GENERAL TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR TYPES decreases with high temperatures; thus, syrup

flows faster when hot.

DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
Boiling Point and Melting Point
Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces existing
 depends on the equilibrium vapor pressure
between polar molecules (molecules that exhibit
exerted by the liquid or solid above the liquid or
dipole moment), such as HCl.
the solid
These forces arise due to interaction between
 This means that the rate of vaporization is equal to
oppositely charged ends of polar molecules.
the rate of condensation of the substance in a
closed container. Vapor pressure also varies with
Dipole-Dipole interactions result when two dipolar
temperature.
molecules interact with each other through space.
 These temperatures depend on the vapor pressure
exerted by the liquids or solids. Vapor pressure, on
When this occurs, the partially negative portion of one of
the other hand, depends on the intermolecular
the polar molecules is attracted to the partially positive
forces present in the substances. When the
portion of the second polar molecule.
intermolecular forces are strong, the vapor
pressure is low.
DISPERSION FORCES OR LONDON FORCES
 As a consequence, boiling will occur at a higher
They are the weakest attractive forces that are formed due
temperature because more energy is needed to
to the temporary dipoles induced in nonpolar molecules.
break the intermolecular bonds for the substance
 This force is also called induced-dipole-induced-
to change into vapor.
dipole attraction
MELTING POINT
 Induced dipole is the separation of the positive
 The greater intermolecular forces there are among
and negative charges in a nonpolar molecule due to
molecules the higher is their melting point.
the nearness of an ion or a polar molecule
 The strength of dispersion forces also depends on
 Dipole-induced dipole when the induced dipole is
the size of the substance or the number of
due to the interaction between a polar and a nonpolar
electrons in the substances.
molecule
 The distortion of the electron distribution is known
as polarizability.
HYDROGEN BOND
 The greater the polarizability of the electron
is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction between the
distribution the greater are the dispersion forces.
hydrogen atom in a polar molecule and the highly
When the dispersion forces are high, the boiling
electronegative atoms, N, O and F in another molecule.
and melting points are also high.
Water molecule is a good example.
SOLUBILITY
 is the ability of a substance (solid, liquid, or gas) to
EFFECTS OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES ON PROPERTIES
dissolve in a given substance (solid, liquid, or gas).
OF SUBSTANCES
 The amount of any substance dissolved in a solvent
Surface Tension
(the substance that dissolves another substance)
the amount of energy required to stretch the surface
depends on the types of interaction among
area of liquids (e.g., 1 cm2).
molecules, pressure, and temperature.
 Liquids with high intermolecular forces
 Solubility follows the 'Like dissolves like' rule
tend to have high surface tensions
 Polar to polar, nonpolar to nonpolar
 The stronger the intermolecular forces
possessed by molecules, the higher is the surface
BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
tension of the substance.
Macromolecule - is a large molecule that forms through
 An example of surface tension is capillary
the combination of small molecules.
action. It is the ability of liquid molecules to move
Biological macromolecules are important cellular
against gravity.
components and they perform a wide array of functions
 The forces bringing about capillary action
which is necessary for the survival and growth of living
are cohesion (intermolecular attraction between like
organisms
molecules)
 adhesion (an attraction between unlike
Terms and Definition:
molecules.)
Monosaccharide – simplest form of carbohydrates peptide
Viscosity
bonds
 This is a measure of a liquid’s resistance to
Amino acids – organic compounds that combined to form
flow
proteins
 The greater the viscosity of a liquid, the
Enzymes – proteins which make the bio chemical reaction
more slowly it flows. The viscosity of substances
fast
Nucleotide – made up of three components: nitrogen- Collision Theory - explains how particles interact to
containing base, five- carbon sugar, and a phosphate group produce chemical reactions.
