question. A common incorrect response was
5
35
((−x + 5) − g(x)) dx = .
∫ 12
0
An exact answer was required.
√
b. Q (x, g(x)) OQ = s(x) = x2 + (g(x))2
√
x4 − 16x2 + 256
s(x) = for 0 < x < 4
4 √ √
ds
= 0 ⇒ 4x3 − 32x = 0 ⇒ x = 8 = 2 2
dx ( √ ) √
smin = s 2 2 = 2 3
Award 1 mark for the correct distance.
Award 1 mark for setting the derivative equal to zero.
Award 1 mark for the correct x-value and minimum distance using CAS.
VCAA Assessment Report √ note:
Some students found x = 2 2 but did not find the minimum distance. Exact answers were required.
c. P (xP , g (xP ))
dy x x
= g′ (x) = − ⇒ mxP = − P
dx 2 2
xP
Tangent at P : y − g (xP ) = − (x − xP ) crosses the y-axis at x = 0, y = k
2
(16 − xP )2 xP x √
k− = − (0 − xP ) ⇒ − P (0 − xP ) ⇒ xP = 2 k − 4
4 2 2

68 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 8
√
So the gradient at P is mxP = − k − 4
Award 1 mark for attempting to solve an appropriate equation.
Award 1 mark for the correct gradient.
√
d. i. The tangent at P is y = −x k − 4 + k. ( )
k
It crosses the y-axis is at (0, k) and crosses the x-axis at √ ,0 .
k−4
The area of the triangle minus the area under the curve is:
4
1 k 16 − x2
A(k) = × k × √ − dx
2 k − 4 ∫0 4
k2 32
A(k) = √ − for 5 ≤ k ≤ 8
2 k−4 3
Award 1 mark for setting up the triangle area.
Award 1 mark for the correct function.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students used the equation of their tangent line to attempt to find A(k).
11 16
ii. Examine the end points: A(5) = ≈ 1.833 A(8) = ≈ 5.333
6 3
1
The maximum area is 5 . It occurs at the right-hand end point when k = 8.
3
Award 1 mark for investigating the end points of the restricted domain function.
Award 1 mark for the correct maximum area and the value of k for which it occurs.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Many students did not attempt this question. Most of the students who were successful with
part di. were successful with this question.
dA k (3k − 16)
iii. = (√ )3 = 0
dk
4 k−4
16
⇒k=
( )3 √
16 64 3 32
A = −
3 9 3
≈ 1.65
√
64 3 32 1
The minimum area is − , occurring when k = 5 .
9 3 3
Award 1 mark for finding where the derivative is zero.
Award 1 mark for the correct minimum area and the value of k for which it occurs.
Question 15 ( ( ))
12
1 𝜋t
T= 17 − 6 sin dt
12 − 0 ∫0 12
[ ( )]12
1 72 𝜋t
= 17t + cos
12 𝜋 12 0
(( ) ( ))
1 72 72
= 17 × 12 + cos (𝜋) − 0 + cos (0)
12 𝜋 𝜋
12
= 17 −
𝜋
The correct answer is D.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 69
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

9 Discrete random variables

Topic 9 Discrete random variables
Subtopic 9.2 Probability review

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCAA 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q2

Question 1
A car manufacturer is reviewing the performance of its car model X. It is known that at any given six-month
17
service, the probability of model X requiring an oil change is , the probability of model X requiring an
20
3 1
air filter change is and the probability of model X requiring both is .
20 20
a. State the probability that at any given six-month service model X will require an air filter change without
an oil change. (1 mark)

b. The car manufacturer is developing a new model, Y. The production goals are that the probability of

m+n
m
model Y requiring an oil change at any given six-month service will be , the probability of model

m+n
n
Y requiring an air filter change will be and the probability of model Y requiring both will be

, where m, n ∈ Z+ .
m+n
1

Determine m in terms of n if the probability of model Y requiring an air filter change without an oil
change at any given six-month service is 0.05. (2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 1
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.2 Probability review

Source: VCAA 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q17

Question 2 (1 mark)
A box contains n marbles that are identical in every way except colour, of which k marbles are coloured red
and the remainder of the marbles are coloured green. Two marbles are drawn randomly from the box.
If the first marble is not replaced into the box before the second marble is drawn, then the probability that

k2 + (n − k)2
the two marbles drawn are the same colour is

A.

k + (n − k − 1)2
n2
2
B.
2k(n − k − 1)
n2

n(n − 1)
C.

k(n − 1) + (n − k)(n − k − 1)
n(n − 1)
D.

1−
( )2 ( )n−2
n k k
E. C2
n n

Source: VCAA 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q14

Two events, A and B, are independent, where Pr(B) = 2 Pr(A) and Pr(A ∪ B) = 0.52. Pr(A) is equal to
Question 3 (1 mark)

A. 0.1
B. 0.2
C. 0.3
D. 0.4
E. 0.5

2 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.2 Probability review

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q13; © VCAA

Question 4 (1 mark)
In a particular scoring game, there are two boxes of marbles and a player must randomly select one marble

white marbles and three red marbles. Each white marble scores −2 points and each red marble scores +3
from each box. The first box contains four white marbles and two red marbles. The second box contains two

points. The points obtained from the two marbles randomly selected by a player are added together to

What is the probability that the final score will equal +1?
obtain a final score.

2
A.
3
1
B.
5
2
C.
5
2
D.
15
8
E.
15

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q3; © VCAA

Question 5 (1 mark)
A box contains five red marbles and three yellow marbles. Two marbles are drawn at random from the box
without replacement.
The probability that the marbles are of different colours is
5
A.
8
3
B.
5
15
C.
28
15
D.
56
30
E.
28

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 3
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.2 Probability review

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods 1, Q5; © VCAA

Question 6 (4 marks)
For Jac to log on to a computer successfully, Jac must type the correct password. Unfortunately, Jac has
forgotten the password. If Jac types the wrong password, Jac can make another attempt. The probability of
2
success on any attempt is . Assume that the result of each attempt is independent of the result of any other
5
attempt. A maximum of three attempts can be made.
a. What is the probability that Jac does not log on to the computer successfully? (1 mark)

b. Calculate the probability that Jac logs on to the computer successfully. Express your answer in the form
a
, where a and b are positive integers. (1 mark)
b

c. Calculate the probability that Jac logs on to the computer successfully on the second or on the third
c
attempt. Express your answer in the form , where c and d are positive integers. (2 marks)
d

4 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.2 Probability review

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q15; © VCAA

Question 7 (1 mark)
A box contains six red marbles and four blue marbles. Two marbles are drawn from the box, without
replacement.
The probability that they are the same colour is
1
A.
2
28
B.
45
7
C.
15
3
D.
5
1
E.
3

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 1, Q8; © VCAA

For events A and B from a sample space, Pr(A|B) = and Pr(B) = .

Question 8 (3 marks)
3 1

a. Calculate Pr(A ∩ B)
4 3
(1 mark)

b. Calculate Pr(A′ ∩ B), where A′ denotes the complement of A. (1 mark)

c. If events A and B are independent, calculate Pr(A ∪ B). (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 5
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.2 Probability review

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q12; © VCAA

Question 9 (1 mark)
A box contains five red balls and three blue balls. John selects three balls from the box, without
replacing them.
The probability that at least one of the balls that John selected is red is
5
A.
7
5
B.
14
7
C.
28
15
D.
56
55
E.
56

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q11; © VCAA

Question 10 (1 mark)
A bag contains five red marbles and four blue marbles. Two marbles are drawn from the bag, without
replacement, and the results are recorded.
The probability that the marbles are different colours is
20
A.
81
5
B.
18
4
C.
9
40
D.
81
5
E.
9

6 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.2 Probability review

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q22; © VCAA

Question 11 (1 mark)
John and Rebecca are playing darts. The result of each of their throws is independent of the result of any
1
other throw. The probability that John hits the bullseye with a single throw is . The probability that
4
1
Rebecca hits the bullseye with a single throw is . John has four throws and Rebecca has two throws. The
2
ratio of the probability of Rebecca hitting the bullseye at least once to the probability of John hitting the

A. 1 : 1
bullseye at least once is

B. 32 : 27
C. 64 : 85
D. 2 : 1
E. 192 : 175

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q17; © VCAA

Question 12 (1 mark)

Given that Pr(A|B) = p, Pr(B) = p2 and Pr(A) = p 3 , Pr(B|A), is equal to

A and B are events of a sample space.
1

A. p
4
B. p 3
7
C. p 3
8
D. p 3
E. p3

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 7
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.2 Probability review

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q10; © VCAA

For events A and B, Pr(A ∩ B) = p, Pr(A′ ∩ B) = p − and Pr(A ∩ B′ ) = .

Question 13 (1 mark)
1 3p
8 5
If A and B are independent, then the value of p is
A. 0
1
B.
4
3
C.
8
1
D.
2
3
E.
5

Consider two events A and B, Pr (A) = and Pr (B) = .

Question 14 (1 mark)
1 1
4 5
Which of the following statements is true?
A. If A and B are independent events, then Pr(A ∪ B) = .
2

B. If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then Pr(A ∪ B) = .

5
2

C. If A and B are independent events, then Pr(A ∩ B) = .

9
9

D. If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then Pr(A ∪ B) = .

20
1

E. If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then Pr(A ∩ B) = .

20
1
20

8 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Discrete random variables

Subtopic 9.3 Discrete random variables

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2016 Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q7; © VCAA.

Question 1 (1 mark)
The number of pets, X, owned by each student in a large school is a random variable with the following
discrete probability distribution.

Pr(X = x)
x 0 1 2 3
0.5 0.25 0.2 0.05

If two students are selected at random, the probability that they own the same number of pets is
A. 0.3
B. 0.305
C. 0.355
D. 0.405
E. 0.8

Question 2 (1 mark)
For the table below to represent a probability function, the value(s) of p must be

Pr(X = x) 1−p
x 0 1 2 3 4
2
0.2 0.6p 0.1 0.1

A. p = 0
B. p =
4

C. p =
5
2

D. p = or p = 1
3
2

E. p = 1
3

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 9
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.3 Discrete random variables

Question 3 (5 marks)

fact, Pr(red) = , and Pr(blue) = Pr(green) = Pr(yellow) = .

A game is played using a spinner that has been loaded so that it is more likely to land on the red side. In
2 1

Each player pays $2 to play. The player spins the spinner a total of 3 times; however, once the spinner lands
5 5

on the red side the game is over. If a player has a combination of any 3 colours, they win $1, but if the
player has a combination of 3 colours that are all the same, they win $10. There are a total of 40 different
outcomes for the game.

a. List the possible ways in which the game could end. (1 mark)

b. List the possible ways in which the player could win $10. (1 mark)

to play, so X = {0, 1, 10}. Construct the probability distribution. Give your answers correct to 4 decimal
c. Suppose X equals the amount of money won by playing the game, excluding the amount the person pays

places. (3 marks)

10 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.3 Discrete random variables

Question 4 (1 mark)
Given the probability distribution

X 0 1 2

Pr(X = x)
1 k 7
2k 5 10k

Then k is equal to
5
A.
7
B. 2 only
C. 3 only
D. 2 or 3
10
E.
9

Question 5 (3 marks)
The discrete random variable X has the probability function

Pr(X = x)
x 1 2 3 4 5
2p 3p 4p 5p 6p

a. Find the value of p. (2 marks)

b. Find Pr(3 ≤ X ≤ 5) (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 11
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.3 Discrete random variables

Question 6 (4 marks)
The number of “no-shows” on a scheduled airline flight has the probability distribution

Pr(X = x)
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.09 0.22 0.26 0.21 0.13 0.06 0.02 p

a. Find p. (2 marks)

b. Find the probability that more than five people do not show up for the flight. (2 marks)

Given the probability distribution defined by Pr(X = x) = cx2 for x = 0, 1, 2, 3.

Question 7 (1 mark)

A. c =
Then
1

B. c =
13
1

C. c =
6
1

D. c =
14
1

E. c =
15
1
36

12 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.3 Discrete random variables

Question 8 (1 mark)
A probability distribution for the random variable X is shown below.

X 0 1 2 3 4

Pr(X = x)
1 1 1 1 1
8 3 4 6 8

Using the above information Pr(X ≥ 3/X > 1) is equal to

7
A.
24
7
B.
13
7
C.
16
1
D.
2
3
E.
13

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 13
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.3 Discrete random variables

Question 9 (1 mark)
The graph of the probability distribution for the random variable X is shown below.

A. Pr(X = x) = for x = 0, 1, 2, 3
Which of the following options is true?
x

B. Pr(X = x) = + 10 for x = 0, 1, 2, 3
10
x

x+1
C. Pr(X = x) = for x = 0, 1, 2, 3
10

x−1
D. Pr(X = x) = for x = 1, 2, 3, 4
10

E. Pr(X = x) = (10x + 1) for x = 0, 1, 2, 3

10
1
100

14 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Discrete random variables

Subtopic 9.4 Measures of centre and spread

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q12; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
The discrete random variable X has the following probability distribution.

x 0 1 2 3 6
1 9 1 1 3
Pr(X=x)
4 20 10 20 20

Let 𝜇 be the mean of X.

Pr(X < 𝜇) is
1
A.
2
1
B.
4
17
C.
20
4
D.
5
7
E.
10

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q14; © VCAA

The random variable X has the following probability distribution, where 0 < p < .
Question 2 (1 mark)
1
3

−1
1 − 3p
x 0 1
Pr(X=x) p 2p

A. 2p(1 − 3p)
The variance of X is

B. 1 − 4p
C. (1 − 3p)2
D. 6p − 16p2
E. p(5 − 9p)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 15
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.4 Measures of centre and spread

Question 3 (10 marks)

A dart competition at a local sports centre allows each player to throw one dart at the board, which has a
radius of 20 centimetres. The board consists of five concentric circles, each with the same width.

The inner circle has a radius of 4 cm. The probability of landing on each band is determined by the area of
that band available on the board.
The outer red band is called band E, the next white band is called band D and so on until you get to the
inner red circle, which is band A.
a. Calculate the probability of landing on each of the bands. (5 marks)

The competition costs $1 to enter and the prizes are as follows:

If a dart hits band D, the player receives $1.

If a dart hits band E, the player receives nothing.

If a dart hits band C, the player receives $2.

If a dart hits band B, the player receives $5.
If a dart hits band A, the player receives $10.
b. If X is a discrete random variable that represents the profit in dollars for the player, construct a
probability distribution table for this game. (1 mark)

16 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.4 Measures of centre and spread

c. Calculate:
i. the expected profit a player could make in dollars (2 marks)

ii. the standard deviation. (2 marks)

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q7; © VCAA

Question 4 (1 mark)
The discrete random variable X has the following probability distribution.

Pr(X = x)
X 0 1 2 3
a 3a 5a 7a

The mean of X is
1
A.
16
B. 1
35
C.
16
17
D.
8
E. 2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 17
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.4 Measures of centre and spread

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 1, Q7b © VCAA

Question 5 (3 marks)
The probability distribution of a discrete random variable, X, is given by the table below.

Pr(X = x) 1−p
x 0 1 2 3 4
0.2 0.6p2 0.1 0.1

Let p = .
2
3
i. Calculate E(X). (2 marks)

ii. Find Pr(X ≥ E(X)). (1 mark)

Question 6 (1 mark)
Given the discrete random variable with the probability distribution shown below.

x 0 1 2 3 4

Pr(X = x)
1 1 1 1 1
8 3 4 6 8

Then the standard deviation of X is closest to

A. 4.833
B. 2.1985
C. 1.732
D. 1.4722
E. 1.2134

18 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.4 Measures of centre and spread

Question 7 (1 mark)
A discrete random variable has a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 3. E(X2 ) is then equal to
A. 8
B. 22
C. 25
D. 28
E. 34

Question 8 (3 marks)
A random variable X has this probability distribution.

Pr(X = x)
x 1 2 3 4 5
c 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.05

Given that E(X) = 2.3, find the Var(X).

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 19
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.4 Measures of centre and spread

Given the probability distribution shown below where 0 < k < 1.

Question 9 (1 mark)

1−k
X 1 2
Probability k

A. 2 − k
The standard deviation of X is

B. 4√− 3k
C. k (1 − k)
D. √k − k
E. 4 − 3k
√

Question 10 (1 mark)
The random variable X has the following probability distribution.

Pr(X = x)
x 0 1 2 3 4
p 0.2 q 0.2 p

If E(X) = 2 and Var(X) = 1.2, the values of p and q are

A. p = 0.1, q = 0.4
B. p = 0.4, q = 0.1
C. p = 0.05, q = 0.5
D. p = 0.15, q = 0.3
E. p = 0.2, q = 0.2

20 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Discrete random variables

Subtopic 9.5 Applications

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Question 1 (2 marks)

Given E(X) = 15 and E(X2 ) = 250, determine the values of x1 and x2 in the interval [x1 , x2 ]. The interval
X is a discrete random variable representing the number of touchscreen tablets sold on a particular day.

represents a probability of 95% that the number of touchscreen tablets sold on a particular day falls within
this range.

Question 2 (1 mark)
Over a twenty-day period, Pete recorded the number of minutes that he spent waiting for the lift to go from
the ground floor to a classroom on the sixth floor.

Number of minutes spent

0 1 2 3 4
waiting x
Proportion of days on which x 5 3 4 6 2
minutes were spent waiting 20 20 20 20 20

During this twenty-day period, the mean number of minutes that Pete spent waiting for the lift was
A. 1.85
B. 0.75
C. 18.75
D. 37
E. 2.1

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 21
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.5 Applications

Question 3 (8 marks)

a. If Pr(V ∪ W) = 0.7725 and Pr(V ∩ W) = 0.2275, calculate Pr(V) and Pr(W),

In a certain random experiment the events V and W are independent events.

given Pr(V) < Pr(W). (3 marks)

b. Determine the probability that neither V nor W occur. (1 mark)

X = 0 if neither V nor W occurs.

Let X be the discrete random variable that defines the number of times events V and W occur.

X = 1 if only one of V and W occurs.

X = 2 if both V and W occur.
c. Specify the probability distribution for X. (1 mark)

d. Determine, correct to 4 decimal places where appropriate

i. E(X) (1 mark)

ii. Var(X) (1 mark)

iii. SD(X). (1 mark)

22 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Discrete random variables

Subtopic 9.6 Review

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2021 Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Q20; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)

If Pr(A) = p, Pr(B) = p2 and Pr(A) + Pr(B) = 1, then Pr(A′ ∪ B) is equal to

Let A and B be two independent events from a sample space.

A. 1 − p − p2
B. p2 − p3
C. p − p3
D. 1 − p + p3
E. 1 − p − p2 + p3

Source: VCE 2019 Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q3; © VCAA

Question 2 (3 marks)
The only possible outcomes when a coin is tossed are a head or a tail. When an unbiased coin is tossed, the
probability of tossing a head is the same as the probability of tossing a tail. Jo has three coins in her pocket;
1
two are unbiased and one is biased. When the biased coin is tossed, the probability of tossing a head is .
3
Jo randomly selects a coin from her pocket and tosses it.
a. Find the probability that she tosses a head. (2 marks)

b. Find the probability that she selected an unbiased coin, given that she tossed a head. (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 23
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.6 Review

Source: VCE 2016 Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q19; © VCAA

Question 3 (1 mark)
Consider the discrete probability distribution with random variable X shown in the table below.

x −1 0 b 2b 4
Pr(X=x) a b b 2b 0.2

The smallest and largest possible values of E(X) are respectively

A. –0.8 and 1
B. –0.8 and 1.6
C. 0 and 2.4
D. 0.2125 and 1
E. 0 and 1

Source: VCE 2015 Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q14; © VCAA

Question 4 (1 mark)
Consider the following discrete probability distribution for the random variable X.

x 1 2 3 4 5
Pr(X=x) p 2p 3p 4p 5p

The mean of this distribution is

A. 2
B. 3
7
C.
2
11
D.
3
E. 4

24 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.6 Review

Source: VCE 2014 Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q14; © VCAA

If X is a random variable such that Pr(X > 5) = a and Pr(X > 8) = b, then Pr(X < 5 | X < 8) is
Question 5 (1 mark)

a
A.
a−b
b

1−b
B.
1−b
1−a
C.

1−b
ab
D.
a−1
b−1
E.

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q11 © VCAA

Aand B are events from a sample space such that Pr(A) = p, where p > 0, Pr(B|A) = m and Pr (B |A′ ) = n.
Question 6 (1 mark)

A. m = n
A and B are independent events when

B. m = 1 − p
C. m + n = 1
D. m = p
E. m + n = 1 − p

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods 1, Q8; © VCAA

For events A and B from a sample space, Pr(A|B) = and Pr(B|A) = Let Pr(A ∩ B) = p.
Question 7 (5 marks)
1 1
5 4
a. Find Pr(A) in terms of p. (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 25
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.6 Review

b. Find Pr(A′ ∩ B′ ) in terms of p. (2 marks)

c. Given that Pr(A ∪ B) ≤ , state the largest possible interval for p.