Phospholipids - contain glycerol, two-fatty acids, and a  The fundamental tenet of collision theory is that
phosphate group collisions between molecules are necessary for
molecular reactions to occur
1. Carbohydrates - The most prevalent organic  Serves as the foundation for any investigation of a typical
compounds in nature are carbohydrates. chemical reaction
 They can be found in microorganisms, plant Chemical Reaction - A process that involves rearrangement
tissue, human tissue, and animal tissue. of molecular or ionic structure of a substance to form a
 Provides energy and energy storage for living new substance or product.
organisms REACTANT  PRODUCT
 Monosaccharides as the building blocks of Reactants - the chemicals or particles that enter a chemical
carbohydrates reaction and undergo change
Three Types of Sugars Product - the substances that are created.
 Monosaccharide The simplest sugars such as glucose, Catalyst – increases the rate of reaction without being
which is known as a blood sugar. used up during the reaction
 Disaccharide This is composed of two simple sugars Rate of reaction – measure of how fast or slow a reaction
like sucrose, which is a table sugar and made of happens
glucose and fructose bonded together.
 Polysaccharide It is made of series of bonded glucose LIMITING REACTANT IN A CHEMICAL REACTION
molecules like starch. It is composed by a succession of  Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that
linked glucose molecules. involves using relationships between reactants
and/or products in a chemical reaction to
2. Lipids or Fats - Lipids, which include fats, oils, determine desired quantitative data.
phospholipids, and other hydrophobic compounds,  Excess reagent is a reactant that is not used up
steroids. when the reaction is finished.
 Additionally, lipids have various uses, including to  Limiting reagent is a reagent that is completely
sustain body temperature as insulation and as a used up or reacted.
substance for cell membrane, both as signal  Activation energy - the least amount of energy
molecules and as digestive aids necessary for a reaction to take place.
 It forms the main part of the cell membrane  Actual yield is the amount of product actually
 They are made of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen recovered when an experimental trial is performed
and the mass of product is measured.
3. Proteins - The term protein is from the Greek proteios,  Percent yield is the percent ratio of actual yield to
or “primary” the theoretical yield
 Proteins function for bodily growth, repair, and  Theoretical yield is the largest amount of a
replacement of cells and enzymes catalyze product made in a chemical reaction based on the
cellular chemical reaction. chemical equation.
 The basic unit of protein is the amino acid  Experimental yield is the amount of product that is
 Proteins are made up of long chain of amino actually produced in a chemical reaction
acids, hence also called as “polypeptides”
4. Nucleic Acid - The storage, transmission, and expression ENERGY PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
of genetic information all depend on nucleic acids. 1. FOSSIL FUEL - The phrase "fossil fuel" refers to
 Made up of Nucleotides buried, flammable geologic deposits of natural
 carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and elements that decomposed under conditions of
phosphorus are present high pressure and temperature.
Two Types of Nucleic Acids 2. BIOGAS - Biogas is a gas that results from the
1. Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) –These molecules have anaerobic (without oxygen) breakdown of organic
two strands that twisted around an imaginary axis to materials.
form a double helix. 3. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY - refers to the heat created
2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)- RNA molecule is a single inside the Earth, clean and sustainable
polynucleotide chain. Nitrogenous base Uracil links to 4. HYDROTHERMAL ENERGY - refers to the heat
adenine instead of thymine. obtained from hot water from hydrothermal vents
or seawater in contact with hot rock beds.
5. HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY - moving water is used in
hydroelectric power plants to turn turbines.
COLLISION THEORY AND CHEMICAL REACTION RATE
6. BIOMASS - refers to organic material. Life is
related to the term organic, so biomass is
consisting of composed of organic matter., most of
which are a waste product.
7. SOLAR CELLS - are devices that can absorb light
energy from the sun and convert it into electricity
8. Batteries - are devices that store and convert
chemical energy into electrical energy. They can be
disposable or rechargeable.
9. Wind Power. The energy from the wind is being
harnessed by the wind turbines, converting the
wind energy into mechanical energy. This kind of
energy is renewable since the wind on the
surroundings is unlimited.