1
(2 marks)
5

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods 1, Q6; © VCAA

Question 8 (4 marks)
Two boxes each contain four stones that differ only in colour.
Box 1 contains four black stones.
Box 2 contains two black stones and two white stones.
A box is chosen randomly and one stone is drawn randomly from it.
Each box is equally likely to be chosen, as is each stone.
a. What is the probability that the randomly drawn stone is black? (2 marks)

b. It is not known from which box the stone has been drawn.
Given that the stone that is drawn is black, what is the probability that it was drawn from
Box 1? (2 marks)

26 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.6 Review

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods 1, Q7; © VCAA

Question 9 (3 marks)
A company produces motors for refrigerators. There are two assembly lines, Line A and Line B. 5% of the
motors assembled on Line A are faulty and 8% of the motors assembled on Line B are faulty. In one hour,
40 motors are produced from Line A and 50 motors are produced from Line B. At the end of an hour, one
motor is selected at random from all the motors that have been produced during that hour.
1
a. What is the probability that the selected motor is faulty? Express your answer in the form , where b is a
b
positive integer. (2 marks)

b. The selected motor is found to be faulty.

1
What is the probability that it was assembled on Line A? Express your answer in the form where c is a
c
positive integer. (1 mark)

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 1, Q9; © VCAA

Question 10 (4 marks)
An egg marketing company buys its eggs from farm A and farm B. Let p be the proportion of eggs that the
company buys from farm A. The rest of the company’s eggs come from farm B. Each day, the eggs from
both farms are taken to the company’s warehouse.
3 1
Assume that of all eggs from farm A have white eggshells and of all eggs from farm B have white
5 5
eggshells.
a. An egg is selected at random from the set of all eggs at the warehouse.
Find, in terms of p, the probability that the egg has a white eggshell. (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 27
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.6 Review

b. Another egg is selected at random from the set of all eggs at the warehouse.
i. Given that the egg has a white eggshell, find, in terms of p, the probability that it came from
farm B. (2 marks)

ii. If the probability that this egg came from farm B is 0.3, find the value of p. (1 mark)

28 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.6 Review

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 1, Q9; © VCAA

Question 11(6 marks)

Sally aims to walk her dog, Mack, most mornings. If the weather is pleasant, the probability that she will
3 1
walk Mack is , and if the weather is unpleasant, the probability that she will walk Mack is .
4 3
Assume that pleasant weather on any morning is independent of pleasant weather on any other morning.
a. In a particular week, the weather was pleasant on Monday morning and unpleasant on Tuesday morning.
Find the probability that Sally walked Mack on at least one of these two mornings. (2 marks)

5
b. In the month of April, the probability of pleasant weather in the morning was .
8
i. Find the probability that on a particular morning in April, Sally walked Mack. (2 marks)

ii. Using your answer from part b.i., or otherwise, find the probability that on a particular morning in
April, the weather was pleasant, given that Sally walked Mack that morning. (2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 29
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Topic 9 Subtopic 9.6 Review

Given that Pr(A) = , Pr(B) = and Pr(A|B) = , which of the following options is correct?
Question 12 (1 mark)
5 1 1

A. Pr(A ∩ B) = and Pr(A′ ∩ B′ ) =

8 5 8
1 1
40 5
B. Pr(A ∩ B) = and Pr(A′ ∩ B′ ) =
5 3
8 5
C. Pr(A ∩ B) = and Pr(A′ ∩ B′ ) =
13 39
40 40
D. Pr(A ∩ B) = and Pr(A′ ∩ B′ ) =
5 4
8 5
E. Pr(A ∩ B) = and Pr(A′ ∩ B′ ) =
1 3
40 10

Question 13 (1 mark)
A college has 500 students. During a census of the student body it is found that 20% of the students are
left-handed and 40% wear glasses. It is also known that 52% of the right handed students do not wear
glasses.
One student is selected at random. If the selected student does not wear glasses, the probability that they are
left handed is closest to
1. 0.08
2. 0.12
3. 0.31
4. 0.32
5. 0.98

30 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Answers and marking guide

9.2 Probability review
Question 1
a. Model X, O = oil change, F = filter change
Pr(O) = , Pr(F) = and Pr(F ∩ O) =
17 3 1
20 20 20
O O′
1 2 3
F
20 20 20

F′
16 1 17
20 20 20
17 3
20 20

Pr(F ∩ O′ ) =
1
[1 mark]

b. Model Y, Pr(O) = , Pr(F) =

10

m+n m+n
m n
and

Pr(F ∩ O) =
m+n
1

O′
n−1
O
1 n
m+n m+n m+n
F

m−1
F′
m+n
m
m+n

n−1
Pr(F ∩ O′ ) = = 0.05 =
m+n
1

20(n − 1) = 20n − 20 = m + n
20

m = 19n − 20
Award 1 mark for the correct Karnaugh map (table).
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.

There are k red marbles, n − k green marbles, a total of n

Question 2

k k−1 n−k n−k−1

Pr(RR) + Pr(GG) = × + ×
n n−1 n−1
k(k − 1) + (n − k)(n − k − 1)
n

=
n(n − 1)
The correct answer is D.

Pr(A) = a = ? and Pr(B) = 2Pr(A); Pr(A ∪ B) = 0.52

Question 3

Pr(A ∪ B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) − Pr(A ∩ B)

A and B are independent, so Pr(A ∩ B) = Pr(A) Pr(B).

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 31
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Pr(A ∪ B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) − Pr(A) Pr(B)

0.52 = Pr(A) + 2Pr(A) − 2(Pr(A))2
0.52 = 3a − 2a2
2a2 − 3a + 0.52 = 0
a = Pr(A) = 0.2 0 < a < 1
The correct answer is B.
Question 4
Box 1: 4W, 2R; total 6
Box 2: 2W, 3R; total 5
Pr(+1) = Pr(RW) + Pr(WR) = × + × =
2 2 4 3 16

=
6 5 6 5 30
8
15
The correct answer is E.
Question 5

Pr(different) = Pr(RY) + Pr(YR)

5 red marbles and 3 yellow marbles means 8 marbles in total.

= × + ×
5 3 3 5
8 7 8 7
=
30
56
=
15
28
The correct answer is C.
Question 6

= Pr(FFF)
a. Pr(does not log on)

=
( )3
3
5

=
27
[1 mark]
125
VCAA Examination Report note:

b. Pr(log on) = Pr(S) + Pr(FS) + Pr(FFS)

Students clearly identified what was required but some students erred with the arithmetic evaluation.

= + × + ×
( )2
2 3 2 3 2
5 5 5 5 5

=
98
[1 mark]
125

Pr(log on) = 1 − Pr(does not log on)

alternatively

=1−
27
125
=
98
125

32 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

VCAA Examination Report note:

Students generally recognised that the solution was the complement of their answer to part a. Others used

c. Pr(logs on second or third attempt) = Pr(FS) + Pr(FFS)

a tree diagram to identify all possibilities for Jac to log on successfully.

= × + ×
( )2
3 2 3 2

=
5 5 5 5
48
125
Award 1 mark for the correct method.
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Many students who struggled with previous parts of the question generally made use of a tree diagram to
find the two required cases. Common errors included use of conditional probability, use of binomial
theorem or not realising that once Jac logged in, there was no need to keep attempting (three cases).

Pr(success on second or third attempt) = Pr(success) – Pr(success on the first attempt) = − =

A small number of students recognised that
98 2 48
125 5 125

Pr(same) = Pr(RR) + Pr(BB)

Question 7

= × + ×
6 5 4 3
10 9 10 9
=
42
90
=
7
15
The correct answer is C.
Question 8
a. Pr(A|B) = , Pr(B) =
3 1

Pr(A ∩ B)
4 3
Pr(A|B) =
Pr(A ∩ B)
Pr(B)
= 1

× = Pr(A ∩ B)
3
3 1

Pr(A ∩ B) = [1 mark]
4 3
1

b. Pr(A ∩ B) = Pr(B) − Pr(A ∩ B)

4
′

= −
1 1

4−3
3 4
=
12
=
1
[1 mark]
12
VCAA Assessment Report note:
A Karnaugh map was most useful for formulating a solution. Some poor manipulation of fractions was
evident in responses.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 33
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Pr(A ∩ B) = Pr(A) Pr(B)

c. since A and B are independent.

= Pr(A) × ⇒ Pr(A) =
1 1 3
4 3 4
Pr(A ∪ B) = + −
3 1 1

9+4−3
4 3 4

=
12
10
12

= [1 mark]
5
6
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Many students made little headway into solving this problem due to their lack of understanding of
independent events. The addition rule was then applied using an incorrect value for Pr(A), resulting in
final answers well outside the interval [0, 1]. Students must note that a probability must lie within
[0, 1] and is never a negative number.
Question 9

Pr(at least one red) = 1 − Pr(no red)

Five red, three blue for a total of eight balls.

=1− × ×
3 2 1

=
8 7 6
55
56
The correct answer is E.

Five red (5R) and four blue (4B) marbles = 9 marbles in total.
Question 10

Pr(RB + BR) = × + ×
5 4 4 5
9 8 9 8
=
5
9
The correct answer is E.

Pr(J bullseye) = Pr(R bullseye) =

Question 11
1 1
4 2
J × 4 Pr(at least one) = 1 − Pr(none) = 1 − =
( )4
3 175
4 256

R × 2 Pr(at least one) = 1 − Pr(none) = 1 − =

( )2
1 3

Ratio: × = 192 : 175

2 4
3 256
4 175
The correct answer is E.

34 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Pr(A|B) = p, Pr(B) = p2 , Pr(A) = p 3

Question 12
1

Pr(A ∩ B) Pr(A ∩ B)
Pr(A|B) = ⇒p=

Pr(A ∩ B) = p
Pr(B) p2
3

Pr(A ∩ B)
Pr(B|A) =
Pr(A)

=
p3
1

=P
p3
3− 1

=
3
8
p3
The correct answer is D.

Pr(A ∩ B) = p, Pr(A′ ∩ B) = p − , Pr(A ∩ B′ ) =

Question 13
1 3p
8 5
A A′

p− 2p −
1 1
B p
8 8

B′
3p
5
8p

Since the events are independent, Pr(A ∩ B) = Pr(A) Pr(B).

5

p= 2p − solving where 0 < p < 1

8p 1
( )( )

5 8
2p − =
1 5
8 8

2p =
6
8

⇒p=
3
8
The correct answer is C.
Question 14

Pr(A ∪ B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) − Pr(A ∩ B)

If A and B are independent events, then

Pr(A ∪ B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) − Pr(A) · Pr(B)

Pr(A ∪ B) = + − × =
1 1 1 1 2
4 5 4 5 5
The correct answer is A.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 35
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

9.3 Discrete random variables

Pr(same) = [Pr(X = 0)]2 + [Pr(X = 1)]2 + [Pr(X = 2)]2 + [Pr(X = 3)]2
Question 1

= 0.52 + 0.252 + 0.22 + 0.052

= 0.355
The correct answer is C.

∑ Pr(X = x) = 1
Question 2

1 = 0.2 + 0.6p2 + 0.1 + 1 − p + 0.1

0.6p − p + 0.4 = 0
6p2 − 10p + 4 = 0
2

3p2 − 5p + 2 = 0
(3p − 2) (p − 1) = 0
p = 1 or p =
2
3
The correct answer is D.
Question 3
a. R Game over [1 mark]
R Game over
B B R Game over
G R Game over
Y R Game over
R Game over
G B R Game over
G R Game over
Y R Game over
R Game over
Y B R Game over

b. Wins $10 with BBB, GGG or YYY [1 mark]

G R Game over
Y R Game over

c. X = {0, 1, 10}
Pr(X = 0) = + 3 × +9 × ×
2 1 2 1 1 1
( ) ( )

= + +
5 5 5 5 5 5
2 6 9

= + + =
5 25 125
50 30 9 98
[1 mark]
125 125 125 125

Pr(X = 10) = 3 =
( )3
1 3
[1 mark]

Pr(X = 1) = 1 − (Pr(X = 0) + Pr(x = 10))

5 125

= − + =
125 98 3 24
( )

125 125 125 125

x $0 $1 $10

Pr (X = x)
98 24 3
125 125 125

[1 mark]

36 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Question 4
The sum of the probabilities is one.
+ + =1
1 k 7

5 + 2k2 + 7
2k 5 10k

=1

2k2 + 12 = 10k
10k

k2 − 5k + 6 = 0
(k − 3) (k − 2) = 0
Both k = 2 and k = 3 are valid answers.
The correct answer is D.

a. 2p + 3p + 4p + 5p + 6p = 1
Question 5
[1 mark]
p=
1
[1 mark]

b. Pr(3 ≤ X ≤ 5) = + +
20
4 5 6

=
20 20 20
15

= 0.75
20
[1 mark]

a. 0.09 + 0.22 + 0.26 + 0.21 + 0.13 + 0.06 + 0.02 + p = 1

Question 6

0.99 + p = 1
[1 mark]

p = 0.01 [1 mark]
b. Pr(X > 5) = Pr(X = 6) + Pr(X = 7)
= 0.02 + 0.01
= 0.03
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
Question 7

X 0 1 2 3
Probability 0 c 4c 9c

c + 4c + 9c = 14c = 1
The sum of the probabilities is one.

c=
1
14
The correct answer is C.

Pr(X ≥ 3)
Pr(X ≥ 3/X > 1) =
Question 8

Pr(X > 1)
+1
=
1

1− 8 + 3
6
(1 8 1)

=
7
13
The correct answer is B.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 37
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Question 9
The graph is equivalent to the table

X 0 1 2 3
Probability 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

x+1
Which is Pr(X = x) = for x = 0, 1, 2, 3
10
The correct answer is C.

9.4 Measures of centre and spread

𝜇 = E(X) = ∑ x Pr(X = x)
Question 1

𝜇=0× +1× +2× +3× +6× =

1 9 1 1 3 17

Pr(X < 𝜇) = Pr(X < 1.7)

4 20 10 20 20 10

= Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
= +
1 9

=
4 20
7
10
The correct answer is E.

E(X) = ∑ x Pr(X = x) = −p + 1 − 3p = 1 − 4p
Question 2

E(X2 ) = ∑ x2 Pr(X = x) = p + 1 − 3p = 1 − 2p
Var(X) = E(X2 ) − (E(X))2
= (1 − 2p) −( (1 − 4p)2
= 1 − 2p − 1 − 8p + 16p2
= 6p − 16p2
)

The correct answer is D.

a. Area of the whole board is 𝜋(4 × 5)2 = 400𝜋.

Question 3

Band A = 𝜋(4)2 = 16𝜋 and

Pr(Band A) = =
16𝜋 1
[1 mark]

Band B = 𝜋(8)2 − 16𝜋 = 64𝜋 − 16𝜋 = 48𝜋 and Pr(Band B) = =

400𝜋 25
48𝜋 3
[1 mark]
400𝜋 25
Band C = 𝜋(12)2 − 64𝜋 = 144𝜋 − 64𝜋 = 80𝜋 and Pr(Band C) = =
80𝜋 5
[1 mark]
400𝜋 25
Band D = 𝜋(16)2 − 144𝜋 = 256𝜋 − 144𝜋 = 112𝜋 and Pr(Band D) = =
112𝜋 7
[1 mark]
400𝜋 25
Band E = 𝜋(20)2 − 256𝜋 = 400𝜋 − 256𝜋 = 144𝜋 and Pr(Band E) = =
144𝜋 9
[1 mark]
400𝜋 25

38 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

Pr(E) = −$1, Pr(D) = $0, Pr(C) = $1, Pr(B) = $4, Pr(A) = $9

b. X is the gain in dollars.

x −$1 $0 $1 $4 $9

Pr(X = x) =
9 7 5 1 3 1
25 25 25 5 25 25

[1 mark]

c. i. E(X) = −1 +1 +0 +4 +9
7
9 5 3 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[1 mark]
25
25 25 25 25
E(X) = − + 0 + + +
9 5 12 9
25 25 25 25
E(X) = = 0.68 cents
17
[1 mark]
25
ii. E(X ) = (−1) +0 +1 +4 +9
9 7 5 3 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
25 25 25 25 25

E(X2 ) =
+0+ + +
9 5 48 81
25 25 25 25

E(X2 ) =
143
[1 mark]

Var(X) = E(X2 ) − [E(X)]2

25

Var(X) = −
( )2
143 17
25 25
Var(X) − − = = $5.26
3575 289 3286
625 625 √ 625
SD(X) = = $2.29
3286
[1 mark]
625

∑ Pr(X = x) = a + 3a + 5a + 7a = 16a = 1
Question 4

a=
1

E(X) = ∑ x Pr(X = x) = 3a + 10a + 21a = 34a

16

E(X) = 34 × =
1 17
16 8
The correct answer is D.

i. E(X) = ∑ x Pr(X = x)
Question 5

E(X) = 0 × 0.2 + 1 × 0.6p2 + 2 × 0.1 + 3 × (1 − p) + 4 × 0.1

= p2 − 3p + 3.6 but p =
3 2

8 4 + 24
5 3
= × − 2 + 3.6 = + =
3 4 4
5 9 15 5 15
=
28
15
Award 1 mark for finding the expected value and substituting.
Award 1 mark for the final correct expected value.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 39
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

VCAA Assessment Report note:

i. Many students had difficulty adding decimals and fractions to give an answer.

ii. Pr(X > E(X)) = Pr(X ≥ 2)

ii. Many students gave 0.5 as the answer.

Pr(X > E(X)) = 1 − (Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1))

=1− +
1 4
( )

5 15

=1−
7

=
15
8
15
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
i. Many students had difficulty adding decimals and fractions to give an answer.
ii. Many students gave 0.5 as the answer.

E(X) = 1 × +2× +3× +4×

Question 6
1 1 1 1

=
3 4 6 8
11

= 1.8333
6

E(X)2 = 1 × + 4 × + 9 × + 16 ×
1 1 1 1

=
3 4 6 8
29

= 4.8333
6

Var(X) = E(X2 ) − (E(X))2

= −
( )2
29 11
6 6
=
53

= 1.4722
36

Sd(X) = 1.4722
= 1.2134
√

The correct answer is E.

Given that Sd(X ) = 3 and E(X) = 5

Question 7

Var(X) = E(X2 ) − (E(X))2

9 = E(X2 ) − 25
E(X ) = 34
2

The correct answer is E.

40 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

c + 0.3 + 0.1 + 0.2 + .05 = 1

Question 8

c = 0.35 [1 mark]
Var(X) = E(X ) − [E(X)]2
= (1 × 0.35 + 4 × 0.3 + 9 × 0.1 + 16 × 0.2 + 25 × 0.05) − [2.3]2
2

= 1.61
[1 mark]
[1 mark]

E(X) = 1 × k + 2 × (1 − k)
Question 9

=2−k
E(X2 ) = 1 × k + 4 × (1 − k)
= 4 − 3k
Var(X) = E(X2 ) − (E(X))2
= (4 − 3k) −( (2 − k)2 )
= 4 − 3k − 4 − 4k + k2
= k − k2
= k (1 − k)
Sd (X) = k (1 − k)
√

The correct answer is C.

Var(X) = E(X2 ) − [E(X)]2

Question 10

1.2 = E(X2 ) − [2]2

E(X2 ) = 5.2
5.2 = 0.2 + 4q + 1.8 + 16p
4q + 16p = 3.2
q + 4p = 0.8
∑ Pr(X = x) = 1
(1)

p + 0.2 + q + 0.2 + p = 1
2p + q = 0.6 (2)
(1) − (2) :
2p = 0.2
p = 0.1

q + 4 × 0.1 = 0.8
Substitute into (1):

∴ q = 0.4
The correct answer is A.

9.5 Applications
Var(X) = E(X)2 − [E(X)]2
Question 1

= 250 − 152
= 25
SD(X) = Var(X)
= 25
√

=5
√

Pr(𝜇 − 2𝜎 ≤ X ≤ 𝜇 + 2𝜎) ≈ 0.95

[1 mark]

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 41
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

𝜇 − 2𝜎 = 15 − 2 × 5
=5
𝜇 + 2𝜎 = 15 + 2 × 5
= 25
∴ x1 = 5, x2 = 25
[1 mark]

E(X) = 1 × +2× +3× +4×

Question 2
3 4 6 2

=
20 20 20 20
37

= 1.85
20

The correct answer is A.

a. Pr(V ∪ W) = 0.7725 and Pr(V ∩ W) = 0.2275.

Question 3

Pr(V ∪ W) = Pr(W) + Pr(V) − Pr(W ∩ V)

0.7725 = Pr(W) + Pr(V) − 0.2275
1.0000 = Pr(W) + Pr(V) [1] [1 mark]

Pr(W ∩ V) = Pr(W) Pr(V)

V and W are independent events.

0.2275 = Pr(W) Pr(V)

= Pr(V)
0.2275
[2] [1 mark]
Pr(W)
Substitute [2] into [1]:
1= + Pr(W)
0.2275

Pr(W) = 0.2275 + [Pr(W)]2

Pr(W)

0 = [Pr(W)]2 − Pr(W) + 0.2275

Pr(W) = 0.65 or 0.35
But Pr(V) < Pr(W), so Pr(W) = 0.65 and Pr(V) = 0.35. [1 mark]
′
b.
W M
V 0.2275 0.1225 0.35
V′ 0.4225 0.2275 0.65
0.35 0.65 1.000

Note: Pr(V′ ∩ W′) = 0.2275

[1 mark]

c.
Pr(X = x)
x 0 1 2
0.2275 0.5450 0.2275

d. i. E(X) = 0(0.2275) + 1(0.545) + 2(0.2275) = 1 [1 mark]

[1 mark]

ii. E(X2 ) = 02 (0.2275) + 12 (0.545) + 22 (0.2275)

= 0 + 0.545 + 0.91 = 1.455
Var(X) = E(X2 ) − [E(X)]2
Var(X) = 1.455 − 12
Var(X) = 0.455
iii. SD(X) = 0.455 = 0.6745 [1 mark]
[1 mark]
√

42 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

9.6 Review
Question 1

A A′
B p 3
p − p3
2
p2
B′ 1 − p2
p 1−p

Pr(A) = p, Pr(B) = p2
Pr(A ∩ B) = Pr(A) Pr(B) = p3
Pr(A′ ∪ B) = Pr(A′ ) + Pr(B) −
( Pr(A′ ∩) B)
= (1 − p) + p2 − p2 − p3
= 1 − p + p3
The correct answer is D.

a. Pr(H) = H = Head, B = Biased coin

Question 2

= Pr(H ∩ B′ ) + Pr(H ∩ B)
Pr(H) = × + ×
1 2 1 1

= + =
2 3 3 3
1 1 4
3 9 9
Award 1 mark for the setup of probabilities.
Award 1 mark for the correct answers.
VCAA Examination Report note:
As this question was worth two marks, appropriate working was required to be shown. This could
include computations or a probability tree diagram with relevant branches clearly identified. In some

Pr(unbiased ∩ H) ×
instances, it was not clear which fractions were being manipulated or how they were manipulated.

b. Pr(unbiased|H) = = 2 4 3 = 34 =
1 2 1
3
Pr(H) 9 9
4
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Most students correctly identified the conditional nature of this probability problem. It was noted that
many students who did not simplify their answer to part a did not carry out the subsequent calculation
successfully.

∑ Pr(X = x) = a + 4b + 0.2 = 1
Question 3

a + 4b = 0.8 ⇒ a = 0.8 − 4b
[1]

E(X) = ∑ x Pr(X = x)
= −a + 5b2 + 0.8
= −(0.8 − 4b) + 5b2 + 0.8
E(X) = 5b2 + 4b

(E(X)) = 10b + 4 = 0 ⇒ b = −
d 2

but 0 ≤ b ≤ 0.2, 0 ≤ a ≤ 0.8 from [1].

db 5

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 43
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

b = 0, a = 0.8, E(X) = 0, smallest

Examine end points:

b = 0.2, a = 0, E(X) = 1, largest

The correct answer is E.

∑ Pr(X = x) = 1
Question 4

p + 2p + 3p + 4p + 5p = 15p
=1
⇒p=
1

E(X) = ∑ x Pr(X = x)
15

= p + 4p + 9p + 16p + 25p
= 55p

=
55
15

=
11
3
The correct answer is D.

Pr(X < 5)
Pr(X < 5|X < 8) =
Question 5

Pr(X < 8)
1 − Pr(X > 5)
=
1 − Pr(X > 8)
1−a
=
1−b
a−1
=
b−1
The correct answer is E.

Pr(A) = p
Question 6

Pr(B ∩ A) Pr(B ∩ A)
Pr(B|A) = = = m, Pr(B ∩ A) = mp

Pr(B ∩ A) Pr(B ∩ A)
Pr(A) p

Pr(B|A) = = = n, Pr(B ∩ A) = n(1 − p)

1−p
Pr(B) = Pr(B ∩ A) + Pr(B ∩ A) = mp + n(1 − p)
Pr(A)

Pr(A ∩ B) = Pr(A) Pr(B)

A and B are independent so

mp = p × (mp + n(1 − p))

m = mp + n(1 − p)
m(1 − p) = n(1 − p)
m=n
The correct answer is A.

44 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

a. Pr(B|A) =
Question 7
1

Pr(A ∩ B) 1
4
=
Pr(A) 4
=
p 1

Pr(A) = 4p [1 mark]
Pr(A) 4

VCAA Examination Report note:

This question was generally answered well. The most common errors included solving for Pr(B), and
p 1
incorrectly transposing to yield .

b. Pr(A|B) =
Pr(A) 4
1

Pr(A ∩ B) 1
5
=
Pr(B) 5
=
p 1

Pr(B) = 5p
Pr(B) 5

A
B p 4p 5p
′
1 − 8p 1 − 5p
1 − 4p
B 3p
4p

Pr(A′ ∩ B′ ) = 1 − 8p
Award 1 mark for the Karnaugh map or Venn diagram or alternative correct method.
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
VCAA Examination Report note:

were various misconceptions of the connection between conditional probabilities and Pr(A′ ∩ B′ ). Many
Students who scored highly usually used a table or a Venn diagram to arrive at their answer. There

Pr(A′ ∩ B′ ) = Pr(A′ ) × Pr(B′ ).

students assumed that events A and B were independent, hence incorrectly used

c. Pr(A ∪ B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) − Pr(A ∩ B)

= 4p + 5p − p
= 8p

Pr(A ∪ B) ≤
1

8p ≤
5
1

0<p≤
5
1
40
Award 1 mark for the correct inequality.
Award 1 mark for the correct values.

Most students identified that Pr(A ∪ B) = 8p. Only a few students identified the correct interval because
VCAA Examination Report note:

students did not consider that in this case p ≠ 0. Common incorrect answers included p = or p ≤
1 1

(allowing negative probabilities) and 0 ≤ p ≤ .

40 40
1
40

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 45
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

a. Pr(B) = Pr(B|1) + Pr(B|2)

Question 8
[1 mark]
= ×1+ × = +
1 1 2 1 1

=
2 2 4 2 4
3
[1 mark]
4
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was generally well answered. Many students showed their reasoning via a tree diagram or
some written explanation. Some students overworked the problem by trying to use the binomial

Pr(1 ∩ B)
distribution.
b. Pr(1|B) = [1 mark]
Pr(B)
= 3 =
1
2 2
[1 mark]
4
3
VCAA Examination Report note:
Students generally recognised the conditional probability (reduced sample space). Some students
incorrectly worked Pr(Black|Box1), resulting in a probability greater than 1, which is not feasible.

a. Pr(F|A) = , Pr(F|B) = , Pr(A) = , Pr(B) =

Question 9
5 8 40 50

Pr(F) = Pr(F|A) Pr(A) + Pr(F|B) Pr(B)

100 100 90 90

= × + × = +
100 90 100 90 9 × 5 9 × 5
5 40 8 50 1 2

= (b = 15)
1
15
Award 1 mark for using conditional probability.
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
While a tree was not a required to answer the question, it may have assisted some students to determine

Pr(A ∩ F)
the two required cases. Many students stated probabilities greater than 1.
b. Pr(A|F) =

× 5
Pr(F)

= 90 1 100
40

=
15
1
45
1

= (c = 3)
15
1
3
Award 1 mark for the correct probability
VCAA Assessment Report note:
In general the conditional probability was recognised but not the reduced sample space. Often the
instruction regarding the form of the final answer was overlooked.

46 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

a. Pr(W) = p × + (1 − p) ×
Question 10
3 1

3p 1 − p
= +
5 5

2p + 1
Pr(W) =
5 5

[1 mark]
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Many students made good use of a tree diagram in their formulation of a solution. Some students left
their answer unsimplified as a sum of two products. A significant number of students offered a final

Pr(B ∩ W)
expression not in terms of p.
b. i. Pr(B|W) =
Pr(W)

=
1−p
5

1−p
2p+1

Pr(B|W) =
5

2p + 1
Award 1 mark for applying rules for conditional probability.
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
While most students recognised that this question involved conditional probability, many could not

1−p
apply it within the context of the specific question. Algebraic fractions were not handled well.

= 0.3
2p + 1
ii.

1−p
=
2p + 1 10
3

10(1 − p) = 3 (2p + 1)
10 − 10p = 6p + 3
16p = 7
p=
7
[1 mark]
16

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 47
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

a. Pr (at least one) = 1 − Pr (no walks)

Question 11

=1− ×
1 2

=1−
4 3
1

=
6
5
6
Award 1 mark for considering cases.
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Many students attempted to use matrices but did not recognise the basic nature of the problem. A tree
diagram or listing the sample space were the best options.
b. i. Pr(walk) = × + ×
5 3 3 1
8 4 8 3
= +
15 1
32 8
=
19
32
Award 1 mark for considering the tree diagram of both cases.
Award 1 mark for the correct final probability.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Many students made a good attempt at this question. Most students correctly identified the required

Pr(P ∩ W)
sum of two products; however, made errors in the evaluation of the final fraction.
ii. Pr(pleasant|walk) =

×
Pr(W)

=
5 3
8 4
19

=
32
15
19
Award 1 mark for the conditional.
Award 1 mark for the correct final probability.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Many students were able to identify the conditional probability and use their answer to part bi. in the
denominator; however, used an incorrect numerator.

Pr(A ∩ B) 1 Pr(A ∩ B)
Question 12
Pr(A|B) = = = 1
Pr(B) 8
Pr(A ∩ B) =
5
1
40
Pr(A′ ∩ B′ ) = − = − =
3 7 4 3 1
8 40 5 5 5

48 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 9

A A′
1 7 1
B
40 40 5

B′
3 4
?
5 5
5 3
8 8

The correct answer is A.

Let L be left handed and G wears glasses, given Pr(L) = 0.2, Pr(G) = 0.4
Question 13

Pr(G′ ∩ L′ ) Pr(G′ ∩ L′ )
and Pr(G′ |L′ ) = = = 0.52
Pr(L′ )
⇒ Pr(G′ ∩ L′ ) = 0.416
0.8

Pr(L ∩ G′ ) 0.184
Pr(L|G′ ) = = = 0.307
Pr(G′ ) 0.6

L L′
G 0.016 0.384 0.4
G′ 0.184 0.416 0.6
0.2 0.8

The correct answer is C.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 49
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

10 The binomial distribution

Topic 10 The binomial distribution
Subtopic 10.2 Bernoulli trials

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Question 1 (4 marks)
It has been found that when a breast ultrasound is combined with a common mammogram, the rate in which
breast cancer is detected in a group of women is 7.2 per 1000. Noa is due for her two-yearly mammography
testing, which will involve an ultrasound combined with a mammogram. Let Z be the discrete random
variable that breast cancer is detected.
a. Calculate the probability that Noa has breast cancer detected at this next test. (1 mark)

b. Construct a probability distribution table for Z. (1 mark)

c. Calculate Pr(𝜇 − 2𝜎 ≤ Z ≤ 𝜇 + 2𝜎). (2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 1
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

Topic 10 Subtopic 10.2 Bernoulli trials

Question 2 (3 marks)
Y is a discrete random variable that has a Bernoulli distribution. It is known that the standard deviation for
this distribution is 0.4936.
a. Calculate the variance of Y correct to 4 decimal places. (1 mark)

b. Calculate the probability of success, p, if p > 1 − p. (1 mark)

c. Determine E(Y ). (1 mark)

Question 3 (3 marks)
Y is a discrete random variable that has a Bernoulli distribution. It is known that the standard deviation of
Y is 0.3316.
a. Calculate the variance correct to 2 decimal places. (1 mark)

b. Calculate the probability of success correct to 4 decimal places if Pr(success) > Pr(failure). (2 marks)

2 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

Topic 10 The binomial distribution

Subtopic 10.3 The binomial distribution

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q17; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
A discrete random variable X has a binomial distribution with a probability of success of p = 0.1 for
n trials, where n > 2.
If the probability of obtaining at least two successes after n trials is at least 0.5, then the smallest possible
value of n is
A. 15
B. 16
C. 17
D. 18
E. 19

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q18; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
Let X be a discrete random variable with binomial distribution X ~ Bi (n, p). The mean and the standard
deviation of this distribution are equal.
Given that 0 < p < 1, the smallest number of trials, n, such that p ≤ 0.01 is
A. 37
B. 49
C. 98
D. 99
E. 101

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 3
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

Topic 10 Subtopic 10.3 The binomial distribution

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q10; © VCAA

Question 3 (1 mark)
4
The binomial random variable, X, has E(X) = 2 and Var(X) = .
3
Pr(X = 1) is equal to
( )6
1
A.
3
( )6
2
B.
3
( )2
1 2
C. ×
3 3
( )5
1 2
D. 6 × ×
3 3
( )5
2 1
E. 6 × ×
3 3

Question 4 (1 mark)
In a shipment of electrical conductors, it is found that 8% are defective.
A sample of 30 conductors is selected at random.
The standard deviation of the number of defective conductors selected is closest to
A. 4.80
B. 2.4
C. 2.19
D. 2.21
E. 1.49

4 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

Topic 10 Subtopic 10.3 The binomial distribution

Question 5 (1 mark)
The probability distribution of a binomial random variable X, with, is shown graphically below. The most
likely value for p is equal to

A. 0.2
B. 0.3
C. 0.4
D. 0.5
E. 0.6

Question 6 (1 mark) ( )
n x
Describe the probability distribution function Pr(X = x) = p (1 − p)n−x , x = 0, 1....n, for n = 5 and
x
p = 0.2.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 5
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

Topic 10 The binomial distribution

Subtopic 10.4 Applications

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q6; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
The probability of winning a game is 0.25.
The probability of winning a game is independent of winning any other game.
If Ben plays 10 games, the probability that he will win exactly four times is closest to
A. 0.1460
B. 0.2241
C. 0.9219
D. 0.0781
E. 0.7759

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q8; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
An archer can successfully hit a target with a probability of 0.9. The archer attempts to hit the target
80 times. The outcome of each attempt is independent of any other attempt.
Given that the archer successfully hits the target at least 70 times, the probability that the archer
successfully hits the target exactly 74 times, correct to four decimal places, is
A. 0.3635
B. 0.8266
C. 0.1494
D. 0.3005
E. 0.1701

6 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

Topic 10 Subtopic 10.4 Applications

Source: VCE 2013, Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q9; © VCAA

Question 3 (1 mark)
Harry is a soccer player who practises penalty kicks many times each day.
Each time Harry takes a penalty kick, the probability that he scores a goal is 0.7, independent of any other
penalty kick. One day Harry took 20 penalty kicks.
Given that he scored at least 12 goals, the probability that Harry scored exactly 15 goals is closest to
A. 0.1789
B. 0.8867
C. 0.8
D. 0.6396
E. 0.2017

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 7
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

Topic 10 The binomial distribution

Subtopic 10.5 Review

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q4; © VCAA

Question 1 (3 marks)
A paddock contains 10 tagged sheep and 20 untagged sheep. Four times each day, one sheep is selected at
random from the paddock, placed in an observation area and studied, and then returned to the paddock.
a. What is the probability that the number of tagged sheep selected on a given day is zero? (1 mark)

b. What is the probability that at least one tagged sheep is selected on a given day? (1 mark)

c. What is the probability

( ) that no tagged sheep are selected on each of six consecutive days? Express your
c
a
answer in the form where a, b and c are positive integers. (1 mark)
b

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q5; © VCAA

Question 2 (4 marks)
3
For a certain population the probability of a person being born with the specific gene SPGE1 is .
5
The probability of a person having this gene is independent of any other person in the population having
this gene.
a. In a randomly selected group of four people, what is the probability that three or more people have the
SPGE1 gene? (2 marks)

b. In a randomly selected group of four people, what is the probability that exactly two people have the
SPGE1 gene, given that at least one of those people has the SPGE1 gene? Express your answer in the
a3
form 4 , where a, b, c ∈ Z+ . (2 marks)
b − c4

8 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

Topic 10 Subtopic 10.5 Review

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q19; © VCAA

Question 3 (1 mark)
Shown below is the graph of p, which is the probability function for the number of times, x, that a ‘6’ is
rolled on a fair six-sided die in 20 trials.

p(x)

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Let q be the probability function for the number of times, w, that a ‘6’ is not rolled on a fair six-sided die in
20 trials. q(w) is given by
A. p(20 − w)
( )
w
B. p 1 −
20
( )
w
C. p
20
D. p(w − 20)
E. 1 − p(w)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 9
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

Topic 10 Subtopic 10.5 Review

Source: VCE 2020, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q8; © VCAA

Question 4 (1 mark)
Items are packed in boxes of 25 and the mean number of defective items per box is 1.4.
Assuming that the probability of an item being defective is binomially distributed, the probability that a box
contains more than three defective items, correct to three decimal places, is
A. 0.037
B. 0.048
C. 0.056
D. 0.114
E. 0.162

Question 5 (1 mark)
In a shipment of electrical conductors, it is found that 8% are defective.
A sample of 30 conductors is selected at random.
The standard deviation of the number of defective conductors selected is closest to
A. 4.80
B. 2.4
C. 2.19
D. 2.21
E. 1.49

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods 2, Section A, Q15; © VCAA

Question 6 (1 mark)
Four fair coins are tossed at the same time.
The outcome for each coin is independent of the outcome for any other coin.
The probability that there is an equal number of heads and tails, given that there is at least one head, is
1
A.
2
1
B.
3
3
C.
4
2
D.
5
4
E.
7

10 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

Topic 10 Subtopic 10.5 Review

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods 1, Q6; © VCAA

Question 7 (6 marks)
An online shopping site sells boxes of doughnuts.
A box contains 20 doughnuts. There are only four types of doughnuts in the box. They are:
• glazed, with custard
• glazed, with no custard
• not glazed, with custard
• not glazed, with no custard.
It is known that, in the box:
1
• of the doughnuts are with custard
2
7
• of the doughnuts are not glazed
10
1
• of the doughnuts are glazed, with custard.
10
a. A doughnut is chosen at random from the box.
Find the probability that it is not glazed, with custard. (1 mark)

b. The 20 doughnuts in the box are randomly allocated to two new boxes, Box A and Box B.
Each new box contains 10 doughnuts.
One of the two new boxes is chosen at random and then a doughnut from that box is chosen at random.
Let g be the number of glazed doughnuts in Box A.
Find the probability, in terms of g, that the doughnut comes from Box B given that it is glazed. (2 marks)

c. The online shopping site has over one million visitors per day.
It is known that half of these visitors are less than 25 years old.
Let p̂ be the random variable representing the proportion of visitors who are less than 25 years old in a
random sample of five visitors.
Find Pr (p̂ ≥ 0.8). Do not use a normal approximation. (3 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 11
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

Topic 10 Subtopic 10.5 Review

Question 8 (1 mark)
It is found that 60% of all trains do not run on schedule. In any one day there are 50 trains running, the mean
and standard deviation of the number of trains that are not on schedule is given by
A. 30, 12
B. 30, 3.46
C. 3, 2
D. 3, 2.82
E. 3, 1.68

Question 9 (1 mark)
An examination consists of 40 multiple-choice questions, each having 5 possible answers. If a student
guesses the answer to every question, determine the expected number of questions that the student expects
to get right.

Question 10 (3 marks)
Let X be a discrete random variable with a binomial distribution. The mean of X is 3 and the variance of X is
2.1. Find the values of n and p.

12 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

Answers and marking guide

10.2 Bernoulli trials
Question 1
a. Pr(breast cancer) = 0.0072 [1 mark]
b. z 0 1
Pr (Z = z) 0.9928 0.0072 [1 mark]
c. 𝜇 = E(Z ) = 0.0072
Var(Z ) = pq = 0.0072 × 0.9928 = 0.0071
√
𝜎 = SD(Z ) = 0.0071 = 0.0845 [1 mark]
𝜇 − 2𝜎 = 0.0072 − 2(0.0845) = −0.1618
𝜇 + 2𝜎 = 0.0072 + 2(0.0845) = 0.1762
Pr(𝜇 − 2𝜎 ≤ Z ≤ 𝜇 + 2𝜎) = Pr(−0.1618 ≤ Z ≤ 0.1762)
= Pr(Z = 0)
= 0.9928 [1 mark]
Question 2
a. SD(Y ) = 0.4936
Var(Y ) = 0.49362 = 0.2436 [1 mark]
b. Var(Y ) = p(1 − p) = 0.2436
p − p2 = 0.2436
0 = p2 − p + 0.2436
√
1 ± (−1)2 − 4(1)(0.21)436
Therefore, p =
2(1)
√
1 ± 1 − 0.9744
p=
2
1 ± 0.16
p=
2
0.84 1.16
p= or
2 2
p = 0.42 or 0.58
But p > 1 − p so p = 0.58 [1 mark]
c. E(Y ) = p = 0.58 [1 mark]

Question 3
a. SD(Y) = 0.3316
Var(Y) = 0.33162 = 0.11 [1 mark]
b. Var(Y) = p(1 − p) = 0.11
p − p2 = 0.11
0 = p2 − p + 0.11
p = 0.1258 or 0.8742 [1 mark]
Since p > 1 − p, p = 0.8742. [1 mark]

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 13
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

10.3 The binomial distribution

Question 1
d
X = Bi(n = ?, p = 0.1)
Pr(X ≥ 2) ≥ 0.5
1 − [Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)] ≥ 0.5
0.9n + n × 0.1 × 0.9n−1 = 0.5, n = 16.44
n = 17
The correct answer is C.
Question 2
X ~ Bi (n, p)
√
E(X) = np, SD(X) = np(1 − p)
E(X) = SD(X)
√
np = np(1 − p)
n2 p2 = np(1 − p)
n2 p2 − np(1 − p) = 0
np (np − (1 − p)) = 0 since 0 < p < 1, n > 0
1−p
n= , p = 0.01 ⇒ n = 99
p
The correct answer is D.
Question 3
4
Var(X ) = npq = , E(X ) = np = 2
3
Var(X ) npq
=
E(X ) np
=q
4
3
∴ q=
2
2
=
3
1
⇒ p = and n = 6
3
( ) ( )5
6 1 2
Pr (X = 1) = × ×
1 3 3
The correct answer is D.
Question 4
d
X = Bi (n = 30, p = 0.08)
Var (X) = npq
= 30 × 0.08 × 0.92
= 2.21
√
Sd (X) = 2.21
= 1.486
The correct answer is E.

14 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

Question 5
The graph is symmetrical, so p = 0.5
The correct answer is D.
Question 6
Use a table to analyse the probability distribution function
( )
n x
Pr (X = x) = p (1 − p)n−x , x = 0, 1....n, for n = 5 and p = 0.2.
x
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
n=5 0.328 0.41 0.205 0.051 0.007 0.0003
p = 0.2

The distribution is positively skewed. [1 mark]

10.4 Applications
Question 1
d
X = Bi(n = 10, p = 0.25)
Pr(X = 4) = 0.1460
The correct answer is A.
Question 2
A ~ Bi(80, 0.9)
Pr(A = 74)
Pr(A = 74 | A ≥ 70) =
Pr(A ≥ 70)
0.1235
= = 0.1494
0.8266
The correct answer is C.
Question 3
X ~ Bi(20, 0.7)
Pr(X = 15 | X ≥ 12)
Pr(X = 15) 0.178 863
= =
Pr(X ≥ 12) 0.886 69
= 0.2017
The correct answer is E.

10.5 Review
Question 1
( )
1
a. T ~ Bi 4,
3
( )4
2
Pr (T = 0) =
3
16
=
81
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Incorrect responses overlooked the stipulation ‘four times each day’, thus not identifying a binomial
distribution. Some students considered untagged sheep rather than tagged sheep.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 15
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

b. Pr (T ≥ 1) = 1 − Pr (T = 0)
16
=1−
81
65
=
81
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Students identified that the answer to this part of the question was simply the complement of their
previous answer. However, some students wasted time in finding the sum of four probabilities, and others
made arithmetic errors.
( )6
16
c. Pr (no tagged sheep) =
81
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
The majority of students made the correct connection to part a and the exponent 6. The most common
( )6
2
incorrect answer was .
3
Question 2
( )
d 3
a. G = Bi n = 4, p =
5
Pr (G ≥ 3) = Pr (G = 3) + Pr (G = 4)
( ) ( )3 ( )1 ( ) ( )4 ( )0
4 3 2 4 3 2
= +
3 5 5 4 5 5
( )3 ( )4
3 2 3
=4× × +
5 5 5
( )3 ( )
3 8 3
= +
5 5 5
11 × 33
=
5 × 53
297
=
625
Award 1 mark for using binomial probabilities.
Award 1 mark for the final correct answer.
Pr (G = 2)
b. Pr (G = 2 |G ≥ 1 ) =
Pr (G ≥ 1)
Pr (G = 2)
=
1 − Pr (G = 0)
( ) ( )2 ( )2
4 3 2
2 5 5
= ( )4
2
1−
5

16 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10
6×9×4
4
5
= 4
2
1− 4
5
216
4
5
= 4 4
5 −2
4
5
3
6
= , a = 6, b = 5, c = 2
5 − 244
Award 1 mark for using binomial conditional probabilites.
Award 1 mark for the final correct answer.
Question 3
( )
d 1
p = Bi n = 20, p =
6
( ) ( )x ( )20−x
20 1 5
p (x) =
x 6 6
( )
d 5
q = Bi n = 20, p =
6
( ) ( )w ( )20−w
20 5 1
q (w) =
w 6 6
( ) ( )20−w ( )20−(20−w)
20 1 5
p (20 − w) =
20 − w 6 6
( ) ( )w ( )20−w
20 5 1
=
w 6 6
= q (w)
The correct answer is A.
Question 4
np = 1.4
25p = 1.4
7
∴p =
125
( )
d 7
∴ B = Bi n = 25, p =
125
Pr(B > 3) = Pr(B ≥ 4) = 0.048
The correct answer is B.
Question 5
d
X = Bi (n = 30, p = 0.08)
Var (X) = npq
= 30 × 0.08 × 0.92
= 2.21
√
SD (X) = 2.21
= 1.486
The correct answer is E.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 17
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

Question 6
( )
1
C = Bi n = 4 , p =
2
( ) Pr(C = 2)
Pr C = 2|C ≥ 1 =
Pr(C ≥ 1)
( )
4 ( 1 )4
2 6
Pr(C = 2) 2 6
16
= = ( )4 = 15
=
1 − Pr(C = 0) 1 − 12 16
15
2
= = 0.4
5
The correct answer is D.
Question 7
a. Let G represent glazed, and C represent custard doughnuts.

1 1 2
Pr (G′ ∩ C) = − = [1 mark]
2 10 5
b. Total number of glazed doughnuts is 6, g in box A, so 6 − g in box B.
( )
1 6−g
Pr(B ∩ G) 2
× 10
Pr(B|G) = = 1 6−g g
Pr (G) 2
× ( 10 ) + 12 × 10
( ) 6−g
Pr B|G =
6
Award 1 mark for using conditional probability.
Award 1 mark for correct probability.
( )
d 1 X
c. X = Bi n = 5, p = , P̂ =
( ) 2 5
Pr P̂ ≥ 0.8 = Pr (X ≥ 4) = Pr (X = 4) + Pr (X = 5)
( ) ( )4 ( ) ( )5
( ) 5 1 1 1 5 1 6
Pr P̂ ≥ 0.8 = + = + =
4 2 2 2 32 32 32
( ) 3
Pr P̂ ≥ 0.8 =
16
Award 1 mark for the correct proportions to binomial.
Award 1 mark for using binomial.
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.

18 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 10

Question 8
d
X = Bi (n = 50, p = 0.6)
E(X ) = np
= 50 × 0.6
= 30
Var(X ) = npq
= 50 × 0.6 × 0.4
= 12
√
Sd(X ) = 12
= 3.46
The correct answer is B.
Question 9
1
n = 40, p =
5
1
E (X) = 40 ×
5
= 8 [1 mark]
Question 10
E(X ) = np
3 = np (equation 1)
Var(X ) = np (1 − p)
2.1 = np (1 − p) (equation 2)
Award 1 mark for use of simultaneous equations of 1 and 2.
3 (1 − p) = 2.1
3 − 3p = 2.1
3p = 0.9
p = 0.3 [1 mark]
n × 0.3 = 3
n = 10 [1 mark]

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 19
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

11 Continuous probability
distributions
Topic 11 Continuous probability distributions
Subtopic 11.2 Continuous random variables and probability functions

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2017 Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q19; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
A probability density function f is given by

cos(x) + 1 k < x < (k + 1)

f(x) = {
0 elsewhere

where 0 < k < 2.

The value of K is
A. 1
3𝜋 − 1
B.
2
C. 𝜋 − 1
𝜋−1
D.
2
𝜋
E.
2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 1
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Topic 11 Subtopic 11.2 Continuous random variables and probability functions

Source: VCE 2015 Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q13; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
The function f is a probability density function with rule

aex 0≤x≤1
f(x) = {ae 1<x≤2
0 otherwise

The value of a is
A. 1
B. e
1
C.
e
1
D.
2e
1
E.
2e − 1

Question 3 (1 mark)
A continuous random variable, X, has a probability density function defined by

cx2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
f(x) = {
0 elsewhere

Determine which of the following options is correct.

3
A. c =
26
26
B. c =
3
1
C. c =
14
1
D. c =
9
E. c = 9

2 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Topic 11 Subtopic 11.2 Continuous random variables and probability functions

Question 4 (1 mark)
Which of the following options could not be a valid probability density function?
2x
for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
A. f(x) = { 9
0 elsewhere
6
⎧ for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
⎪9
B. f(x) = 6 − x for 3 ≤ x ≤ 6
⎨
⎪ 9
⎩0 elsewhere
x+3
⎧ for − 3 ≤ x ≤ 0
⎪ 9
C. f(x) = 3 − x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
⎨ 9
⎪
⎩0 elsewhere
1
|x − 3| for 0 ≤ x ≤ 6
D. f(x) = { 9
0 elsewhere
1
(|x| − 3) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
E. f(x) = { 3
0 elsewhere

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 3
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Topic 11 Continuous probability distributions

Subtopic 11.3 The continuous probability density function

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2016 Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q18; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
The continuous random variable, X, has a probability density function given by
( )
1 x
cos 3𝜋 ≤ x ≤ 5𝜋
f(x) = { 4 2
0 elsewhere
√
3+2
The value of a such that Pr(X < a) = is
4
19𝜋
A.
6
14𝜋
B.
3
10𝜋
C.
3
29𝜋
D.
6
17𝜋
E.
3

4 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Topic 11 Subtopic 11.3 The continuous probability density function

Source: Adapted from VCE 2016 Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q8; © VCAA

Question 2 (4 marks)
Let X be a continuous random variable with probability density function

−4x loge (x) 0 < x ≤ 1

f(x) = {
0 elsewhere

1
Part of the graph of f is shown below. The graph has a turning point at x = .
e

x
0 1 1
e

a. Show by differentiation that

xk ( )
2
k loge (x) − 1
k

is an antiderivative of xk−1 loge (x), where k is a positive real number. (2 marks)

( )
1
b. Calculate Pr X > . (2 marks)
e

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 5
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Topic 11 Subtopic 11.3 The continuous probability density function

Question 3 (7 marks)
The continuous random variable Z has a probability density function defined by
z
−
3, 0≤z≤a
f(z) = {e
0, elsewhere

where a is a constant. Determine: a

a. the value of the constant a such that f(z)dz = 1 (2 marks)

∫
0

b. Pr(0 < Z < 0.7), correct to 4 decimal places (1 mark)

c. Pr(Z < 0.7|Z > 0.2), correct to 4 decimal places (2 marks)

d. the value of b, correct to 2 decimal places, such that Pr(Z ≤ b) = 0.54. (2 marks)

6 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Topic 11 Continuous probability distributions

Subtopic 11.4 Measures of centre and spread

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2021 Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q7; © VCAA

Question 1 (3 marks)
A random variable X had the probability density function f given by

k
, 1≤x≤2
f(x) = { x2
0, elsewhere

where k is a positive real number.

a. Show that k = 2. (1 mark)

b. Find E(X). (2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 7
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Topic 11 Subtopic 11.4 Measures of centre and spread

Source: VCE 2015 Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q9; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
The graph of the probability density function of a continuous random variable, X, is shown below.

1
6

x
O 2 a

If a > 2, then E (X) is equal to

A. 8
B. 5
C. 4
D. 3
E. 2

Source: VCE 2013 Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 1, Q8; © VCAA

Question 3 (2 marks)
A continuous random variable, X, has a probability density function
( )
𝜋 𝜋x
cos if x ∈ [0, 2]
f(x) = { 4 4
0 otherwise
( ( )) ( ) ( )
d 𝜋x 𝜋x 𝜋x 𝜋x
Given that xsin = cos + sin , find E(X) .
dx 4 4 4 4

8 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Topic 11 Subtopic 11.4 Measures of centre and spread

Question 4 (1 mark)
A continuous random variable X, has a probability density function defined by

12(x − 1)(x − 2)2 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2

f(x) = {
0 elsewhere

The mean is
A. x = 1
7
B. x =
5
4
C. x =
3
8
D. x =
5
E. x = 2

Question 5 (2 marks)
A continuous random variable X has the probability density function defined by

0 x<0
⎧
⎪1
f(x) = 0≤x≤2
⎨8
⎪ −0.8(x−2)
⎩0.6e x>2

Find the mean.

Question 6 (3 marks)
A probability density function is defined by
( )
k a2 − x2 |x| < a
f(x) = {
0 otherwise

Find the exact value of a which gives a standard deviation of 2.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 9
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Topic 11 Subtopic 11.4 Measures of centre and spread

Question 7 (1 mark)
A continuous random variable X, has a probability density function defined by

x2
for 1 ≤ x ≤ 4
f(x) = { 21
0 elsewhere

Then the standard deviation is closest to

A. 0.527
B. 0.726
C. 3.036
D. 3.123
E. 9.743

Question 8 (1 mark)
A continuous random variable X, has a probability density function defined by
( )
𝜋 𝜋x
sin for 0 ≤ x ≤ 6
f(x) = { 12 6
0 elsewhere

Then the variance is closest to

A. 1.31
B. 1.705
C. 1.73
D. 3.27
E. 10.71

10 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Topic 11 Continuous probability distributions

Subtopic 11.5 Linear transformations

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Question 1 (5 marks)
The mean of the continuous random variable Y is known to be 3.5, and its standard deviation is 1.2.
Determine:
a. E(2 − Y) (1 mark)

( )
Y
b. E (1 mark)
2

c. Var(Y) (1 mark)

d. Var(2 − Y) (1 mark)

( )
Y
e. Var . (1 mark)
2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 11
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Topic 11 Subtopic 11.5 Linear transformations

Question 2 (7 marks)
The continuous random variable X has a probability density function defined by
𝜋
− cos(x), ≤x≤𝜋
f(x) = { 2
0, elsewhere

a. Sketch the graph of f and verify that it is a probability density function. (2 marks)

b. Calculate E(X) and Var(X), correct to 4 decimal places. (2 marks)

c. Calculate E(3X + 1) and Var(3X + 1), correct to 4 decimal places. (2 marks)

d. Calculate E((2X − 1)(3X − 2)), correct to 4 decimal places. (1 mark)

12 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Topic 11 Subtopic 11.5 Linear transformations

Question 3 (5 marks)
The daily rainfall, X mm, in a particular Australian town has a probability density function defined by
( )
x x
sin , 0 ≤ x ≤ 3𝜋
f(x) = { k𝜋 3
0, elsewhere

where k is a constant.
a. Determine the value of the constant k. (2 marks)

b. Calculate the expected daily rainfall, correct to 2 decimal places. (2 marks)

c. During the winter the daily rainfall is better approximated by W = 2X − 1. Calculate the expected daily
rainfall during winter, correct to 2 decimal places. (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 13
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Topic 11 Continuous probability distributions

Subtopic 11.6 Review

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your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section B, Q3; © VCAA

Question 1 (19 marks)

The time Jennifer spends on her homework each day varies, but she does some homework every day.
The continuous random variable T , which models the time, t, in minutes, that Jennifer spends each day on
her homework, has a probability density function f, where

1
⎧ (t − 20) 20 ≤ t < 45
⎪
⎪
625
f(t) = 1
⎨ (70 − t) 45 ≤ t < 70
⎪ 625
⎪
⎩0 elsewhere

a. Sketch the graph of f on the axes provided below. (3 marks)

y
1
25

1
50

t
0 20 40 60 80 100

b. Find Pr(25 ≤ T ≤ 55). (2 marks)

c. Find Pr(T ≤ 25 ∣ T ≤ 55). (2 marks)

14 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Topic 11 Subtopic 11.6 Review

d. Find a such that Pr(T ≥ a) = 0.7, correct to four decimal places. (2 marks)

8
e. The probability that Jennifer spends more than 50 minutes on her homework on any given day is .
25
Assume that the amount of time spent on her homework on any day is independent of the time spent on
her homework on any other day.
i. Find the probability that Jennifer spends more than 50 minutes on her homework on more than three
of seven randomly chosen days, correct to four decimal places. (2 marks)

ii. Find the probability that Jennifer spends more than 50 minutes on her homework on at least two of
seven randomly chosen days, given that she spends more than 50 minutes on her homework on at
least one of those days, correct to four decimal places. (2 marks)

f. Let p be the probability that on any given day Jennifer spends more than d minutes on her homework.
Let q be the probability that on two or three days out of seven randomly chosen days she spends more
than d minutes on her homework.
Express q as a polynomial in terms of p. (2 marks)

g. i. Find the maximum value of q, correct to four decimal places, and the value of p for which this
maximum occurs, correct to four decimal places. (2 marks)

ii. Find the value of d for which the maximum found in part g.i. occurs, correct to the nearest
minute. (2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 15
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Topic 11 Subtopic 11.6 Review

Question 2 (1 mark)
A continuous random variable X, has a probability density function defined by
( )
𝜋x
k sin for 0 ≤ x ≤ 8.
f(x) = { 8
0 elsewhere

Determine which of the following options is correct.

16
A. k =
𝜋
𝜋
B. k =
16
8
C. k =
𝜋
𝜋
D. k =
8
E. k = 8

Question 3 (1 mark)
A continuous random variable X, has a probability density function defined by

12 (x − 1) (x − 2)2 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2.
f(x) = {
0 elsewhere

The mean is
A. x = 1
7
B. x =
5
4
C. x =
3
8
D. x =
5
E. x = 2

16 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Topic 11 Subtopic 11.6 Review

Question 4 (3 marks)
A probability density function is defined by
( )
k a 2 − x2 −a < x < a
f(x) = {
0 otherwise

Determine the exact value of a that gives a standard deviation of 2.

Question 5 (1 mark)
The time T spent waiting for a tram to arrive is a continuous random variable, and has a probability density
function defined by

2e−2t for t ≥ 0
f(x) = {
0 elsewhere

The variance is equal to

1
A.
2
1
B. √
2
1
C.
4
D. 0.26
E. 2

Source: VCE 2014, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 1, Q16; © VCAA

Question 6 (1 mark)
The continuous random variable X, with probability density function p(x), has mean 2 and variance 5.
∞
The value of x2 p(x) dx
∫−∞
A. 1
B. 7
C. 9
D. 21
E. 29

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 17
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Answers and marking guide

11.2 Continuous random variables and probability functions
Question 1
cos(x) + 1, k < x < k + 1
f(x) = {
0, elsewhere
k+1
f(x)dx = 1
∫k
To solve this using CAS, complete the entry line as:
( )
k+1
(cos(x) + 1) dx = 1, k | 0 < k < 2
∫k
𝜋−1
⇒k=
2
The correct answer is D.
Question 2
aex , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
f(x) = {ae, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
0, otherwise
Since the total area under the curve is 1:
1 2
aex dx + ae dx = 1
∫0 ∫
[ x ]1 1[ ]2
ae + aex = 1
0 1
ae − a + 2ae − ae = 1
2ae − a = 1
a(2e − 1) = 1
1
a=
2e − 1
The correct answer is E.
Question 3
3
cx2 dx = 1
∫0
[
]3
x3
1=c
3
( 0 )
27
1=c −0
3
1 = 9c
1
c=
9
The correct answer is D.
Question 4
1
All of A, B, C and D have total areas of 1, (area of triangle bh) and have f(x) ≥ 0.
2
However option E is false, when x = 0 f(x) = −1 < 0.
The correct answer is E.

18 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

11.3 The continuous probability density function

Question 1
( )
1 x
cos 3𝜋 ≤ x ≤ 5𝜋,
f(x) = { 4 2
0 elsewhere
√
3+2
Pr(Z < a) =
a ( )4 √
1 x 3+2
cos dx =
∫3𝜋 4 2 4
[ ( )]a ( ) ( )
1 x 1 a 1 3𝜋
LHS = sin = sin − sin
2 2 3𝜋 2 2 2 2
( ) √
1 a 1 3 1
sin + = +
2 2 2 4 2
( ) √
a 3
sin =
2 2
14𝜋
a= since 3𝜋 < a < 5𝜋
3
The correct answer is B.
Question 2
xk ( )
a. Show that xk−1 loge (x) dx = k log (x) − 1 .
∫ k2 e

Using the product rule in the first term,

[ ]
d xk ( )
k loge (x) − 1
dx k2
[ ]
d 1 k xk
= x loge (x) − 2
dx k k
1 1 1 k × xk−1
= × kxk−1 loge (x) + × xk × −
k k x k2
k−1 k−1
x x
= xk−1 loge (x) + −
k k
k−1
= x loge (x)
xk ( )
It follows that xk−1 loge (x) dx = 2 k loge (x) − 1 .
∫ k
Award 1 mark for using the product rule.
Award 1 mark for correct integration by recognition.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was attempted well. Most students applied the product rule but struggled with the algebraic
manipulation, often confusing k (a constant) with the variable x, which gave them an incorrect result.
Students who expanded the expression before differentiating or those who made fewer manipulations
tended to scored more highly. Some students differentiated the wrong expression.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 19
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11
( ) 1
1
b. Pr X > = −4x loge (x)dx
e ∫
1
e
[ ( )]1
= −x2 2 loge (x) − 1 1
e
( ( ( ) ))
( ( )) 1 1
= − 2 loge (1) − 1 + 2 loge −1
e2 e
1 ( )
2
=1+
−2 loge (e) − 1
e
3
=1− 2
e
Award 1 mark for correctly applying the result from part a.
Award 1 mark for the correct final probability.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Students made the connection to part a. and determined k = 2. However, few managed to find the correct
antiderivative.
Evaluation after substituting terminals was problematic. Some used incorrect terminals.

Question 3
a

a. f(z)dz = 1
∫
0
a
z
−
e 3 dz =1
∫
[ 0 z ]a
−
−3e 3 = 1
0
a
−
−3e 3 + 3e0 = 1 [1 mark]
a
−3e− 3 +3=1
a
−3e− 3 = −2
a 2
e− 3 =
3
( )
2 a
loge =−
3 3
( )
2
−3 loge =a
3
( )−1
3
− loge =a
2
( )
3
a = 3 loge [1 mark]
2

20 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11
0.7 z
−
b. Pr(0 < Z < 0.7) = e 3 dz
∫0
[ z ]0.7
−
Pr(0 < Z < 0.7) = −3e 3
0
Pr(0 < Z < 0.7) = 0.6243 [1 mark]
Pr(0.2 < Z < 0.7)
c. Pr(Z < 0.7|Z > 0.2) =
Pr(Z > 0.2)
0.7 z
−
Pr(0.2 < Z < 0.7) = e 3 dz
∫0.2
[ z ]0.7
−
= −3e 3
0.2
= 0.4308 [1 mark]
( )
3
3 loge z
2 −
Pr(Z > 0.2) = e 3 dz
∫0.2
( )
[ z ]3 loge 2
3
−
= −3e 3
0.2
= 0.8065
Pr(0.2 < Z < 0.7) 0.43085
= = 0.5342 [1 mark]
Pr(Z > 2) 0.8065
d. Pr(Z ≤ b) = 0.54
b z
−
e = 0.54
3 dz
∫
[0 ]
z b
−
−3e 3 = 0.54 [1 mark]
0
Using CAS,
b = 0.60 [1 mark]

11.4 Measures of centre and spread

Question 1
k
, 1≤x≤2
a. f(x) = { x2
0, elsewhere
2
k
dx = 1
∫1 x2
2 [ ]2 ( )
−2 1 1 k
k x dx = k − =k − +1 = =1
∫1 x 2 2
k=2
Award 1 mark for the correct proof.
b 2
2
b. E(X) = xf (x) dx = dx
∫a ∫1 x
[ ]2 ( )
E(X) = 2 loge (x) = 2 loge (2) − loge (1)
1
E(X) = 2 loge (2) = loge (4)
Award 1 mark for solving for expectation.
Award 1 mark for the correct expectation.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 21
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Question 2
1
Since the total area is 1, (a − 2) = 1 ⇒ a = 8.
6
1
, 2≤x≤8
f(x) = { 6
0, otherwise
8
x
E(X) = dx
∫2 6
[ ]8
1 2
= x
12 2
1 ( 2 )
= 8 − 22
12
=5
The correct answer is B.

Question 3
( ( )) ( ) ( )
d 𝜋x 𝜋x 𝜋x 𝜋x
x sin = cos + sin
dx 4( ) 4 ( )4 (4 )
𝜋x 𝜋x 𝜋x 𝜋x
So, cos + sin dx = x sin
∫ 4
( )4 (4 ) ( 4)
𝜋x 𝜋x 𝜋x 𝜋x
cos dx = x sin − sin dx
∫ 4 ∫
( 4 ) ( 4 ) (4 )
𝜋x 𝜋x 𝜋x 4 𝜋x
cos dx = x sin + cos
∫ 4 4 4 𝜋 4
2 ( )
𝜋 𝜋
E(X) = x × cos 4 dx
∫0 4 x
[ ( ) ( )]2
𝜋x 4 𝜋x
= x sin + cos
4 𝜋 4 0
( ) ( ) ( )
2 4 2𝜋 4
= 2 sin 4 + 4𝜋 cos − 0 + cos (0)
𝜋 4 4 𝜋
4
=2−
𝜋
Award 1 mark for the setup of the integral and using integration by recognition.
Award 1 mark for the evaluation of E(X).
Question 4
2
E(x) = 12x(x − 1)(x − 2)2 dx
∫1
7
=
5
The correct answer is B.
Question 5
2
∞
x
E(X) = dx + 0.6xe−0.8(x−2) dx [1 mark]
∫ 8 ∫2
0
= 0.25 + 2.4375
= 2.6875 [1 mark]

22 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Question 6
a
( ( 2 ))
k a − x2 dx = 1
∫−a
4a3 k
=1
3
a3 k = 0.75 (equation 1) [1 mark]
( 2)
Var (X) = E X − [E (X)]2
a 2
() ⎡a ⎤
= x2 f(x) dx − ⎢ (xf(x)) dx⎥
∫ ⎢∫ ⎥
−a ⎣−a ⎦
a 2
(
) ⎡a ⎤
4= 2
x f(x) dx − ⎢ (xf(x)) dx⎥
∫ ⎢∫ ⎥
−a ⎣−a ⎦
5
4a k
4=
15
15 = a5 k (equation 2) [1 mark]
2
15 = a × 0.75
a2 = 20
√
a = 2 5 [1 mark]
Question 7
b
E(X) = xf(x)dx
∫a
4
x3
= dx
∫1 21
[ 4 ]4
x
=
84 1
1 ( 4 )
= 4 −1
84
= 3.0357
( ) b
E X2 = x2 f(x)dx
∫a
4
x4
= dx
∫1 21
[ 5 ]4
x
=
105 1
1 ( 5 )
= 4 −1
105
= 9.7429

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 23
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11
( )
Var(X) = E X2 − (E(X))2
= 9.7429 − 3.03572
= 0.5274
√
Sd(X) = Var(X)
√
= 0.5274
= 0.726
The correct answer is B.
Question 8
b
E(X) = xf (x)dx
∫a
6 ( )
𝜋x 𝜋x
= sin dx
∫0 12 6
= 3 (using CAS)

( ) b
E X2 = x2 f (x) dx
∫a
6 ( )
𝜋x2 𝜋x
= sin dx
∫0 12 6
= 10.705
( )
Var(X) = E X2 − (E(X))2
= 10.705 − 32
= 1.705
The correct answer is B.

11.5 Linear transformations

Question 1
E(Y ) = 3.5 and SD(Y ) = 1.2
( −)Y ) = 2 − E(Y ) = 2 − 3.5 = −1.5 [1 mark]
a. E(2
Y 1 1
b. E = E(Y ) = × 3.5 = 1.75 [1 mark]
2 2 2
c. Var(Y ) = [SD(Y )]2 = (1.2)2 = 1.44 [1 mark]
d. Var(2 − Y ) = (−1)2 Var(Y ) = 1.44 [1 mark]
( ) ( )2
Y 1 1
e. Var = Var(Y ) = × 1.44 = 0.36 [1 mark]
2 2 4
Question 2
a. [1 mark]

24 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11
𝜋
(− cos(x)) dx
∫𝜋
2
= [− sin(x)]𝜋𝜋
2
( )
𝜋
= − sin(𝜋) + sin
2
=0+1
=1
This is a probability density function. [1 mark]
𝜋
b. E(X) = xf(x)dx
∫𝜋
2
𝜋
E(X) = −x cos(x)dx
∫𝜋
2
E(X) = 2.5708
Var(X) = E(X2 ) − [E(X)]2 [1 mark]
𝜋
2
E(X ) = x2 f(x)dx
∫𝜋
2
𝜋
E(X2 ) = −x2 cos(x)dx
∫𝜋
2
E(X2 ) = 6.7506
Var(X) = E(X2 ) − [E(X)]2 [1 mark]
2
Var(X) = 6.7506 − (2.5708)
Var(X) = 0.1416
c. E (3X + 1) = 3E(X) + 1 [1 mark]
E (3X + 1) = 3(2.5708) + 1
E (3X + 1) = 8.7124
Var(3X + 1) = 32 Var(X) [1 mark]
Var(3X + 1) = 9(0.1416)
Var(3X + 1) = 1.2743
( )
d. E ((2X − 1)(3X − 2)) = E 6X2 − 7X + 2
E ((2X − 1)(3X − 2)) = 6E(X2 ) − 7E(X) + 2
E ((2X − 1)(3X − 2)) = 6(6.7606) − 7(2.5708) + 2
E ((2X − 1)(3X − 2)) = 24.5079 [1 mark]

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 25
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Question 3
3𝜋 ( )
x x
a. sin dx = 1
∫ k𝜋 3
0
3𝜋 ( )
1 x
x sin dx = 1
k𝜋 ∫ 3
0
[ ( ) ( )]3𝜋
1 x x
−3x cos + 9 sin =1 [1 mark]
k𝜋 3 3 0
(−3(3𝜋) cos(𝜋) + 9 sin(𝜋)) − (−3(0) cos(0) + 9 sin(0)) = k𝜋
9𝜋 = k𝜋
k=9 [1 mark]
3𝜋
b. E(X) = xf(x)dx [1 mark]
∫0
3𝜋 ( )
x2 x
E(X) = sin dx [1 mark]
∫0 9𝜋 3
E(X) = 5.61 mm
c. W = 2X − 1
E(W) = E (2X − 1)
E(W) = 2E(X) − 1
E(W) = 2(5.6051) − 1
E(W) = 10.21 mm [1 mark]

11.6 Review
Question 1
1
⎧ (t − 20), 20 ≤ t < 45
⎪ 625 1
a. f(t) = f(45) =
⎨ 1 25
⎪ (70 − t), 45 ≤ t ≤ 70
⎩ 625
y
1
25

1
50

t
0 20 40 60 80 100
Award 1 mark for the correct shape. ( )
1
Award 1 mark for the correct coordinate 45, .
25
Award 1 mark for clearly showing zero elsewhere.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Many students did not draw their graphs along the t-axis, ignoring f(t) = 0. Some had an open circle at
(45, 0.04). Others had an open circle over a closed circle at (45, 0.04). Many students did not use rulers to
draw the line segments. Some graphs looked like parabolas.

26 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

b. Pr (25 ≤ T ≤ 55)
45 55
1 1
= (t − 20)dt + (70 − t)dt
625 ∫25 625 ∫45
12 8
= +
25 25
4
=
5
Alternatively, solve using areas of triangles.
Award 1 mark for setting up the correct definite integrals.
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was answered well. Some students had the incorrect terminals. 44 instead of 45 was
44 55
occasionally given, for example, ( f(t)) dt + ( f(t)) dt. Others used 20 as the lower limit instead
∫25 ∫44
of 25.
Pr(T ≤ 25)
c. Pr(T ≤ 25|T ≤ 55) =
Pr(T ≤ 55)
25
1
(t − 20)dt
625 ∫20
= 45 55
1 1
(t − 20)dt + (70 − t)dt
625 ∫20 625 ∫45
1
50
= 1 8
2
+ 25
1
=
41
Alternatively, solve using areas of triangles.
Award 1 mark for setting up the conditional probability.
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Many students were able to use the conditional probability formula. A common incorrect answer
1
was .
40
d. Pr(T ≥ a) = 0.7 ⇒ Pr(T ≥ a) = 0.3
a
1
(t − 20)dt = 0.3
625 ∫20
a2 − 40a + 400
= 0.3
1250
then a = 39.3649
Award 1 mark for setting up the equation.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of a.
VCAA Examination Report note:
a

A number of correct approaches were used. f(t)dt = 0.7, a = 50.6351 was a common incorrect answer.
∫
20
75
1
(70 − t)dt = 0.7 was occasionally given. Some students attempted to use the inverse normal as a
∫ 625
a
method.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 27
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

70
1 8
e. i. Pr(T ≥ 50) = (70 − t)dt =
∫
( )625 50 25
8
J ~ Bi 7,
25
To solve for Pr(J > 3) = Pr(J ≥ 4) using CAS, complete the entry line as:
( )
8
binomCdf 7, , 4, 7
25
Pr(J > 3) = Pr(J ≥ 4) = 0.1534
Award 1 mark for using binomial probability.
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Many students recognised that the distribution was binomial and gave the correct n and p values.
Some used Pr(X ≥ 3).
Pr(J ≥ 2)
ii. Pr (J ≥ 2 |J ≥ 1 ) =
Pr(J ≥ 1)
0.711307
=
0.93277
= 0.7626
Award 1 mark for setting up the conditional binomial probability.
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Many students were able to set up the conditional probability. Some wrote
Pr(X ≥ 2)
Pr(X ≥ 2|X ≥ 1) = . Others rounded incorrectly, giving 0.7625 as the answer.
Pr(X ≥ 1)
f. J ~ Bi(n
( ) = 7, p), q = Pr(J(=)2) + Pr(J = 3)
7 2 7 3
q= p (1 − p)5 + p (1 − p)4
2 3
q = 21p2 (p − 1)4 + 35p3 (1 − p)4
q = 7p2 (p − 1)4 (2p + 3)
q(P) = 14p7 − 35p6 + 70p4 − 70p3 + 21p2
Award 1 mark for setting up the sum of binomial terms in terms of p.
Award 1 mark for the correct polynomial (does not need to be expanded).
VCAA Examination Report note:
Of those who attempted this question, some students did not realise that the binomial distribution was
required.
dq
g. i. Solving = 0 for p, since 0 < p < 1:
dp
dq
= 98p6 − 210p5 + 280p3 − 210p2 + 42p = 0 [1 mark]
dp
gives p = 0.3539
and qmax = q(0.3539) = 0.5665. [1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
Some students knew to solve q′(p) = 0 if they had an equation in Question 3f. Others found only p.
Some gave exact values for their answers.
70
1
ii. p = Pr(T > d) = (70 − t)dt = 0.3539 [1 mark]
625 ∫d
d = 49 minutes [1 mark]

28 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

VCAA Examination Report note:

70

Some students used q instead of p in their equation, solving f(t)dt = 0.56646... for d. Others solved
∫
d
d

f(t)dt = 0.35388... obtaining d = 41 minutes.

∫
20

Question 2 ) (
8
𝜋x
k sin dx = 1
∫0 8
[ ( )]8
8 𝜋x
k − cos =1
𝜋 8
( )0
8
k − (cos(𝜋) − cos(0)) = 1
𝜋
16k
=1
𝜋
𝜋
k=
16
The correct answer is B.
Question 3
2
E(x) = 12x (x − 1) (x − 2)2 dx
∫1
7
=
5
The correct answer is B.

Question 4
a
( ( 2 ))
k a − x2 dx = 1
∫−a
4a3 k
=1
3
3
a k = 0.75 (equation 1) [1 mark]
Var(X) = E(X2 ) − [E(X)]2
a 2
( 2 ) ⎡a ⎤
2
2 = x f(x) dx − ⎢ (xf(x)) dx⎥
∫ ⎢∫ ⎥
−a ⎣−a ⎦
5
4a k
4=
15
15 = a5 k (equation 2) [1 mark]

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 29
 Exam question booklet | Topic 11

Substitute equation 1 into equation 2:

15 = a2 × 0.75
a2 = 20
√
a=2 5 [1 mark]
Question 5
b
E(T) = tf(t)dt
∫a
∞
= 2te−2t dt
∫0
1
= (using CAS)
2
b
( )
E T2 = t2 f(t)dt
∫
a
∞

= 2t2 e−2t dt
∫
0
1
=
2( )
Var(T ) = E T2 − (E(T ))2
( )2
1 1
= −
2 2
1
=
4
The correct answer is C.
Question 6
E(X) = 2
Var(X) = 5
∞
x2 p(x) = E(X2 )
∫−∞
Var(X) = E(X2 ) − (E(X))2
5 = E(X2 ) − 22
E(X2 ) = 5 + 4 = 9
The correct answer is C.

30 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

12 The normal distribution

Topic 12 The normal distribution
Subtopic 12.2 The normal distribution

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Question 1 (2 marks)
Sketch the probability density curve for the random variable X, which is normally distributed with mean 12
and standard deviation of 1.5.

Question 2 (1 mark)
The diagram shows the graphs of two normal distributions curves, with means 𝜇1 and 𝜇2 and standard
deviations 𝜎1 and 𝜎2 respectively.
y

X1 ~ N(µ1, σ12)

X2 ~ N(µ2, σ22)

Select the true statement from the following.

A. 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 and 𝜎1 = 𝜎2
B. 𝜇1 < 𝜇2 and 𝜎1 = 𝜎2
C. 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 and 𝜎1 < 𝜎2
D. 𝜇1 < 𝜇2 and 𝜎1 > 𝜎2
E. 𝜇1 < 𝜇2 and 𝜎1 < 𝜎2

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 1
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Topic 12 Subtopic 12.2 The normal distribution

Question 3 (2 marks)
The study score of a subject is normally distributed with a mean 𝜇 = 30 and a standard deviation 𝜎 = 7.
a. Determine the approximate percentage of student scores that are between 23 and 37. (1 mark)

b. Determine the approximate percentage of student scores that are above 44. (1 mark)

Question 4 (2 marks)
( )2
1 −1 x−1
The probability density function for a normal random variable X is random variable f(x) = √ e 2 3
18𝜋
Find the mean and standard deviation of X.

Question 5 (1 mark)
2
1 − (x−4)
A normal distribution curve is defined by f(x) = √ e 6 for x ∈ R.
6𝜋
Which of the following statements is correct?
A. The mean is 4 and the standard deviation is 6.
√
B. The mean is 4 and the standard deviation is 6.
√
C. The mean is 4 and the standard deviation is 3.
D. The mean is 4 and the standard deviation is 3.
E. The mean is 3 and the standard deviation is 3.

2 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Topic 12 Subtopic 12.2 The normal distribution

Question 6 (2 marks)
The diagram shows two normal distribution curves with means 𝜇1 and 𝜇2 and standard deviations 𝜎1 and 𝜎2 ,
respectively.
Compare the means and standard deviations.

Question 7 (1 mark)
The diagram below shows the graphs of three normal distributions curves, with means 𝜇1 , 𝜇2 and
𝜇3 standard deviations 𝜎1 , 𝜎2 and 𝜎3 respectively.

Which of the following statements is true?

A. 𝜇1 < 𝜇2 < 𝜇3 and 𝜎1 = 𝜎2 = 𝜎3
B. 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 and 𝜎1 < 𝜎2 < 𝜎3
C. 𝜇1 < 𝜇2 < 𝜇3 and 𝜎1 = 𝜎3 > 𝜎2
D. 𝜇1 < 𝜇2 < 𝜇3 and 𝜎1 = 𝜎2 < 𝜎3
E. 𝜇1 > 𝜇2 > 𝜇3 and 𝜎1 = 𝜎2 < 𝜎3

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 3
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Topic 12 The normal distribution

Subtopic 12.3 Calculating probabilities and the standard normal distribution

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2018 Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q4; © VCAA

Question 1 (2 marks)
Let X be a normally distributed random variable with a mean of 6 and a variance of 4. Let Z be a random
variable with the standard normal distribution
a. Find Pr(X > 6). (1 mark)

b. Find b such that Pr(X > 7) = Pr(Z < b). (1 mark)

Source: VCE 2016 Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q16; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
The random variable, X, has a normal distribution with mean 12 and standard deviation 0.25.
If the random variable, Z, has the standard normal distribution, then the probability that X is greater than
12.5 is equal to
A. Pr(Z < −4)
B. Pr(Z < −1.5)
C. Pr(Z < 1)
D. Pr(Z ≥ 1.5)
E. Pr(Z > 2)

Question 3 (1 mark)
If Z has the standard normal distribution, and a and b are positive real numbers, state which of the following
is false.
A. Pr(Z ≥ −a) = 1 − Pr(Z < −a)
B. Pr(Z ≤ a) = 0.5 + Pr(0 < Z < a)
C. Pr(−a ≤ Z ≤ b) = Pr(−a < Z < 0) + Pr(0 < Z < b)
D. Pr(a ≤ Z ≤ b) = Pr(Z < b) + Pr(Z > a) − 0.5
E. Pr(Z = a) = 0

4 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Topic 12 The normal distribution

Subtopic 12.4 The inverse normal distribution

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2020 Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q11; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
The lengths of plastic pipes that are cut by a particular machine are a normally distributed random variable,
X, with a mean of 250 mm.
Z is the standard normal random variable.
If Pr(X < 259) = 1 − Pr(Z > 1.5), then the standard deviation of the lengths of plastic pipes, in millimetres,
is
A. 1.5
B. 3
C. 6
D. 9
E. 12

Source: VCE 2020 Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q14; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
The random variable X is normally distributed.
The mean of X is twice the standard deviation of X.
If Pr(X > 5.2) = 0.9, then the standard deviation of X is closest to
A. 7.238
B. 14.476
C. 3.327
D. 1.585
E. 3.169

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 5
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Topic 12 Subtopic 12.4 The inverse normal distribution

Source: VCE 2019 Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q14; © VCAA

Question 3 (1 mark)
The weights of packets of lollies are normally distributed with a mean of 200 g.
If 97% of these packets of lollies have a weight of more than 190 g, then the standard deviation of the
distribution, correct to one decimal place, is
A. 3.3 g
B. 5.3 g
C. 6.1 g
D. 9.4 g
E. 12.1 g

Question 4 (1 mark)
Amongst a group of students, the average weight is known to be 80 kg. Approximately 16% of these
students have a weight in excess of 88 kg. Assuming a normal distribution, the standard deviation of the
weights in kg is closest to
A. 4
B. 5
C. 8
D. 9
E. 13

Question 5 (2 marks)
X is a continuous random variable which is normally distributed, with a mean of 14.2 and a standard
deviation of 2.1. The values a1 and a2 are evenly distributed either side of the mean such that
Pr(a1 < X < a2 ) = 0.8. Find the values of a1 and a2 .

6 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Topic 12 The normal distribution

Subtopic 12.5 Mixed probability applications

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2013 Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q22; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
Butterflies of a particular species die T days after hatching, where T is a normally distributed random
variable with a mean of 120 days and a standard deviation of 𝜎 days.
If, from a population of 2000 newly hatched butterflies, 150 are expected to die in the first 90 days, then the
value of 𝜎 is closest to
A. 7 days
B. 13 days
C. 17 days
D. 21 days
E. 37 days

Source: VCE 2014 Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 2, Q4a–e; © VCAA

Question 2 (8 marks)
Patricia is a gardener and she owns a garden nursery. She grows and sells basil plants and coriander plants.
The heights, in centimetres, of the basil plants that Patricia is selling are distributed normally with a mean
of 14 cm and a standard deviation of 4 cm. There are 2000 basil plants in the nursery.
a. Patricia classifies the tallest 10 per cent of her basil plants as super.
What is the minimum height of a super basil plant, correct to the nearest millimetre? (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 7
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Topic 12 Subtopic 12.5 Mixed probability applications

b. Patricia decides that some of her basil plants are not growing quickly enough, so she plans to move them
to a special greenhouse. She will move the basil plants that are less than 9 cm in height.
How many basil plants will Patricia move to the greenhouse, correct to the nearest whole
number? (2 marks)

c. The heights of the coriander plants, x centimetres, follow the probability density function h(x),
( )
𝜋 𝜋x
sin 0 < x < 50
h(x) = { 100 50
0 otherwise

State the mean height of the coriander plants. (1 mark)

d. Patricia thinks that the smallest 15 per cent of her coriander plants should be given a new type of plant
food.
Find the maximum height, correct to the nearest millimetre, of a coriander plant if it is to be given the
new type of plant food. (2 marks)

e. Patricia also grows and sells tomato plants that she classifies as either tall or regular. She finds that
20 per cent of her tomato plants are tall.
A customer, Jack, selects n tomato plants at random.
Let q be the probability that at least one of Jack’s n tomato plants is tall.
Find the minimum value of n so that q is greater than 0.95. (2 marks)

8 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Topic 12 Subtopic 12.5 Mixed probability applications

Source: VCE 2015 Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 2, Q3; © VCAA

Question 3 (11 marks)

Mani is a fruit grower. After his oranges have been picked, they are sorted by a machine, according to size.
Oranges classified as medium are sold to fruit shops and the remainder are made into orange juice.
The distribution of the diameter, in centimetres, of medium oranges is modelled by a continuous random
variable, X, with probability density function

3
(x − 6)2 (8 − x) 6 ≤ x ≤ 8
f(x) = { 4
0 otherwise

a. i. Find the probability that a randomly selected medium orange has a diameter greater
than 7 cm. (2 marks)

ii. Mani randomly selects three medium oranges.

Find the probability that exactly one of the oranges has a diameter greater than 7 cm. Express the
a
answer in the form , where a and b are positive integers. (2 marks)
b

b. Find the mean diameter of medium oranges, in centimetres. (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 9
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Topic 12 Subtopic 12.5 Mixed probability applications

c. For oranges classified as large, the quantity of juice obtained from each orange is a normally distributed
random variable with a mean of 74 mL and a standard deviation of 9 mL.
What is the probability, correct to three decimal places, that a randomly selected large orange produces
less than 85 mL of juice, given that it produces more than 74 mL of juice? (2 marks)

d. Mani also grows lemons, which are sold to a food factory. When a truckload of lemons arrives at the
food factory, the manager randomly selects and weighs four lemons from the load. If one or more of
these lemons is underweight, the load is rejected. Otherwise it is accepted.
It is known that 3% of Mani’s lemons are underweight.
i. Find the probability that a particular load of lemons will be rejected. Express the answer correct to
four decimal places. (2 marks)

ii. Suppose that instead of selecting only four lemons, n lemons are selected at random from a particular
load.
Find the smallest integer value of n such that the probability of at least one lemon being underweight
exceeds 0.5. (2 marks)

10 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Topic 12 The normal distribution

Subtopic 12.6 Review

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2015 Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 1, Q6; © VCAA

Question 1 (3 marks)
Let the random variable X be normally distributed with mean 2.5 and standard deviation 0.3.
Let Z be the standard normal random variable, such that Z ~ N (0, 1).
a. Find b such that Pr(X > 3.1) = Pr(Z < b). (1 mark)

b. Using the fact that, correct to two decimal places, Pr(Z < −1) = 0.16, find Pr(X < 2.8|X < 2.5). Write
the answer correct to two decimal places. (2 marks)

Source: VCE 2014 Mathematical Methods (CAS) Exam 2, Section 1, Q5; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
The random variable X has a normal distribution with mean 12 and standard deviation 0.5. If Z has the
standard normal distribution, then the probability that X is less than 11.5 is equal to
A. Pr(Z > −1)
B. Pr(Z < −0.5)
C. Pr(Z > 1)
D. Pr(Z ≥ 0.5)
E. Pr(Z < 1)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 11
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Topic 12 Subtopic 12.6 Review

Source: Adapted from VCE 2020 Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section B, Q3; © VCAA

Question 3 (12 marks)

A transport company has detailed records of all its deliveries. The number of minutes a delivery is made
before or after its scheduled delivery time can be modelled as a normally distributed random variable, T,
with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of four minutes. A graph of the probability distribution of T is
shown below.
y

t
–12 –11 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

a. If Pr(T ≤ a) = 0.6, find a to the nearest minute. (1 mark)

b. Find the probability, correct to three decimal places, of a delivery being no later than three minutes after
its scheduled delivery time, given that it arrives after its scheduled delivery time. (2 marks)

c. Using the model described above, the transport company can make 46.48% of its deliveries over the
interval −3 ≤ t ≤ 2.
It has an improved delivery model with a mean of k and a standard deviation of four minutes.
Find the values of k, correct to one decimal place, so that 46.48% of the transport company’s deliveries
can be made over the interval −4.5 ≤ t ≤ 0.5. (3 marks)

12 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Topic 12 Subtopic 12.6 Review

d. A rival transport company claims that there is a 0.85 probability that each delivery it makes will arrive on
time or earlier.
Assume that whether each delivery is on time or earlier is independent of other deliveries.
Assuming that the rival company’s claim is true, find the probability that on a day in which the rival
company makes eight deliveries, fewer than half of them arrive on time or earlier. Give your answer
correct to three decimal places. (2 marks)

e. Assuming that the rival company’s claim is true, consider a day in which it makes n deliveries.
i. Express, in terms of n, the probability that one or more deliveries will not arrive on time or
earlier. (1 mark)

ii. Hence, or otherwise, find the minimum value of n such that there is at least a 0.95 probability that one
or more deliveries will not arrive on time or earlier. (1 mark)

f. An analyst from a government department believes the rival transport company’s claim is only true for
deliveries made before 4 pm. For deliveries made after 4 pm, the analyst believes the probability of a
delivery arriving on time or earlier is x, where 0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.7.
After observing a large number of the rival transport company’s deliveries, the analyst believes that the
overall probability that a delivery arrives on time or earlier is actually 0.75.
Let the probability that a delivery is made after 4 pm be y.
Assuming that the analyst’s beliefs are true, find the minimum and maximum values of y. (2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 13
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Topic 12 Subtopic 12.6 Review

Question 4 (1 mark)
For the standard normal distribution, state which one of the following is true.
A. Pr(Z > a) = Pr(Z ≤ a)
B. Pr(Z < −a) = Pr(Z > −a)
C. Pr(Z > a) = 1 − Pr(Z ≥ a)
D. Pr(−a < Z < a) = 1 − 2 Pr(Z ≤ −a)
E. Pr(−a < Z < a) = 1 − 2 Pr(Z ≤ a)

Question 5 (2 marks)
X is a continuous random variable that is normally distributed, with a mean of 14.2 and a standard deviation
of 2.1. The values a1 and a2 are evenly distributed either side of the mean such that Pr(a1 < X < a2 ) = 0.8.
Determine the values of a1 and a2 .

Question 6 (1 mark)
If Z has the standard normal distribution and Pr(|Z| < c) = a, where 0 < c < 3 and 0 < a < 1 then Pr(Z ≥ c)
is equal to
a
A. 0.5 −
2
a
B. − 0.5
2
C. 2a − 1
D. a − 0.5
E. 0.5 − a

14 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Answers and marking guide

12.2 The normal distribution
Question 1

x
7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15 16.5
Award 1 mark for the correct values on the x-axis.
Award 1 mark for the shape.
Question 2
The mean of X2 is greater than the mean of X1 . The spread of graph 2 is greater than the spread of graph 1,
so 𝜇1 < 𝜇2 and 𝜎1 < 𝜎2
The correct answer is E.
Question 3
a. Pr(23 < X < 37) = Pr(−1 < Z < 1)
= 0.68
∴ 68% [1 mark]
( )
44 − 30
b. Pr(X > 44) = Pr Z >
7
= Pr(Z > 2)
1 − 0.95
=
2
= 0.025
= 2.5% [1 mark]
Question 4
x−𝜇 ( )2
1 −1
f(x) = √ e 2 𝜍
𝜎 2𝜋 ( )2
1 − 1 x−1
=√ e 2 3
18𝜋
Equating coefficents gives:
x−1=x−𝜇
𝜇=1 [1 mark]
Equating coefficents gives:
1 1
√ =√
𝜎 2𝜋 18𝜋
1
= √
3 2𝜋
𝜎=3 [1 mark]

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 15
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Question 5
The standard normal curve has the equation
2
1 − (x−4)
f(x) = √ e 6
6𝜋
( x−𝜇 )2
1 −1
= √ e 2 𝜍
𝜎 2𝜋
𝜇=4
√ √
6𝜋 = 𝜎 2𝜋
6𝜋 = 2𝜋𝜎 2
𝜎2 = 3
√
𝜎= 3
The correct answer is C.
Question 6
𝜇1 = 𝜇 2 [1 mark]
𝜎1 2 < 𝜎2 2 [1 mark]
Question 7
For the means 𝜇1 < 𝜇2 < 𝜇3
However the spreads of X1 and X3 are greater than the spread of X2 , therefore 𝜎1 = 𝜎3 > 𝜎2 .
The correct answer is C.

12.3 Calculating probabilities and the standard normal distribution

Question 1
a. X = N(6, 4), Z = N(0, 1)
Pr(X > 6) = Pr(Z > 0) = 0.5 [1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was well answered, with students recognising and applying symmetry of the normal
distribution about the mean.
( )
7−6
b. Pr(X > 7) = Pr Z >
2
( )
1
= Pr z >
2
( )
1
= Pr Z < −
2
= Pr(Z < b)
1
b=− [1 mark]
2
VCAA Examination Report note:
Most students understood what was required as evident by the sketch graphs of the normal distribution
and relevant areas. Some students did not standardise and left their answer as 5 or mistook the variance
1
to be the standard deviation, resulting in an answer of − .
4

16 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Question 2
X = N(12, 0.252 ), Z = N(0, 1)
( )
12.5 − 12
Pr(X > 12.5) = Pr Z >
0.25
= Pr(Z > 2)
The correct answer is E.
Question 3
By symmetry all options A, B, C and E are true; therefore, D is false.
The correct answer is D.

12.4 The inverse normal distribution

Question 1
d
X = N(𝜇 = 250, 𝜎 2 = ?)
Pr(X < 259) = 1 − Pr(X > 259) = 1 − Pr(Z > 1.5)
259 − 250 9
1.5 = =
𝜎 𝜎
9
𝜎= =6
1.5
The correct answer is C.
Question 2
d
E(X) = 2SD(X), X = N(2𝜎, 𝜎 2 )
Pr(X > 5.2) = 0.9
Pr(Z < z) = 0.9
z = −1.28
5.2 − 2𝜎
= −1.28
𝜎
𝜎 = 7.238
The correct answer is A.
Question 3
d
W = N(200, 𝜎 2 = ?)
Pr(W > 190) = 0.97
Pr(W < 190) = 0.03
Pr(Z < z) = 0.03
z = −1.88
190 − 200 10
−1.88 = =−
𝜎 𝜎
𝜎 = 5.3
The correct answer is B.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 17
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Question 4
d
X = N(𝜇 = 80, 𝜎 2 = ?)
Pr(X > 88) = 0.16 = Pr(Z > 0.9945)
88 − 80
Z=
𝜎
8
= = 0.9945
𝜎
8
𝜎= ≈8
0.9945
The correct answer is C.
Question 5
Sketch the normal curve to assist in visualising the problem.

Pr(X > a1 ) = 0.9

= 1 − Pr(X < a1 )
Pr(X < a1 ) = 0.1
a1 − 14.2
z=
2.1
= −1.28155 as Pr(z < a1 ) = 0.1
a1 = 11.5087 [1 mark]
a2 = 14.2 + 2.691
a2 = 16.8913 [1 mark]

12.5 Mixed probability applications

Question 1
T = N(𝜇 = 120, 𝜎 2 = ?2 )
150
Pr(T < 90) = = 0.075
2000
Pr(Z < z) = 0.075
z = −1.44
90 − 120
1.44 =
𝜎
𝜎 ≈ 20.8
𝜎 = 21
The correct answer is D.
Question 2
a. S ~ N(𝜇 = 14, 𝜎 2 = 42 )
Pr(S < T ) = 0.9
T = 19.1 cm
Award 1 mark for the correct height.

18 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

VCAA Assessment Report note:

Many students thought 100 mm = 1 cm, giving their final answer as 1913 mm. Others had incorrect units,
such as 19.1 mm. Some entered the incorrect probability into their technology.
b. Pr(S < 9) = 0.1057
E(S) = 0.1057 × 2000
= 211
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
Award 1 mark for the correct number.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students had incorrect working, such as Pr(X < 9) = 0.10565... = 0.10565... × 2000 = 211 basil
plants. Some students used Pr(X < 8.9) or Pr(X < 8). Some rounded incorrectly. Some used technology
syntax in their working. Correct mathematical notation was required. Other students complicated the
question by using z values. Many of these attempts were unsuccessful.
( )
𝜋 𝜋x
sin 0 < x < 50
c. h(x) = { 100 50
0 otherwise
50
E(H) = xh(x)dx = 25
∫0
Award 1 mark for the correct mean height.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
This question was answered well. Some students used the median formula. Others used their technology
in degrees rather than radians.
d

d. h(x)dx = 0.15 ⇒ d = 12.7

∫
0
d = 12.7 cm
Award 1 mark for writing a definite integral for the height.
Award 1 mark for solving using CAS for the correct height.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students attempted to use the normal distribution to answer this question. Some had incorrect units
or conversions.
e. J ~ Bi(n = ?, p = 0.2)
Pr(J ≥ 1)
= 1 − Pr(J = 0)
= 1 − 0.8n > 0.95
1 − 0.8n > 0.95
⇒ 0.8n < 0.05
⇒ n > 13.85
so n = 14
Award 1 mark for using at least one binomial expression.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of n.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Many students did not know to use the binomial distribution and others used the inequality sign
incorrectly. Many different approaches could have been used. Many different approaches were used,
including trial and error.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 19
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Question 3
3
(x − 6)2 (8 − x) 6≤x≤8
a. i. f(x) = { 4
0 otherwise
8

Pr(X > 7) = f(x)dx [1 mark]

∫
7
8
3
= (x − 6)2 (8 − x)dx
∫ 4
7
11
= [1 mark]
16
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students omitted the dx. Some had incorrect terminals such as
7 8 8
f(x)dx, f(x)dx or f(x)dx. Others gave the answer without showing any working.
∫6 ∫7.0001 ∫6.9999
( )
11
ii. Y ~ Bi n = 3, p = [1 mark]
16
( ) ( ) ( )2
3 11 5
Pr(Y = 1) = × ×
1 16 16
825
= [1 mark]
4096
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Many students were able to identify the binomial distribution with the correct n and p values.
( )2
11 5 275
A common incorrect answer was × = .
16 16 4096
8

b. E(X) = xf(x)dx
∫
6
8
3x
= (x − 6)2 (8 − x)dx
∫ 4
[6 ]8
3x5 15x4 3 2
= − + − 33x + 108x
20 4 6
3(85 − 65 ) 15(84 − 64 ) ( )
=− + − 33(83 − 63 ) + 108 82 − 62
20 4
36
=
5
= 7.2 [1 mark]
VCAA Assessment Report note:
8

Some students worked out the median, solving f(x) dx = 0.5 for x, instead of the mean. Others
∫
6
8
evaluated ( f(x))dx, leaving out x.
∫6

20 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12
( )
c. X ~ N 𝜇 = 74, 𝜎 2 = 92
Pr(74 < X < 85)
Pr(X < 85|X > 74) = [1 mark]
Pr(X > 74)
0.3892
=
0.5
= 0.778 [1 mark]
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Many students were able to recognise that the problem involved conditional probability. Some students
0.389 18... 0.889 188...
evaluated or .
0.499 99 0.5
( )
3
d. i. L ~ Bi n = 4, p =
100
Pr(L ≥ 1) = 1 − Pr(L = 0) [1 mark]
( )4
97
=1−
100
= 0.1147 [1 mark]
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students wrote 3% as 0.3. Others had the incorrect value for n, using Lemons ~ Bi(3, 0.03).
Some gave the answer without showing any working, while others attempted to use the normal
distribution.
( )
3
ii. L ~ Bi n = ?, p =
100
Pr(L ≥ 1) = 1 − Pr(L = 0) > 0.5 [1 mark]
( )n
97
Pr(L = 0) = < 0.5
100
n = 23 [1 mark]
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students rounded their answer to 22. Others did not state the minimum value, leaving their
answer as n > 22.7566. Some students used the trial and error methods and this was acceptable.
Some students did not show any working.

12.6 Review
Question 1
( ) x−𝜇
a. X ~ N 𝜇 = 2.5, 𝜎 2 = 0.32 Z ~ N(0, 1) Z =
( ) 𝜎
3.1 − 2.5
Pr(X > 3.1) = Pr Z >
0.3
= Pr(Z > 2)
= Pr(Z < −2)
b = −2 [1 mark]

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 21
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

x
1.9 2.5 3.1
z
–2 0 2

VCAA Assessment Report note:

Those students who drew a diagram of a ‘normal’ curve with relevant areas shaded found this helpful.
An answer of +2 was common. The answer of 1.9 was also common, and was two standard deviations
below the mean of X. This question required a conversion to the standard normal curve.
b. Pr(X < 2.8 |X > 2.5 )
Pr(2.5 < X < 2.8) Pr(0 < Z < 1)
=
Pr(X < 2.5) Pr(Z < 0)
0.5 − Pr(Z > 1)
=
Pr(Z < 0)
0.5 − Pr(Z < −1)
=
Pr(Z < 0)
0.5 − 0.16
=
0.5
0.34
=
0.5
= 0.68
Award 1 mark for the correct use of conditional probability.
Award 1 mark for the final correct probability.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
1
Most students could state the relevant rule and obtained the correct denominator of but then failed to
2
Pr(2.5 < X < 2.8)
recognise that Pr(X < 2.8 |X > 2.5 ) = . Probabilities greater than 1 or errors in
Pr(X > 2.5)
handling decimals and/or fraction simplifications were common.
Question 2
( )
X ~ N 𝜇 = 12, 𝜎 2 = 42
11.5 − 12
z=
0.5
= −1
Pr(X < 11.5) = Pr(Z < −1)
= Pr(Z > 1) by symmetry
The correct answer is C.

22 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Question 3
d ( )
a. T = N 𝜇 = 0, 𝜎 2 = 16
Pr(T ≤ a) = 0.6
∴ a = 1 minute
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.
b. Pr(T ≤ 3 |T > 0 )
Pr(0 < T ≤ 3)
=
Pr(T > 0)
0.273 37
=
0.5
= 0.547
Award 1 mark for considering conditional probabilities.
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
c. Pr(−3 ≤ T ≤ 2) = 0.4648
d ( )
D = N 𝜇 = k, 𝜎 2 = 16
Pr(−4.5 ≤ D ≤ 0.5) = 0.4648, k = −1.5
Using symmetry,
Pr(−0.5 ≤ D ≤ 4.5) = 0.4648, k = −2.5
Award 1 mark for considering symmetry.
Award 1 mark each for the two values of k.
d
d. R = Bi(n = 8, p = 0.85)
Pr(R < 4) = Pr(R ≤ 3) = 0.003
Award 1 mark for considering binomial probabilities.
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
d
e. i. R = Bi (n = ?, p = 0.85)
Pr(R ≥ 1) = 1 − Pr(R = 0) = 1 − 0.85n
Award 1 mark for the correct expression.
ii. Solving 1 − 0.85n > 0.95
n = 19
Award 1 mark for the correct value of n.
f. T

0.85

0.15
1–y
Tʹ

y T
x

1–x
Tʹ

Pr(on time) = (1 − y) × 0.85 + xy = 0.75, x ∈ [0.3, 0.7]

2
When x = 0.3, solving (1 − y) × 0.85 + 0.3y = 0.75 gives the minimum y-value: y = .
11
2
When x = 0.7, solving (1 − y) × 0.85 + 0.7y = 0.75 gives the maximum y-value: y =
3.
Award 1 mark for the correct maximum y-value and 1 mark for the correct minimum y-value.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 23
 Exam question booklet | Topic 12

Question 4
Pr(−a < Z < a) = 1 − 2 Pr(Z ≤ −a)
The correct answer is D.
Question 5
Sketch the normal curve to assist in visualising the problem.

x
7.9 10 12.1 14.2 16.3 18.4 20.5

Pr(X > a1 ) = 0.9

= 1 − Pr(X < a1 )
Pr(X < a1 ) = 0.1
Pr(Z < z) = 0.1
z = −1.282
a1 − 14.2
−1.282 =
2.1
a1 = 11.5087 [1 mark]
14.2 − 11.5087 = 2.691
a2 = 14.2 + 2.691
a2 = 16.8913 [1 mark]
Question 6
Pr(|Z| < c) = Pr(−c < Z < c) = a
a
⇒ Pr(0 < Z < c) =
2
a
Pr(Z ≥ c) = 0.5 −
2
The correct answer is A.

24 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

13 Statistical inference
Topic 13 Statistical inference
Subtopic 13.2 Population parameters and sample statistics

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Question 1 (1 mark)
In a school population census, it is found that 12% of students attending have no access to the internet at
home. The ‘12%’ represents the value of a
A. sample
B. sample statistic
C. sample parameter
D. population
E. population parameter

Question 2 (1 mark)
To estimate the ratio of females to males at a tennis club, the coach determines the number of females and
males in a particular tennis lesson. The ratio that she then calculates is called a
A. sample
B. sample statistic
C. sample parameter
D. population
E. population parameter

Question 3 (1 mark)
Select the true statement from the following.
A. Sample parameters are used to estimate population statistics.
B. Sample statistics are used to estimate population parameters.
C. Population parameters are used to estimate sample statistics.
D. Population statistics are used to estimate sample parameters.
E. Population proportion is an estimate called a point estimate.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 1
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Topic 13 Subtopic 13.2 Population parameters and sample statistics

Question 4 (1 mark)
Every fourth person who enters a particular store is selected. This sampling method is known as
A. simple random.
B. interval.
C. cluster.
D. batch.
E. stratified.

Question 5 (1 mark)
Which is not a random sampling method?
A. Simple random
B. Interval
C. Cluster
D. Quota
E. Stratified

Question 6 (1 mark)
Which of the following statements is not true?
A. A sampling distribution describes how a statistics value will change from sample to sample.
B. A simple random sample has a sample of size n.
C. The population proportion p is a population parameter; its value is constant.
D. The sample proportion is a sample statistic; its value is not constant but varies from sample to sample.
E. When the sample size is small, the sample proportion has an approximately normal distribution.

Question 7 (1 mark)
The mean of a population is represented by the symbol
A. x

C. 𝜎
B. s

D. 𝜇
E. n

2 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Topic 13 Statistical inference

Subtopic 13.3 The distribution of the sample proportion

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q4; © VCAA

Question 1 (2 marks)
1

Let P̂ be the random variable that represents the sample proportion of angel fish for samples of size n drawn
In a large population of fish, the proportion of angel fish is .
4

Find the smallest integer value of n such that the standard deviation of P̂ is less than or equal to
from the population.
1
.
100

Source: VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q17; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)

A sample of 16 blocks is taken from the container. For samples of 16 blocks, P̂ is the random variable of the
Inside a container there are one million coloured building blocks. It is known that 20% of the blocks are red.

Pr P̂ ≥
distribution of
) sample proportions of red blocks. (Do not use a normal approximation.)
3
(
is closest to
16
A. 0.6482
B. 0.8593
C. 0.7543
D. 0.6542
E. 0.3211

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 3
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Topic 13 Subtopic 13.3 The distribution of the sample proportion

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q16; © VCAA

For random samples of five Australians, P̂ is the random variable that represents the proportion who live in
Question 3 (1 mark)

a capital city. Given that Pr P̂ = 0 = , then Pr P̂ > 0.6 , correct to four decimal places, is
( ) 1 ( )
243
A. 0.0453
B. 0.3209
C. 0.4609
D. 0.5390
E. 0.7901

Question 4 (1 mark)

defective chocolate, p,̂ is

A random sample of 50 chocolate bars was selected, and 15% were defective. The sample proportion of a

A. 0.15
B. 0.75
C. 0.5
D. 0.3
E. 0.45

Question 5 (1 mark)
Five CAS calculators selected from a random sample of 200 CAS calculators were found to be defective.

A. p̂ =
The proportion of defectives in the CAS calculator population is
1
20

B. p̂ =
1
40

C. p =
1
20

D. p =
1
40

E. p =
1
200

4 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Topic 13 Subtopic 13.3 The distribution of the sample proportion

Question 6 (1 mark)
A random sample of 1000 people is selected from the population of a country. Of this sample, 60 people
believed the Prime Minister was doing a bad job. The sample proportion who believed she was doing a
good job is
A. 0.6
B. 0.06
C. 0.4
D. 0.04
E. 0.94

Question 7 (1 mark)

p,̂ an estimate of the population proportion who are satisfied with their job.
175 people out of 225 employees of a company were surveyed to see if they had job satisfaction. Calculate

Of a random sample of 150 batteries of a certain brand, 3 were found to be defective. Find p,̂ an estimate of
Question 8 (1 mark)

the population proportion of defective batteries.

Find the mean and standard deviation of the sample proportion if p = 0.6 and n = 10.
Question 9 (2 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 5
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Topic 13 Subtopic 13.3 The distribution of the sample proportion

Find the mean and standard deviation of the sample proportion if p = 0.2 and n = 50.
Question 10 (2 marks)

If p = 0.4, find how large a sample is required so that SD(p)̂ ≤ 0.01.

Question 11 (2 marks)

If p = 0.3, the sample size required so that SD(p)̂ ≤ 0.02 is

Question 12 (1 mark)

A. 22
B. 23
C. 525
D. 526
E. 600

If p = 0.4 and n = 25, the mean and standard deviation for the sample proportion is
Question 13 (1 mark)

A. E(p)̂ = 0.4 and SD(p)̂ = 0.0096

B. E(p)̃ = 0.4 and SD(p)̂ = 0.098
C. E(p)̃ = 0.4 and SD(p)̂ = 0.097
D. E(p)̃ = 0.6 and SD(p)̂ = 0.0096
E. E(p)̃ = 0.6 and SD(p)̂ = 0.098

6 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Topic 13 Statistical inference

Subtopic 13.4 Confidence intervals

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q3; © VCAA

Question 1 (1 mark)
A box contains many coloured glass beads.
A random sample of 48 beads is selected and it is found that the proportion of blue-coloured beads in this
sample is 0.125.
Based on this sample, a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of blue-coloured glass beads is
A. (0.0314, 0.2186)
B. (0.0465, 0.2035)
C. (0.0018, 0.2482)
D. (0.0896, 0.1604)
E. (0.0264, 0.2136)

Source: VCE 2017, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q5; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
The 95% confidence interval for the proportion of ferry tickets that are cancelled on the intended departure
day is calculated from a large sample to be (0.039, 0.121).
The sample proportion from which this interval was constructed is
A. 0.080
B. 0.041
C. 0.100
D. 0.062
E. 0.059

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 7
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Topic 13 Subtopic 13.4 Confidence intervals

Question 3 (1 mark)
From a survey, 747 out of 1168 Year 12 students said they had obtained their learner’s permit. The
99% confidence interval for Year 12 students who have obtained their learner’s permit is
A. (0.598, 0.682)
B. (0.612, 0.668)
C. (0.626, 0.654)
D. (0.630, 0.650)
E. (0.604, 0.676)

Question 4 (3 marks)
Find an approximate 95% confidence interval for successful aces in first serves if 15 aces are scored out of
20 first serves.

Question 5 (1 mark)
Of a random sample of 150 batteries, three were found to be defective. An approximate 95% confidence
interval for p, the proportion of the total population of batteries which are defective, is
A. (0, 0.002)
B. (0, 0.019)
C. (0, 0.031)
D. (0, 0.043)
E. (0, 0.054)

8 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Topic 13 Subtopic 13.4 Confidence intervals

Question 6 (1 mark)
Based on sales data, 60% of purchases at a supermarket are done by tap-and-go. If random samples of
100 sales are investigated, the proportion of samples likely to include between 50% and 70% tap-and-go
sales is
A. 0.30
B. 0.42
C. 0.68
D. 0.95
E. 0.96

Question 7 (1 mark)
A particular football team is supported by 15% of the population. If a random sample of 300 people is
selected, the proportion of the sample which will have between 6% and 20% support for the team is
A. 0.15
B. 0.30
C. 0.90
D. 0.99
E. 1.00

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 9
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Topic 13 Statistical inference

Subtopic 13.5 Review

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 1, Q6; © VCAA

Question 1 (3 marks)
Fred owns a company that produces thousands of pegs each day. He randomly selects 41 pegs that are
produced on one day and finds eight faulty pegs.
a. What is the proportion of faulty pegs in this sample? (1 mark)

b. Pegs are packed each day in boxes. Each box holds 12 pegs. Let P̂ be the random variable that represents
the proportion of faulty pegs in a box.
1
The actual proportion of faulty pegs produced by the company each day is .

Find Pr P < ̂
6
1
( )
. Express your answer in the form a(b)n , where a and b are positive rational numbers
6
and n is a positive integer. (2 marks)

Source: VCE 2021, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section A, Q12; © VCAA

Question 2 (1 mark)
3

Let P̂ be the random variable representing the proportion of birds with a crest in samples of size n for this
For a certain species of bird, the proportion of birds with a crest is known to be .
5

The smallest sample size for which the standard deviation of P̂ is less than 0.08 is
specific bird.

A. 7
B. 27
C. 37
D. 38
E. 43

10 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Topic 13 Subtopic 13.5 Review

Source: Adapted from VCE 2016, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section B, Q3; © VCAA

Question 3 (14 marks)

A school has a class set of 22 new laptops kept in a recharging trolley. Provided each laptop is correctly
plugged into the trolley after use, its battery recharges.
On a particular day, a class of 22 students uses the laptops. All laptop batteries are fully charged at the start
of the lesson. Each student uses and returns exactly one laptop. The probability that a student does not
correctly plug their laptop into the trolley at the end of the lesson is 10%. The correctness of any student’s
plugging-in is independent of any other student’s correctness.
a. Determine the probability that at least one of the laptops is not correctly plugged into the trolley at the
end of the lesson. Give your answer correct to four decimal places. (2 marks)

b. A teacher observes that at least one of the returned laptops is not correctly plugged into the trolley.
Given this, find the probability that fewer than five laptops are not correctly plugged in. Give your
answer correct to four decimal places. (2 marks)

c. The time for which a laptop will work without recharging (the battery life) is normally distributed, with a
mean of three hours and 10 minutes and standard deviation of six minutes. Suppose that the laptops
remain out of the recharging trolley for three hours.
For any one laptop, find the probability that it will stop working by the end of these three hours. Give
your answer correct to four decimal places. (2 marks)

d. A supplier of laptops decides to take a sample of 100 new laptops from a number of different schools.

10 minutes and standard deviation of six minutes, P̂ is the random variable of the distribution of sample
For samples of size 100 from the population of laptops with a mean battery life of three hours and

Find the probability that Pr(P̂ ≥ 0.06|P̂ ≥ 0.05). Give your answer correct to three decimal places. Do
proportions of laptops with a battery life of less than three hours.

not use a normal approximation. (3 marks)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 11
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Topic 13 Subtopic 13.5 Review

e. It is known that when laptops have been used regularly in a school for six months, their battery life is
still normally distributed but the mean battery life drops to three hours. It is also known that only 12% of
such laptops work for more than three hours and 10 minutes.
Find the standard deviation for the normal distribution that applies to the battery life of laptops that have
been used regularly in a school for six months, correct to four decimal places. (2 marks)

f. The laptop supplier collects a sample of 100 laptops that have been used for six months from a number
of different schools and tests their battery life. The laptop supplier wishes to estimate the proportion of
such laptops with a battery life of less than three hours.
Suppose the supplier tests the battery life of the laptops one at a time.
Find the probability that the first laptop found to have a battery life of less than three hours is the third
one. (1 mark)

g. The laptop supplier finds that, in a particular sample of 100 laptops, six of them have a battery life of less
than three hours.
Determine the 95% confidence interval for the supplier’s estimate of the proportion of interest. Give
values correct to two decimal places. (1 mark)

h. The supplier also provides laptops to businesses. The probability density function for battery life,
x (in minutes), of a laptop after six months of use in a business is

⎧ (210 − x)e
f(x) = 0 ≤ x ≤ 210
x−210

⎨
20

⎩0
400
elsewhere

Find the mean battery life, in minutes, of a laptop with six months of business use, correct to two decimal
places. (1 mark)

12 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Topic 13 Subtopic 13.5 Review

Source: VCE 2019, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section B, Q4; © VCAA

Question 4 (17 marks)

The Lorenz birdwing is the largest butterfly in Town A.
The probability density function that describes its life span, X, in weeks, is given by

5x − x4 0≤x≤5
f(x) = { 625
4 ( 3 )

0 elsewhere

a. Find the mean life span of the Lorenz birdwing butterfly. (2 marks)

b. In a sample of 80 Lorenz birdwing butterflies, how many butterflies are expected to live longer than two
weeks, correct to the nearest integer? (2 marks)

c. What is the probability that a Lorenz birdwing butterfly lives for at least four weeks, given that it lives
for at least two weeks, correct to four decimal places? (2 marks)

d. The wingspans of Lorenz birdwing butterflies in Town A are normally distributed with a mean of
14.1 cm and a standard deviation of 2.1 cm.
Find the probability that a randomly selected Lorenz birdwing butterfly in Town A has a wingspan
between 16 cm and 18 cm, correct to four decimal places. (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 13
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Topic 13 Subtopic 13.5 Review

e. A Lorenz birdwing butterfly is considered to be very small if its wingspan is in the smallest 5% of all the
Lorenz birdwing butterflies in Town A.
Find the greatest possible wingspan, in centimetres, for a very small Lorenz birdwing butterfly in Town
A, correct to one decimal place. (1 mark)

f. Each year, a detailed study is conducted on a random sample of 36 Lorenz birdwing butterflies in Town
A. A Lorenz birdwing butterfly is considered to be very large if its wingspan is greater than 17.5 cm.
The probability that the wingspan of any Lorenz birdwing butterfly in Town A is greater than 17.5 cm is
0.0527, correct to four decimal places.
i. Find the probability that three or more of the butterflies, in a random sample of 36 Lorenz birdwing
butterflies from Town A, are very large, correct to four decimal places. (1 mark)

ii. The probability that n or more butterflies, in a random sample of 36 Lorenz birdwing butterflies from
Town A, are very large is less than 1%.
Find the smallest value of n, where n is an integer. (2 marks)

iii. For random samples of 36 Lorenz birdwing butterflies in Town A, P̂ is the random variable that

Find the expected value and the standard deviation of P,̂ correct to four decimal places.
represents the proportion of butterflies that are very large.
(2 marks)

iv. What is the probability that a sample proportion of butterflies that are very large lies within one
standard deviation of 0.0527, correct to four decimal places? Do not use a normal
approximation. (2 marks)

g. The Lorenz birdwing butterfly also lives in Town B.

In a particular sample of Lorenz birdwing butterflies from Town B, an approximate 95% confidence
interval for the proportion of butterflies that are very large was calculated to be (0.0234, 0.0866), correct
to four decimal places.
Determine the sample size used in the calculation of this confidence interval. (2 marks)

14 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Topic 13 Subtopic 13.5 Review

Source: VCE 2018, Mathematical Methods Exam 2, Section B, Q4; © VCAA

Question 5 (16 marks)

Doctors are studying the resting heart rate of adults in two neighbouring towns: Mathsland and Statsville.
Resting heart rate is measured in beats per minute (bpm).
The resting heart rate of adults in Mathsland is known to be normally distributed with a mean of 68 bpm
and a standard deviation of 8 bpm.
a. Find the probability that a randomly selected Mathsland adult has a resting heart rate between 60 bpm
and 90 bpm. Give your answer correct to three decimal places. (1 mark)

b. The doctors consider a person to have a slow heart rate if the person’s resting heart rate is less than
60 bpm. The probability that a randomly chosen Mathsland adult has a slow heart rate is 0.1587.
It is known that 29% of Mathsland adults play sport regularly.
It is also known that 9% of Mathsland adults play sport regularly and have a slow heart rate.
Let S be the event that a randomly selected Mathsland adult plays sport regularly and let H be the event
that a randomly selected Mathsland adult has a slow heart rate.
i. Find Pr(H|S), correct to three decimal places. (1 mark)

ii. Are the events H and S independent? Justify your answer. (1 mark)

c. i. Find the probability that a random sample of 16 Mathsland adults will contain exactly one person
with a slow heart rate. Give your answer correct to three decimal places. (2 marks)

ii. For random samples of 16 Mathsland adults, P̂ is the random variable that represents the proportion

Find the probability that P̂ is greater than 10%, correct to three decimal places.
of people who have a slow heart rate.
(2 marks)

iii. For random samples of n Mathsland adults, P̂ n is the random variable that represents the proportion

Find the least value of n for which Pr P̂ n >

of people who have a slow heart rate. (
> 0.99.
1
)
(2 marks)
n

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 15
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Topic 13 Subtopic 13.5 Review

d. The doctors took a large random sample of adults from the population of Statsville and calculated an
approximate 95% confidence interval for the proportion of Statsville adults who have a slow heart rate.
The confidence interval they obtained was (0.102, 0.145).
i. Determine the sample proportion used in the calculation of this confidence interval. (1 mark)

ii. Explain why this confidence interval suggests that the proportion of adults with a slow heart rate in
Statsville could be different from the proportion in Mathsland. (1 mark)

e. Every year at Mathsland Secondary College, students hike to the top of a hill that rises behind the school.
The time taken by a randomly selected student to reach the top of the hill has the probability density
function M with the rule

t≥0
−
M(t) = { 50 50
( )2 ( t )3
3 t
e 50
0 t<0

where t is given in minutes.

Find the expected time, in minutes, for a randomly selected student from Mathsland Secondary College
to reach the top of the hill. Give your answer correct to one decimal place. (2 marks)

f. Students who take less than 15 minutes to get to the top of the hill are categorised as ‘elite’.
Find the probability that a randomly selected student from Mathsland Secondary College is categorised
as elite. Give your answer correct to four decimal places. (1 mark)

1
g. The Year 12 students at Mathsland Secondary College make up of the total number of students at the
7
school. Of the Year 12 students at Mathsland Secondary College, 5% are categorised as elite.
Find the probability that a randomly selected non-Year-12 student at Mathsland Secondary College is
categorised as elite. Give your answer correct to four decimal places. (2 marks)

16 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Topic 13 Subtopic 13.5 Review

Source: VCE 2015, Mathematical Methods (CAS) 2, Section 2, Q3; © VCAA

Question 6 (11 marks)

Mani is a fruit grower. After his oranges have been picked, they are sorted by a machine, according to size.
Oranges classified as medium are sold to fruit shops and the remainder are made into orange juice.
The distribution of the diameter, in centimetres, of medium oranges is modelled by a continuous random
variable, X, with probability density function

(x − 6)2 (8 − x) 6 ≤ x ≤ 8
f(x) = { 4
3

0 otherwise

a. i. Find the probability that a randomly selected medium orange has a diameter greater than
7 cm. (2 marks)

ii. Mani randomly selects three medium oranges.

Find the probability that exactly one of the oranges has a diameter greater than 7 cm.
a
Express the answer in the form , where a and b are positive integers. (2 marks)
b

b. Find the mean diameter of medium oranges, in centimetres. (1 mark)

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 17
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Topic 13 Subtopic 13.5 Review

c. For oranges classified as large, the quantity of juice obtained from each orange is a normally distributed
random variable with a mean of 74 mL and a standard deviation of 9 mL.
What is the probability, correct to three decimal places, that a randomly selected large orange produces
less than 85 mL of juice, given that it produces more than 74 mL of juice? (2 marks)

d. Mani also grows lemons, which are sold to a food factory. When a truckload of lemons arrives at the
food factory, the manager randomly selects and weighs four lemons from the load. If one or more of
these lemons is underweight, the load is rejected. Otherwise it is accepted.
It is known that 3% of Mani’s lemons are underweight.
i. Find the probability that a particular load of lemons will be rejected. Express the answer correct to
four decimal places. (2 marks)

ii. Suppose that instead of selecting only four lemons, n lemons are selected at random from a particular
load.
Find the smallest integer value of n such that the probability of at least one lemon being underweight
exceeds 0.5 (2 marks)

18 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Answers and marking guide

13.2 Population parameters and sample statistics
Question 1
The 12% is a statistic from a population; therefore, it represents a population parameter.
The correct answer is E.
Question 2
The sample statistic of the tennis group lesson is used to predict the population.
The correct answer is B.
Question 3
Sample statistics are used to estimate population parameters.
The correct answer is B.
Question 4
Interval sampling is a form of systematic sampling.
The correct answer is B.
Question 5
Quota sampling involves selecting a predetermined number of items/individuals from different population
sectors for specified criteria.
The correct answer is D.
Question 6
When the sample size is large, the sample proportion has an approximately normal distribution.
The correct answer is E.

The population parameter of the mean is 𝜇.

Question 7

The correct answer is D.

13.3 The distribution of the sample proportion

p (1 − p)
Question 1
p= SD(p)̂ =
√
1

×4
√ 4 n

≤
1 3
4 1
n 100

√ ≤
√
3 1
4√n 100

≤ n
100 3 √

n ≥ 25 3
4 √
√

n ≥ 625 × 3
n ≥ 1875
Hence, the smallest value of n is 1875.
Award 1 mark for the correct method.
Award 1 mark for the correct value of n.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 19
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

VCAA Examination Report note:

Most students identified the correct formula; however, many were unable to correctly transpose the
inequality to solve for n or to correctly manipulate the arithmetic involving rational numbers. Some students
had poor use of notation work, in that they did not extend the square root sign to include n.

n = 16, p = 0.2, X = Bi (n = 16, p = 0.2)

Question 2

p̂ =
X

Pr p̂ ≥ = Pr(X ≥ 3) = 0.6482
(n
3
)

16
The correct answer is A.

X = Bi(5, p), p̂ =
Question 3
X

Pr(p̂ = 0) = Pr(X = 0)
5

= q5

=
1

⇒ q = , p = , X = Bi 5,
243
1 2 2
( )

Pr(p̂ > 0.6) = Pr(X > 3)

3 3 3

= Pr(X ≥ 4)
= 0.4609
The correct answer is C.
Question 4
p̂ =
15

= 0.15
100

The correct answer is A.

p̂ =
Question 5
5

=
200
1
40
The correct answer is B.
Question 6
p̂ =
940

= 0.94
1000

The correct answer is E.

Question 7
p̂ =
175

= 0.78
225
[1 mark]
Question 8
p̂ =
3

= 0.02
150
[1 mark]

20 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

E(p)̂ = p
Question 9

= 0.6
0.6 × 0.4
[1 mark]

sd(p)̂ =
√

= 0.155 [1 mark]
10

E(p)̂ = p
Question 10

= 0.2 [1 mark]
0.2 × 0.8
SD(p)̂ =
√

= 0.0566 [1 mark]
50

0.4 × 0.6
Question 11

≤ 0.01 [1 mark]
√

n = 2400 [1 mark]
n

0.3 × 0.7
Question 12

≤ 0.02
√

n = 525
n

The correct answer is C.

E(p)̂ = 0.4
Question 13

0.4 × 0.6
SD(p)̂ =
√

= 0.098
25

The correct answer is B.

13.4 Confidence intervals

n = 48, p√̂ = 0.125, 95% z = 1.96

Question 1

0.125 × (1 − 0.125)
SD(P)̂ = = 0.0477

p̂ ± z SD(P)̂ = 0.125 ± 1.96 × 0.0477

48

∴ CI = (0.0314, 0.2186)
The correct answer is A.

0.039 + 0.121
Question 2
p=
p = 0.08
2

The correct answer is A.

Question 3

0.64 ± 2.58 × 0.014

A 99% confidence interval implies:

⇒ (0.603, 0.676)
Alternatively, use the inbuilt functions in CAS.
The correct answer is E.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 21
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Question 4
p̂ =
15

= 0.75 [1 mark]
20

0.75 × 0.25
SD(p)̂ =
√

= 0.0968 [1 mark]
20

95% confidence interval = (0.75 − 2 × 0.096 825, 0.75 + 2 × 0.096 825)

= (0.556, 0.944) [1 mark]
Question 5
p̂ =
3

= 0.02
150

0.02 × 0.98
SD(p)̂ =
√

= 0.0114 [1 mark]
150

95% confidence interval = (0.02 − 2 × 0.011431, 0.02 + 2 × 0.011431)

= (0.0029, 0.043) [1 mark]
≈ (0, 0.043)
The correct answer is D.

p = 0.6
Question 6

0.6 × 0.4
𝜎=
√

= 0.04899
100

0.5 − 0.6
p̂ = 0.5 z =
= −2.04123
0.04899
0.7 − 0.6
p̂ = 0.7 z =
= 2.04123
0.04899

Pr(0.5 < p̂ < 0.7) = Pr(−2.04123 < Z < 2.04123)

= 0.9587
The correct answer is E.

p̂ = 0.15
Question 7

0.15 × 0.85
𝜎=
√

= 0.0206
300

0.06 − 0.15
p̂ = 0.06 z =
= −4.368
0.0206

0.20 − 0.15
p̂ = 0.2 z =
= 2.42718
0.0206

Pr(0.06 < p̂ < 0.2) = Pr(−4.368 < Z < 2.427)

= 0.992
The correct answer is D.

22 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

13.5 Review

a. The proportion of faulty pegs =

Question 1
8
[1 mark]

b. p̂ = X = Bi n = 12, p =
41
X 1
( )
d

( 12 ) 6
Pr p̂ < = Pr(X < 2)
1

= Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
6

Pr p̂ < = + 12 ×
) ( )12 ( ) ( )11
1 5 1 5
(

6 6 6 6

= +2
( )11 (
5 5
)

6 6

=
( )11
17 5
6 6
Award 1 mark for the correct method.
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Most students recognised this as a binomial distribution; however, few managed to correctly find the two
component expressions. Even fewer successfully managed to manipulate these expressions to the format
specified by the question. Another common error was to apply the standard deviation formula.

n = ?, p̂ =
Question 2
3

0.6 × (1 − 0.6)
SD(P)̂ =
√ 5
< 0.08
n

n>
√
√ 0.24

n> = 37.5
0.08
0.24

n = 38
0.082

The correct answer is D.

a. L = Bi (n = 22, p = 0.1)
Question 3

Pr(L ≥ 1) = 1 − Pr(L = 0)
= 1 − 0.922
= 0.9015
Award 1 mark for using the binomial.
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
VCAA Assessment Report note:

and p values. Some used Pr(X > 1) instead of Pr(X ≥ 1).

This question was answered well. Most students recognised that it was binomial and gave the correct n

b. Pr(L < 5 ∣ L ≥ 1)
Pr(1 ≤ L < 5)
=
Pr(L ≥ 1)

=
0.839389

= 0.9311
0.9015

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 23
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Award 1 mark for using conditional probability and the binomial.

Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Many students recognised that this was a conditional probability question but had the incorrect
numerator or denominator. Some included 5 in their calculations, getting 0.9798. Others rounded too

c. X = N 𝜇 = 190, 𝜎 2 = 36
soon and gave 0.9312 as the answer.

Pr(X < 180) = 0.0478

( )

Award 1 mark for using normal cdf.

Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Some students thought 3 hours and 10 minutes was 3.1 hours and 6 minutes was 0.6 hours. Others had
the standard deviation as 10 minutes. Some gave the answer without showing any working. Students are

Pr(Y > 180) = 0.9522 was a common incorrect response.

reminded that some working must be shown for questions worth more than one mark.

d. S = Bi(n = 100, p = 0.0478)

Pr(P̂ ≥ 0.06 | P̂ ≥ 0.05)
Pr(p̂ ≥ 0.06)
=
Pr(p̂ ≥ 0.05)
Pr(S ≥ 6)
=
Pr(S ≥ 5)

=
0.344511

= 0.658
0.523588

Award 1 mark for using conditional probability.

Award 1 mark for converting to the binomial.
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Most students used the conditional probability formula but tried to use the normal distribution rather than

e. Y = N 𝜇 = 180, 𝜎 2 = ?
the binomial distribution.

Pr(Y > 190) = 0.12

( )

⇒ Pr(Y < 190) = 0.88

Pr(Z < z) = 0.88
z = 1.17499
190 − 180 10
1.17499 = =
𝜎 𝜎
𝜎 = 8.5107
Award 1 mark for using the inverse normal distribution.
Award 1 mark for the correct standard deviation.
f. Since n is large, use the binomial approximation.
Pr(third) = × × =
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 8
Award 1 mark for the correct probability.

24 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

g. p̂ = = 0.06, n = 100, 95% ⇒ z = 1.96

6
100

p̂ (1 − p)̂
Confidence interval for p:

p̂ ± z
√

0.06 (1 − 0.06)
n √
= 0.06 ± 1.96
= (0.01, 0.11)
100

Alternatively, use inbuilt CAS functions.

Award 1 mark for the correct confidence interval.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Students were not expected to write out the formula; the relevant computation could be done directly
using technology. There were some rounding errors. A common incorrect interval was (0.01, 0.12).

x (210 − x) e
h. E(X) =
210 x−210
20

∫
dx

= 170.01 (solved using CAS)

400
0

Award 1 mark for the correct expectation.

5x − x4 0≤x≤5
Question 4

a. f(x) = { 625
4 ( 3 )

0 elsewhere

E(X) = xf(x)dx = 5x − x5 dx =
5 5
4 ( 4 10
∫ ∫ 625
)
3

The mean life span = 3 weeks

0 0
1
3
Award 1 mark for the correct method.
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was done well. Some students worked out the median instead of the mean or evaluated

5x − x
5(
4 ( 3
)

∫ 625
4
dx. Other students gave an approximate answer. Some students tried to treat f as a
)

0
discrete random variable.

b. Pr(X > 2) =
5

∫
f(x)dx
2

Pr(X > 2) = 5x − x4 dx =
5
4 ( 3 2853
∫ 625
)
3125
80 Pr(X > 2) = 73
2

Award 1 mark for the correct method.

Award 1 mark for the correct answer.

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 25
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

VCAA Examination Report note:

Some students found the probability but did not multiply by 80. Other students used a discrete random

5x − x
2(
4 ( 3
)

∫ 625
4
variable or the normal distribution. Some students evaluated 80 dx or
)

5x − x4 dx. Other students rounded to 74.

5
4 ( 3
( )

∫
80
)
625
Pr(X ≥ 4)
c. Pr(X ≥ 4|X ≥ 2) =
3

Pr(X ≥ 2)
5

∫
f(x)dx

Pr(X ≥ 4|X ≥ 2) = 4
5
= 0.2878

∫
f(x)dx
2
Award 1 mark for the correct method.
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.

Many students used conditional probability. Some students used Pr(X ≤ 4|X ≤ 2). Other students
VCAA Examination Report note:

d. A = N 14.1, 2.12
rounded answers too early.

Pr(16 ≤ A ≤ 18) = 0.1512

d ( )

Award 1 mark for the correct probability.

VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was answered well. Some students rounded incorrectly, giving their answer as 0.1511 or

e. Pr(A < v) = 0.05

0.1516.

v = 10.6
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.
VCAA Examination Report note:

f. i. V = Bi (n = 36, p = 0.0527)
This question was answered reasonably well. A common incorrect answer was 9.9.

Pr(V ≥ 3) = 0.2947
d

ii. Pr(V ≥ n) ≤ 0.01

Award 1 mark for the correct probability.

Pr(V ≥ 6) = 0.0107 > 0.010

Pr(V ≥ 7) = 0.0024 < 0.01, n = 7
Award 1 mark for the correct method.
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.

A common incorrect answer was n = 6. Some students gave an answer without any working. Trial
VCAA Examination Report note:

iii. E(P)̂ = 0.0527

and error is an acceptable method.

p (1 − p) 0.0527 (1 − 0.0527)
SD(P)̂ = = = 0.0372
√ √

n 36
Award 1 mark for the correct method.
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.

26 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

Some students found E(X) = 36 × 0.0527 = 1.8972. Many students were able to find the standard
VCAA Examination Report note:

iv. Pr(p − SD < P̂ < p + SD) = Pr(0.0527 − 0.0372 < P̂ < 0.0527 + 0.0372)
deviation.

= Pr(0.0155 < P̂ < 0.0899) × 36

= Pr(0.55 < V < 3.2)
= Pr(1 ≤ V ≤ 3)
= 0.7380
Award 1 mark for the correct method.
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Many students were able to find the first interval. Some students used the normal distribution. Others

p̂ (1 − p)̂ p̂ (1 − p)̂
rounded their answer to 0.738.

g. p̂ − z , p̂ + z = (0.0234, 0.0866)
( √ ) ( √ )

0.0234 + 0.0866
n n

p̂ = = 0.055, 95% z = 1.96

0.055 (1 − 0.055) 0.0866 − 0.0234
2
= = 0.0316
√
1.96
n = 199.95
n 2

Sample size n = 200

Award 1 mark for the correct method.
Award 1 mark for the correct answer.
VCAA Examination Report note:
Many students had the proportion as 0.0527 or 0.55 instead of 0.055. Others did not include the 1.96.
Question 5

Pr(60 < M < 90) = 0.838

a. Mathsland (M) ~ N (68, 64)

Pr(H ∩ S) 0.09
[1 mark]
b. i. Pr(H|S) = = = 0.310 [1 mark]
Pr(S) 0.29
VCAA Examination Report note:

Pr(H ∩ S)
= = 0.547 or =
This question was answered reasonably well. Some students gave their answer as 0.31. A common
Pr(H) 0.1587 0.9
mistake was , giving an answer greater than 1.

ii. Pr(H) = 0.1587, Pr(S) = 0.29

Pr(S) 0.29 Pr(S) 0.1857

Pr(H ∩ S) = 0.09
Pr(H) × Pr(S) = 0.1587 × 0.29
= 0.0460
≠ Pr(H ∩ S)
= 0.09 [1 mark]
Events H and S are not independent.
VCAA Examination Report note:

independent events. A common mistake was Pr(H|S) = Pr(S).

A mathematical explanation was required. Some students confused mutually exclusive events with

c. i. X ~ Bi(n = 16,
(p = ) 0.1587)
Pr(X = 1) = 0.1587 × (1 − 0.1587)15
16
[1 mark]
= 0.190
1
[1 mark]

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 27
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

VCAA Examination Report note:

This question was reasonably well done. A method was required to get full marks. Stating the correct

ii. n = 16, P̂ =
n and p value was sufficient. Some students gave their answer as 0.19.
X

Pr(P̂ > 0.1) = Pr(X > 1.6)

16

= Pr(X ≥ 2) = 0.747
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:

variables, for example, Pr(P̂ > 0.1) = Pr(P̂ > 1.6) = Pr(P̂ ≥ 2).
Some students used the normal approximation to the binomial distribution. There was poor use of

iii. X ~ Bi(n = ?, p = 0.1587), P̂ =

X
n

Pr P̂ > = Pr >
1 X 1
( ) ( )

= Pr(X > 1) = Pr(X ≥ 2)

n n n

Pr(X ≥ 2) > 0.99

Pr(X ≤ 1) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) ≤ 0.01
[1 mark]

Solving 0.8413n + n × 0.8413n−1 × 0.1587 = 0.01

gives n = 38.93
so n must be at least 39. [1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was not answered well. Many students appeared to be confused by the terminology

Pr p̂n > . 1 − Pr(X = 0) < 0.01 was often evaluated, giving n = 27. Trial and error was an
1
( )

0.145 + 0.102
acceptable method.
d. i. p̂ = = 0.1235 [1 mark]
2

Many students tried to find the sample size rather than the proportion. n = 900 was often given.
VCAA Examination Report note:

ii. p (Mathsland) = 0.1587 is not contained within the confidence interval for Statsville, which suggests
that the proportions between the two towns differ. [1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
The confidence interval needed to be referred to in the answer.

t≥0
−
e. M(t) = { 50 50
( )2 ( t )3
3 t
e 50
0 t≥0
∞
E(T) =
−
( )2 ( t )3
3t t
∫0 50 50
e 50 dt [1 mark]

= 44.6 min [1 mark]

VCAA Examination Report note:
Some students found the median or the mode. Others found the area under the curve. Some had one of

(t × M(t)) dt . There were rounding errors; 44.7 was occasionally

437

∫
the terminals incorrect, for example,
0
given.

f. Pr(T < 15) =

−
15 ( ( )2 ( t )3 )
3 t
∫
e 50 dt

= 0.0266
50 50
0
[1 mark]

28 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

VCAA Examination Report note:

This question was answered reasonably well. (t × M(t)) dt = 0.2991 was a common incorrect answer.
15

∫
0

0.05 × + x × = 0.0266
g. Let x be the probability that a non-Year-12 student is elite.
1 6
[1 mark]
x = 0.0227
7 7
[1 mark]
VCAA Examination Report note:
This question was not answered well. There were a number of other approaches to this question, for

answer was × 0.0266 = 0.0228.

example, Karnaugh maps, tree diagrams or a conditional probability statement. A common incorrect
6
7
Question 6
(x − 6)2 (8 − x) 6 ≤ x ≤ 8
a. i. f(x) = { 4
3
[1 mark]
0 otherwise

Pr(X > 7) =
8

∫7
f(x)dx

=
(x − 6)2 (8 − x)dx
8
3
∫7 4

=
11
[1 mark]
6
VCAA Assessment Report note:
7 8

∫6 ∫7.0001
Some students omitted the dx. Some had incorrect terminals such as f(x)dx, f(x)dx or
8

∫6.9999
f(x)dx. Others gave the answer without showing any working.

ii. Y ~ Bi n = 3, p =
11
( )
[1 mark]
( ) 16( ) ( )2
Pr(Y = 1) = × ×
3 11 5
1 16 16

=
825
[1 mark]
4096
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Many students were able to identify the binomial distribution with the correct n and p values.

× =
( )2
11 5 275
A common incorrect answer was .
16 16 4096
b. E(X) =
8

∫6
xf(x)dx

= (x − 6)2 (8 − x)dx
8
3x
∫6 4

=
36

= 7.2
5
[1 mark]

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition 29
 Exam question booklet | Topic 13

VCAA Assessment Report note:

f(x)dx = 0.5 for x, instead of the mean. Others

8

∫
Some students worked out the median, solving
6
8

∫6
evaluated ( f(x))dx, leaving out x.

c. X ~ N 𝜇 = 74, 𝜎 2 = 92
Pr(74 < X < 85)
( )

Pr(X < 85|X > 74) =

Pr(X > 74)
[1 mark]

=
0.3892

= 0.778 [1 mark]
0.5

VCAA Assessment Report note:

Many students were able to recognise that the problem involved conditional probability. Some students
0.38918... 0.889188...
evaluated or .
0.49999 0.5

d. i. M ~ Bi n = 4, p =
3
( )

Pr(M ≥ 1) = 1 − Pr(M = 0) [1 mark]

100

=1−
)4
97
(

= 0.1147 [1 mark]
100

VCAA Assessment Report note:

Some students wrote 3% as 0.3. Others had the incorrect value for n, using Lemons ~ Bi (3, 0.03).
Some gave the answer without showing any working, while others attempted to use the normal
distribution.

ii. L ~ Bi n = ?, p =
3
( )
[1 mark]
Pr(L ≥ 1) = 1 − Pr(L = 0) ≥ 0.5
100

Pr(L = 0) = ≤ 0.5
)n
97
(

n = 23
100
[1 mark]
VCAA Assessment Report note:

answer as n > 22.7566. Some students used the trial and error methods and this was acceptable.
Some students rounded their answer to 22. Others did not state the minimum value, leaving their

Some students did not show any working.

30 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd