20

Minor Project Report

19
on
“Laboratory Evaluation of
Bionanocarbon
As an Additive to Bitumen in Dense
Bituminous Macadam Mix”

22MHT33P

Submitted by
Ritesh. J Shekar
1RV22CHT12

Under the Guidance

Of
Dr. M. S. Nagakumar
Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering
RV College of Engineering®
Bengaluru-59

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
In

HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
2023-24
 Minor Project Report
On
“Laboratory Evaluation
of Bionanocarbon As an
Additive to Bitumen in
Dense Bituminous
Macadam Mix”

22MHT33P

Submitted by
Ritesh. J Shekar
1RV22CHT12

Under the Guidance

Of
Dr. M. S. Nagakumar
Professor, Department of
Civil Engineering
RV College of Engineering®
Bengaluru-59

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
In

HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
2023-24
 RV COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING®
(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Bengaluru– 560059

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the minor project work titled “Laboratory Evaluation of Bionanocarbon
as an Additive to Bitumen in Dense Bituminous Macadam Mixes” carried out by Ritesh. J. Shekar,
USN: 1RV22CHT12, a bonafide student, submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of Master of
Technology in Highway Technology of RV College of Engineering®, Bengaluru, affiliated to
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during the year 2023-24. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited
in the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirement
in respect of minor project work prescribed for the said degree.

Dr. M. S. Nagakumar Dr. Radhakrishna Dr. K. N. Subramanya

Professor Head of Department Principal
Department of Civil Department of Civil RVCE, Bengaluru–59
Engineering Engineering
RVCE, Bengaluru –59 RVCE, Bengaluru–59

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1.____________________ __________________

2.____________________ __________________
 RV COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING®
(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Bengaluru– 560059

DECLARATION

I, Ritesh. J. Shekar (1RV22CHT12), student of third semester M.Tech in Highway Technology,

Department of Civil Engineering, RV College of Engineering®, Bengaluru declare that the Minor

Project titled “Laboratory Evaluation of Bionanocarbon as an Additive to Bitumen in Dense

Bituminous Macadam Mixes”, has been carried out by me. It has been submitted in partial

fulfilment for the award of degree in Master of Technology in Highway Technology of RV College

of Engineering®, Bengaluru, affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during

the academic year 2023-24. The matter embodied in this report has not been submitted to any other

university or institution for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Date of Submission: Signature of the Student

Student Name: Ritesh. J. Shekar

USN: 1RV22CHT12

Department of Civil Engineering

RV College of Engineering®

Bengaluru-560059
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to my project guide Dr. M. S. Nagakumar for his valuable
guidance, support and encouragement during my project work. I would like to thank him for
his invaluable inputs in project work.

I express my sincere thanks to Dr. Radhakrishna, Head of the Department, for creating highly
disciplined and professional environment in the department and for his untiring guidance &
support for our professional grooming and successful completion of project work.

We express our deep gratitude to Dr. K N Subramanya, Principal, for Creating and providing
us an academic conducive environment for our overall development, while creating a brand

image and making us feel proud for getting graduated in this prestigious Institution.

I would like to thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff of Civil Engineering Department,
RVCE for their help.

Ritesh J Shekar
1RV22HT12
M. Tech Highway Technology
Civil Engineering
RV College of Engineering®,
Bengaluru-59

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 ABSTRACT

As road networks continue to expand globally, there is a need for innovative materials that not
only enhance performance but also address environmental concerns. The incorporation of
bionanocarbon, derived from renewable sources like oil palm and coconut shells, aligns with
the growing emphasis on eco-friendly solutions in construction. This study aims to contribute
to the advancement of green technologies in pavement engineering, offering a potential path to
improve the longevity and environmental impact of road infrastructure.

Despite the steps made in the development of bituminous mixes for pavement, there exists a
noticeable gap in the current literature regarding the integration of bionanocarbon into such
formulations. Prior research has primarily focused on traditional additives, leaving an
unexplored territory in understanding how bionanocarbon may influence the properties of
bituminous mixes. This study addresses this gap by investigating the effects of bionanocarbon
as an additive with standard bituminous mix considering the potential benefits and challenges
associated with this approach.

This project work focuses on evaluating the suitability of using bionanocarbon as bitumen
modifier in dense bituminous macadam mixes. Penetration, softening point, stripping test,
ductility and viscosity tests were conducted to determine the effect of bionanocarbon on VG30
grade bitumen. Marshall flow and stability tests were conducted to determine the mechanical
properties of dense bituminous macadam mix (DBM) samples. ITS tests were conducted on
both conventional and modified DBM samples.

The indirect tensile strength is found to improve in both unconditioned and conditioned states
respectively when the conventional material is replaced by bitumen modified with
bionanocarbon. Hence adoption of such modifiers with bitumen will lead to sustainable road
construction.

Keywords: Bionanocarbon, DBM, VG 30, Penetration Test, Softening Point Test, Ductility
Test, Viscosity Test, Marshall flow, Marshall stability, ITS.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement (i)
Abstract (ii)
Table of Contents (iii)
List of Figures (v)
List of Tables (vi)
Glossary (vii)

Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Production of bionanocarbon 2
1.2 Literature Review 4
1.2.1 Introduction 4
1.2.2 Bionanocarbon in asphalt 5
1.3 Literature summary 9
1.4 Necessity of present study 10
1.5 Objectives 11
1.6 Methodology 11

Chapter 2
Materials
2.1 Aggregates 13
2.2 Bitumen 16
2.3 Bionanocarbon 16

Chapter 3
Marshall Testing
3.1 Concept of Marshall stability 17
3.2 Preparation of test sample 17
3.3 Mix properties 18
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 3.4 Determination of Marshall stability and flow 20

Chapter 4
Indirect tensile strength test

4.1 Concept of indirect tensile strength test 21

4.2 Test procedure 22

Chapter 5
Results and discussions

5.1 Effect of bionanocarbon on VG-30 grade bitumen 23

5.2 Determination of optimum binder content 26
5.3 Indirect tensile strength results 28

Chapter 6
Conclusions and future scope

6.1 Conclusions 30
6.2 Future Scope 31

REFERENCES 32
QUARTILE RANKING 38

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Production of bionanocarbon 3

Figure 2.1: Graph representing the obtained, upper and limit gradation 15
Figure 2.2: Bionanocarbon 16
Figure 3.1: Preparation of Marshall samples 18
Figure 3.2: Marshall stability and flow test 20
Figure 4.1: ITS testing 22
Figure 4.2: ITS assembly 22
Figure 5.1: Variation of penetration value with varying bionanocarbon modifier percent 24
Figure 5.2: Variation of softening point with varying bionanocarbon percentage 24
Figure 5.3: Variation of ductility with varying bionanocarbon modifier content 25
Figure 5.4: Variation of absolute viscosity with varying bionanocarbon modifier content 25
Figure 5.5: Bitumen content v/s air voids 26
Figure 5.6: Marshall stability v/s bitumen content 27
Figure 5.7: Bulk density v/s Bitumen 27
Figure 5.8: Flow v/s Bitumen content 27
Figure 5.9: VFB v/s Bitumen Content 28

v
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Gradation of aggregates for DBM grade 2 14

Table 2.2: Specific gravity of aggregates 14
Table 2.3: Physical properties of aggregates 14
Table 2.4: Aggregate blending by Rothfutch's method 15
Table 2.5: Physical properties of binder 16
Table 5.1: Effects of bionanocarbon on various properties of VG-30 bitumen 23
Table 5.2: Marshall properties of DBM grade 2 with varying binder
percentages 26
Table 5.3: ITS values for wet and dry specimens 28
Table 5.4: TSR values for conventional and modified mix 29

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 GLOSSARY

BC- Biochar
DBM- Dense Bituminous Macadam
MORTH- Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
JMF- Job Mix Formula
VG- Viscosity Grading
OPC- Ordinary Portland Cement
VFB- Voids Filled With Bitumen
VMA- Voids in Mineral Aggregates
ITS- Indirect Tensile Strength
TSR- Tensile Strength Ratio

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
As road networks continue to expand globally, driven by urbanization, economic
development, and increasing connectivity, the demand for sustainable materials in
pavement construction has become increasingly imperative [1]. Traditional pavement
materials often rely on non-renewable resources and can have significant environmental
impacts, including carbon emissions and resource depletion. In response to these
challenges, there is a growing emphasis on the development and implementation of
sustainable materials that minimize environmental footprint while ensuring durability,
longevity, and performance.

Bionanocarbon derived from renewable biomass sources like coconut shells and palm
shells provides a sustainable alternative to bitumen modifiers. Carbonaceous materials
have been utilized as additives in asphalt for an extensive period due to their carbon
composition, which is deemed naturally compatible with asphalt binder, also composed
of hydrocarbons. This notion has driven a multitude of investigations since the 1960s
to enhance asphalt binder performance through the incorporation of carbon-based
substances. Carbon fiber and carbon black are frequently chosen as additives in asphalt
by researchers due to their widespread accessibility [1]. Carbon nanoparticles possess
exceptional electrical conductivity, heat conductivity, and mechanical characteristics.
Comprising solely of carbon, they exhibit notable stability, conductivity, low toxicity,
and environmental compatibility. Given that a significant portion of the human body
comprises carbon, it is generally regarded as a biocompatible substance. Their excellent
electrical conductivity, substantial surface area, and linear structure render their surface
highly accessible to electrolytes.

In pavement engineering, bionanocarbon holds significant promise for enhancing the

performance and sustainability of asphalt pavements. As an additive to asphalt binder,
bionanocarbon can improve the mechanical properties of the pavement, such as its
tensile strength and resistance to fatigue cracking [2]. Its high surface area allows for
better adhesion between the binder and aggregate, resulting in improved pavement
durability and reduced rutting. Additionally, bionanocarbon's thermal properties can

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 LABORATORY EVALUATION OF BIONANOCARBON AS AN ADDITIVE TO BITUMEN IN DBM MIX

help mitigate the effects of temperature fluctuations on pavement performance,

contributing to longer-lasting and more resilient road surfaces. Furthermore, its
renewable nature aligns with efforts to reduce the environmental impact of pavement
construction and maintenance.

1.1 Production of Bionanocarbon

The coconut and palm shell biomass primarily consist of lignin, cellulose, and
hemicelluloses (Borel et al., 2021) [3][48]. Enhancing the breakdown of cellulose leads
to improved porosity in biocarbon (Li et al., 2020) [4], while accelerating lignin
breakdown contributes to the formation of biocarbon characterized by high specific
surface area, elevated fixed carbon content, and a refined aromatic structure (Jiang et
al., 2020) [5]. The composition of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in coconut shell
and husk biomass impacts the properties of the resulting biocarbon.

Pyrolysis is a commonly employed method for generating coconut shell biocarbon

(Adorna et al., 2020; Baharum et al., 2020) [6], while gasification serves as an
alternative technology in use. Pyrolysis, a thermochemical process [44], involves the
thermal degradation of biomass at high temperatures to yield biocarbon, bio-oil, and
syngas. Various reactor types, such as tube furnaces, muffle furnaces, fixed-bed
reactors (Windeatt et al., 2014) [7], microwaves (Nuryana et al., 2020) [8], or ablative
systems (Khuenkaeo and Tippayawong, 2020) [9], can be utilized for this process,
operating under different conditions such as temperature, heating rate, retention time,
and inert gas flow rate. Pyrolysis occurs in two stages [45]. Initially, the complex
molecular bonds of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose within the biomass break down,
forming carboxyl, carbonyl, and hydroxyl groups on the biocarbon surface (Patwardhan
et al., 2011)[10]. Subsequently, these groups undergo decarboxylation, dehydration,
and dehydrogenation processes to create larger molecules or heavy compounds from
the biomass (Lee et al., 2019)[11]. In the second stage, with continued application of
thermal energy, these larger molecules or heavy compounds undergo various chemical
reactions to produce biocarbon, bio-oil, and syngas (Lee et al., 2019)[11], including
methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2)
(Dhyani and Bhaskar, 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Narzari et al., 2015)[11][12].

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Ball milling, a solid-state synthesis technique, is widely employed in industries for

nanomaterial synthesis. It yields small particle sizes, even down to 10 microns, and
offers the benefit of continuous operation. This review aims to outline the efficiencies
of ball-milled biocarbon-nanoparticle composites. Utilizing ball milling enhances the
physicochemical properties of biocarbon and biocarbon-nanoparticle composites,
particularly increasing their total and micropore surface area, thereby improving their
sorption capabilities. The ball milling of carbon-based materials alongside
nanoparticles is emerging as a promising and cost-effective method for producing
nanocomposites with excellent surface characteristics [13].

Figure 1.1: Production of bionanocarbon

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1.2 Literature Review

1.2.1 Introduction

The rise in global population has led to an increase in waste production, which is
typically disposed of through incineration or landfilling, posing environmental risks
and health concerns. Pyrolysis emerges as a technique offering waste reuse while
minimizing environmental impacts. This method produces biocarbon, a material with
promising physical-chemical properties suitable for use as an asphalt modifier,
contributing to environmental mitigation [14]. The section presents a bibliographic
review on bionanocarbon's utilization as an asphalt modifier, serving as a foundational
resource for future research endeavors. Despite a lack of existing reviews on this
subject, the literature suggests that bionanocarbon enhances asphalt binder performance
in high-temperature conditions. Limited studies have assessed bionanocarbon's impact
on asphalt mixes and their long-term durability. Biocarbon is carbon-rich material
containing nitrogen, hydrogen, various inorganic elements, and traces of heavy metals.
It is produced through pyrolysis, a thermal degradation process of biomass conducted
in an oxygen-free environment, typically at temperatures ranging from 300°C to 900°C
[14]. Besides pyrolysis, bionanocarbon can also be obtained through gasification,
torrefaction, and hydrothermal carbonization, using biomass from sources such as
plants, animals, and industrial wastes [15,16]. The choice of biomass significantly
impacts the physical and chemical properties of bionanocarbon, including surface area,
cation exchange capacity, water retention, pore size, and distribution [17]. During
pyrolysis, higher temperatures lead to increased carbon content [5] and porosity [18] in
biocarbon, while inversely affecting its performance. The ratios of hydrogen to carbon
(H/C) and oxygen to carbon (O/C) influence bionanocarbon properties, with lower
ratios indicating higher stability, durability, and aromaticity [19,20]. Biocarbon exhibits
a high specific surface area, porous structure, abundant surface functional groups, and
lower cost compared to activated carbon, with minimal environmental impact
[21,22,23]. It also possesses low thermal conductivity, high chemical stability, low
flammability, and the ability to inhibit volatile organic compound emissions.
Furthermore, biocarbon demonstrates resistance to chemical and biological
degradation, making it a renewable and environmentally friendly material [24].

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1.2.2 Bionanocarbon in asphalt

The microstructural, chemical, and physical attributes of biocarbon (BC) exhibit

significant variability based on factors such as the pyrolysis method, processing
temperature, pressure, and heating rate. Zhao et al. [25]conducted a study evaluating
different pyrolysis treatment methods and found that the method had a minimal impact
on modifying asphalt binder. They observed that finer particles of BC (<75 µm),
produced at lower heating rates (15°C/min) and maximum temperatures (400°C),
yielded the best performance. Their study also concluded that BC addition increased
viscosity and resistance to permanent deformation of asphalt binder at high service
temperatures, with less pronounced effects at lower temperatures. BC was found to
enhance aging resistance and was more effective than activated carbon as a modifier of
asphalt binders.
In a subsequent study by Zhao et al.[26], they modified a PG 64–22 asphalt binder with
5% and 10% BC, based on the results of their previous research. The BC used was
produced through slow pyrolysis at 400°C for 60 minutes, with a heating rate of
15°C/min, using Switchgrass biomass and particles smaller than 75 µm. The modified
asphalt was then utilized to produce six types of hot-mix asphalts (HMA). The addition
of BC increased permanent deformation resistance, particularly at 10% BC content, and
improved moisture damage resistance. However, there were unclear results regarding
moisture damage resistance when BC content was increased, and the changes in
cracking resistance were not statistically significant [27]. The studies have certain
limitations, including the use of only two addition percentages of BC in the binder, lack
of clarity on the asphalt-BC mixing process, and uncertainty about the manufacturing
process of HMA. Additionally, resilient modulus was only obtained at 25°C, and
fatigue resistance tests were not conducted.
Walters et al. [28] investigated the use of nanoclays (2% and 4% by weight) and
biocarbon (BC) (2%, 5%, and 10% by weight, derived from swine manure) to modify
a PG 64-22 asphalt binder. They found that BC had the potential to decrease thermal
susceptibility, enhance nanoclay dispersion within the asphalt binder, and improve
aging resistance. A subsequent study by Walters et al. [29] modified PG 64-22 asphalt
binders and nano-modified asphalt binders with two different percentages (3% and 6%
by weight relative to the asphalt binder) of BC sourced from swine manure. However,

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BC did not show significant effects on the aging susceptibility of the asphalt binder in
this study. Çeloglu et al. [30] used two types of BC (derived from walnut crust and
apricot seed shell) in order to modify (5%, 10%, and 15% per weight) an asphalt binder
(penetration of 190 mm/10). The modification of the asphalt binder was carried out at
180° C. The conclusion was that BC increases the stiffness of the asphalt binder and its
performance grade at high temperatures. This study only conducted the typical
characterization and rheology tests performed on binders. There was no study carried
out on mixes.
Modification temperature of the binder with BC was high, and it is unclear if the
asphalt’s stiffening is due to this temperature or to the used BC. There were also no
tests carried out in order to evaluate response at intermediate and low service
temperatures. Kumar et al. [31] utilized biocarbon (BC) derived from pyrolysis of
Mesua ferrea seed cover at 450°C with a heating rate of 40°C/min and a nitrogen flow
rate of 100 mL/min to modify two asphalt binders of different penetration grades (51.6
and 47.3 mm/10). BC was added at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% relative
to the weight of the asphalt binders and mixed for 30 minutes at 160°C using a high
shear mechanical blender. Physical and rheological characterization tests were
conducted on the modified asphalt binders, with no studies carried out on asphalt mixes.
BC was found to increase viscosity, enhance permanent deformation resistance, and
decrease aging susceptibility of the asphalt binders.
Vikas Soni's [51] study investigates the incorporation of Low-Density Polyethylene
(LDPE) in bituminous concrete pavements to address challenges posed by increasing
traffic and environmental concerns. The research focuses on the impact of LDPE
substitution at different bitumen levels (4.6% to 5.8%) on Marshall Properties, key
indicators of mix quality and durability. Results indicate that LDPE inclusion,
especially at 6.0%, enhances pavement stability, making it a promising option for
sustainable, high-quality bituminous mixes. The study provides valuable insights into
balancing infrastructure demands with environmental considerations in contemporary
road construction.
Zhang et al. [32] modified a PG 58-28 asphalt binder with BC derived from pyrolysis
of waste wood resources at temperatures ranging from 500°C to 650°C and a heating
rate of 104–105°C/s. BC particle sizes ranging from 75–150 µm and less than 75 µm
were chosen. BC was mixed with the asphalt binder at 120°C for one hour using a high-

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speed shearing mixer. Tests including Scanning Electron Microscopy and rheological
characterization were conducted on the modified asphalt binder. The study concluded
that BC, particularly with particle sizes less than 75 µm and at concentrations less than
4%, could enhance resistance to permanent deformation and aging of the asphalt binder
while maintaining good low-temperature crack resistance. A similar study by Zhang et
al. [33] using the same type of asphalt binder and modifier confirmed that BC addition
increased permanent deformation resistance at high temperatures while preserving
good fatigue resistance. They recommended a BC content between 2% and 4% as an
asphalt binder modifier and BC particle sizes smaller than 75 µm. However, the main
limitation of both studies was the absence of tests conducted on asphalt mixes.
Dong et al. [34] modified an asphalt cement with biocarbon (BC) named DS-510F,
utilizing a high-speed shearing mixer at 145°C for 45 minutes. Five different BC
contents relative to the asphalt binder mass (5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15%) were
tested. Rheology tests conducted on the modified binder revealed that BC enhanced
aging resistance. However, there was a minor decrease in low-temperature performance
of the biocarbon-modified asphalt binder, which was not deemed significant. No studies
were conducted on asphalt mixes, and details regarding the BC biomass source and
pyrolysis process were not provided.
Zhou and Adhikari, as well as Zhou et al. [35], modified bio-asphalt with BC derived
from cypress waste wood sawdust. The pyrolysis temperature was 500°C, and BC
particle size was smaller than 75 µm. Various BC concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, and
8%) were mixed with bio-asphalt at 135°C for one hour. Rheological and chemical
characterization tests concluded that BC improved flow-induced crystallization ability,
performance at high service temperatures, and aging resistance of bio-asphalt.
However, tests were not conducted on asphalt mixes, which is a limitation of both
studies. Saadeh et al. [36] mixed a PG 64-10 asphalt binder with crumb rubber and BC
sourced from swine manure. The BC particle size was unspecified. Tests were
conducted on asphalt mixes, including Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) and Hamburg
Wheel Test (HWT) [46]. Results indicated that BC reduced the fracture resistance of
the mixture but helped maintain it after aging, potentially improving performance and
durability over time. However, further tests were needed to fully support this claim.
Physical-rheological and chemical characterization of the modified asphalt was not
performed. Wu et al. [37] utilized BC from rice straw ash as a filler in an asphalt mastic,

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obtained through the incineration process at 500°C for one hour. BC replaced natural
mineral filler at volume fractions of 40%, 80%, and 100%. The mixture was prepared
by blending mineral filler and binder at 150°C for 3 minutes. BC was found to increase
stiffness in the asphalt mastic, but performance in areas such as low-temperature
behavior, moisture damage, cracking, aging resistance, and mechanical resistance of
asphalt mixtures were not evaluated. The asphalt binder with a penetration grade of
75.2 mm/10 was modified using biocarbon (BC) derived from crop straw subjected to
pyrolysis at 450°C for two hours in an oxygen-deficient muffle furnace. The particle
size of BC used was <0.075 mm. Various concentrations of BC (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%,
and 12% by mass of asphalt binder) were mixed with asphalt cement (AC) at 150°C for
30 minutes [38] . The addition of BC significantly enhanced asphalt performance at
high temperatures but resulted in reduced performance at low temperatures. The
optimal BC quantity in the asphalt binder was determined to be 6%. However, no tests
were conducted on asphalt mixes, and the experimental phase was limited, lacking
rheology tests.
Zhou et al.[39] investigated the effects of pyrolysis parameters, particularly temperature
(450°C, 500°C, and 550°C), on the physical-chemical properties of two types of BC
obtained from swine manure and wood waste when used as bio-asphalt modifiers.
Chemical and physical-rheological characterization tests were conducted, with a focus
on the chemical analysis of the modified bio-asphalt. BC significantly altered
parameters of the asphalt binder, such as penetration, softening point, ductility,
viscosity, and complex modulus, generally resulting in binder stiffening. However, no
tests were performed on asphalt mixes. Liu et al. [40] explored the application of BC in
improving runoff purification of porous asphalt mixture (PA). Different BC fillers
derived from rice straw, nut shell, and coconut shell were used to manufacture the mix,
replacing the mineral filler of PA. The influence of BC on the mechanical properties of
PA was not evaluated. Although BC was found to contain nitrogen and phosphorus
pollutants that could potentially leach, the study showed reduced leaching of these
components when BC was used as a filler in PA. Prior cleaning measures for BC were
recommended to minimize possible contamination due to leaching. Ma et al. [41]
modified asphalt cement with BC obtained through thermal cracking of commercially
available straw stalk. BC concentrations ranging from 5% to 15% by mass of asphalt
binder were blended using a high-speed shearing machine. Chemical and physical-

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rheological characterization tests were conducted, but no tests were performed on

asphalt mixes. Moisture damage and aging resistance were not evaluated. BC improved
permanent deformation resistance and properties of the asphalt binder at high
temperatures but reduced its resistance at low temperatures. The authors suggested
applying BC as an asphalt modifier in subtropical and tropical regions[31][37][40].

1.3 Literature Summary

i. Global population growth has led to increased waste production, necessitating
innovative waste management solutions due to environmental and health
concerns associated with traditional disposal methods.
ii. Pyrolysis, a waste treatment technique, yields biocarbon as a byproduct.
Biocarbon possesses favorable physical-chemical properties suitable for various
applications, including asphalt modification.
iii. Despite the potential of biocarbon, there's a lack of comprehensive reviews on
its utilization as an asphalt modifier, prompting the need for a foundational
resource for future research in this area.
iv. Biocarbon properties vary based on factors like biomass source and pyrolysis
conditions, impacting its suitability for asphalt modification.
v. Pyrolysis parameters such as temperature and heating rate influence biocarbon
properties, with higher temperatures generally leading to increased carbon
content and porosity.
vi. Biocarbon offers advantages over activated carbon, including lower cost,
minimal environmental impact, and comparable physical-chemical properties.
vii. Existing studies indicate that biocarbon enhances asphalt binder performance,
improving viscosity, resistance to deformation, and aging resistance,
particularly at high temperatures.
viii. Current studies have limitations such as inconsistent findings on optimal
biocarbon content, lack of comprehensive testing on asphalt mixes, and limited
assessment of long-term durability.
ix. Future research should focus on optimizing biocarbon properties and content
for different applications and environmental conditions, as well as conducting
comprehensive testing on asphalt mixes to understand its long-term
performance.
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x. Despite limitations, biocarbon shows promise as an asphalt modifier, and

further research is needed to fully understand its potential and address existing
gaps in knowledge.

1.4 Necessity of current study

The necessity of the current study lies in addressing critical gaps within pavement
engineering and sustainable infrastructure development. With the global expansion of
road networks propelled by urbanization and economic growth, the demand for
materials that minimize environmental impact while ensuring pavement durability has
become increasingly urgent. Conventional pavement materials predominantly rely on
non-renewable resources, resulting in significant carbon emissions and resource
depletion. To counter these challenges, there is a growing emphasis on the development
and adoption of sustainable alternatives. Bionanocarbon, derived from renewable
biomass sources like coconut and palm shells, emerges as a promising substitute for
traditional bitumen modifiers. However, despite its potential, there exists a notable gap
in understanding regarding the production, properties, and applications of
bionanocarbon in pavement engineering.

The current study aims to bridge this gap by providing a comprehensive examination
of the production process of bionanocarbon, particularly through pyrolysis and
gasification techniques. By exploring these methods, the study seeks to uncover the
potential benefits of incorporating bionanocarbon as an additive in asphalt binder,
thereby enhancing pavement performance and sustainability. Through rigorous
investigation and analysis, the study endeavors to shed light on the mechanisms by
which bionanocarbon improves pavement properties, such as tensile strength,
resistance to fatigue cracking, and adhesion between binder and aggregate.
Additionally, by examining the impact of bionanocarbon's renewable nature on
reducing the environmental footprint of pavement construction and maintenance, the
study contributes to advancing sustainable infrastructure practices. In essence, the
current study is crucial for expanding knowledge and understanding within the field of
sustainable pavement construction. By elucidating the production processes and
potential applications of bionanocarbon, the study aims to pave the way for the adoption

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of innovative and environmentally friendly solutions in pavement engineering, thus

addressing the pressing challenges facing modern infrastructure development.

1.5 Objectives
i. To evaluate the effects of bionanocarbon as an additive to bitumen in laboratory.
ii. To evaluate the Marshal properties of the conventional DBM mix.
iii. To determine the optimum modifier content.
iv. To determine the Indirect tensile strength (ITS) of the modified DBM mix.

1.6 Methodology

Collecting and testing materials

Specified materials within limits as per standard

Designing JMF

Finding optimum binder content content

Finding optimum binder modifier content

Conducting Experiments

Results and analysis

Conclusion

i. Collecting and testing materials: Identify the materials required for the DBM
mix such as aggregates, bitumen, filler and bionanocarbon modifier and test the
collected materials.
ii. Specified materials within limit: Ensure the collected material properties are
within limits specified by various codes like IS 73:2013, MORTH Vth revision.
iii. Designing JMF: Develop a mix design based on the selected materials and the
project's requirements. Determine the proportions of each material to achieve
the desired performance characteristics, such as strength, durability, and
workability.
iv. Finding optimum binder content: Determine the optimum binder content for
the mix design by taking average value of the following three bitumen contents
found form the graphs obtained in the previous step.
a. Binder content corresponding to maximum stability.

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b. Binder content corresponding to maximum bulk specific gravity .

c. Binder content corresponding to the median of designed limits of
percent air voids (in the total mix (i.e. 4%).
v. Finding optimum modifier content: Optimizing modifier content in bitumen
involves systematic testing, evaluation, and adjustment to achieve desired
properties.
vi. Conducting the Experiments: Set up a controlled environment to conduct
laboratory experiments for testing different mixes. Perform tests on individual
materials (aggregates, binders) to assess their properties.
vii. Results and conclusions: Compile and analyze the results of laboratory
experiments. Draw conclusions about the feasibility, suitability, and
sustainability of the bionanocarbon modifier in bitumen.

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CHAPTER 2
MATERIALS
The selection of materials in the formulation of Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM)
mixes with VG30 grade bitumen as binder and bionanocarbon as modifier is crucial,
as it dictates the resulting properties of the DBM mixture, cost optimization, and the
development of environmentally sustainable blends. As part of this project's
framework, the materials listed below have been utilized for experimentation and
implementation.

2.1 Aggregates
There are various types of mineral aggregates used to manufacture bituminous mixes
can be obtained from different natural sources such as glacial deposits or mines and can
be used with or without further processing. The aggregates can be further processed
and finished to achieve good performance characteristics. Aggregate contributes up to
90-95 % of the mixture weight and contributes to most of the load bearing & strength
characteristics of the mixture. Hence, the quality and physical properties of the
aggregates should be controlled to ensure a good pavement. Aggregates are of 3 types:

Coarse aggregates: The aggregates retained on 4.75 mm sieve are called as coarse
aggregates. Coarse aggregate should be screened crushed rock, angular in shape, free
from dust particles, clay, vegetations and organic matters which offer compressive and
shear strength and shows good interlocking properties. In present study, stone chips are
used as coarse aggregate with specific gravity 2.78.

Fine aggregates: Fine aggregate should be clean screened quarry dusts and should be
free from clay, loam, vegetation or organic matter. Fine aggregates, consisting of stone
crusher dusts were collected from a local crusher with fractions passing 4.75 mm and
retained on 0.075 mm IS sieve. It fills the voids in the coarse aggregate and stiffens the
binder. In this study, fine stones are used as fine aggregate whose specific gravity has
been found to be 2.6.
Filler : passing through 0.075 mm IS sieve is called as filler. It fills the voids, stiffens

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the binder and offers permeability. In this study, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) are
used as filler whose specific gravity has been found to be 3.12. For preparation of dense
bituminous macadam mixes (DBM) aggregates as per MORTH grading as given in
Table 2.1. The specific gravity and physical properties of aggregate are given in Table-
2.2 and Table-2.3.
Table 2.1: Gradation of aggregates for DBM grade 2

Sieve size (mm) Desired Gradation

37.5 100
26.5 90-100
19 71-95
13.2 56-80
4.75 38-54
2.36 28-42
0.3 7-21
0.075 2-8

Table 2.2: Specific gravity of aggregates

Types of aggregates Specific gravity

Coarse 2.78
Fine 2.6
Filler 3.12

Table 2.3: Physical properties of aggregates

Property Test Method Test Requirements as per

Result MORTH
Aggregate Impact IS: 2386 (P 17% MAX 24%
Value IV)
Aggregate Crushing IS: 2386 (P 16% MAX 30%
Value IV)
Los Angeles IS: 2386 (P 8.2% MAX 30%
Abrasion Value IV)
Combined Index IS: 2386 (P I) 25 MAX 30%
Water Absorption IS: 2386 (P 0.8% MAX 2%
III)

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Aggregates were blended using Rothfutch’s method. Table 2.4 shows the percentage
of different materials to be taken for the blend.

Table 2.4: Aggregate blending by Rothfutchs's method

DBM Grade II

Proportion 0.23 0.22 0.19 0.34 0.02

Material Material Material Material Material

Sieve size, Desired Mid-Point Obtained Lower Upper
A, B, C, D, E, %
mm Gradation Gradation Gradation Bound Bound
%passing %passing %passing %passing passing

37.5 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

26.5 100 100 100 100 100 90-100 95 100 90 100

19 58 100 100 100 100 71-95 83 90.34 71 95

13.2 5.3 91 100 100 100 56-80 68 76.239 56 80

4.75 0 0 34 100 100 38-54 46 42.46 38 54

2.36 0 0 0 93 100 28-42 35 33.62 28 42

0.3 0 0 0 38 100 7-21 14 14.92 7 21

0.075 0 0 0 11 91.2 2-8 5 5.564 2 8

120

100

80
% Finer

60

40

20

0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sieve Size, mm
Upper Bound Lower Bound Obtained Gradation mid limit

Figure 2.1: Graph representing the obtained, upper and limit gradation

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2.2 Bitumen

In this investigation, VG 30 bitumen, was employed to prepare the samples.

Conventional tests were conducted to assess the physical properties of these binders,
and the obtained physical properties are outlined in Table 2.5 below.
Table 2.5: Physical properties of binder

REQUIREMENTS
TEST VALUE AS PER IS
73:2013
Penetration at 25°C, 100 g, 5 s, 0.1 mm 65 Min 45
Softening point (R&B), °C 48 Min 47
Specific gravity 1.014 0.97-1.02
Ductility at 25°C, cm 84 Min 25

2.3 Bionanocarbon
In present study bionanocarbon (Fig 2.2) sourced from coconut and palm shells is used
as an additive to VG-30 grade bitumen. When the bionanocarbon is to be added with
bitumen it is to be ensured that the mixing will be proper.

Figure 2.2: Bionanocarbon

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CHAPTER 3

MARSHALL TESTING
Chapter 3 deals with Marshall Mix design, which is a standard laboratory method,
which is adopted worldwide for determining and reporting the strength and flow
characteristics of bituminous paving mixes

3.1 Concept of Marshall Stability

The "Marshall Stability" of the bituminous blend sample is characterized as a most
extreme load conveyed in kg at the standard test temperature of 60°C when load is
applied under determined test condition. The "Flow Value" is the all-out deformation
that the Marshall test sample under-goes at the most extreme burden, communicated in
mm units. The Marshall Stability estimation of a compacted sample of bituminous
blend demonstrates its resistance from disfigurement under applied gradual load and
flow value shows the degree of distortion it experiences because of loading or its
'flexibility'. The flexibility is estimated as per the "flow value" which is estimated by
the adjustment in breadth of the sample toward load application between the beginning
of loading and at the time of most extreme load. During the loading, a joined dial check
gauge measures the sample's plastic flow (distortion) because of the loading. The
related plastic progression of sample at material failure is called flow value.

3.2 Preparation of test sample

i. Roughly 1200gm of filler and aggregates is warmed to a temperature of 175-
190°C. Bitumen is warmed to a temperature of 121-125⁰C with the primary
preliminary level of bitumen (state 3.5 or 4% by weight of the mineral
aggregates).
ii. The warmed aggregates and bitumen are completely mixed at a temperature of
154 - 160⁰C. The blend is set in a preheated form and compacted by a rammer
with 75 blows on either side at temperature of 138°C to 149°C (Fig 3.1).
iii. The heaviness of blended aggregates taken for the arrangement of the sample
might be reasonably adjusted to acquire a compacted thickness of 63.5+/ - 3
mm.

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mm.
iv. Save the blend in the mould for 24 hours and after that remove the sample from
the form with the assistance of test extractor.
v. The weight of the specimen is noted in air and in water.
vi. The sample is kept drenched in a water bath at a temperature of 60°C for about
30 to 45 minutes. The given specimen is prepared to stack in the Marshall
Stability test mechanical assembly.
vii. Preparation of test specimens for modified bitumen is also done in the same way
by modifying bitumen with bionanocarbon. Bitumen is heated up to a
temperature of 85⁰C - 110⁰C for proper mixing of bionanocarbon with bitumen.
The modified bitumen is then used in Marshall test.

Figure 3.1: Preparation of Marshall samples

3.3 Mix Properties

3.3.1 Theoretical specific gravity (Gt):
Theoretical specific gravity Gt is that specific gravity without considering air voids,
and is given by:

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where, W1 is the weight of coarse aggregate within the total mix, W2 is the weight of
fine aggregate within the total mix, W3 is the weight of filler within the total mix, Wb
is the weight of bitumen within the total mix, G1 is the apparent specific gravity of
coarse aggregate, G2 is the apparent specific gravity of fine aggregate, G3 is the
apparent specific gravity of filler and Gb is the apparent specific gravity of bitumen.

3.3.2 Bulk specific gravity (Gm):

The bulk specific gravity or the particular specific gravity of the blend Gm is the
specific gravity considering air voids and is detected by:

where, Wm is the weight of blend in air, Ww is the weight of blend in water, note that
Wm-Ww gives the volume of the blend. Many times to get exact bulk specific gravity,
the sample is covered with slim film of paraffin wax, when weight is taken in the water.
This, anyway requires to think about the weight and volume of wax in the counts.

3.3.3 Percentage air voids (Vv):

Air voids Vv is the percent of air voids by volume in the specimen and is given by:

here, Gt is the theoretical specific gravity of the mix and Gm is the bulk or actual
specific gravity of the blend by equation.

3.3.4 Volume of Bitumen percentage (Vb):

Vb, the volume of bitumen is the percentage of volume of bitumen to the total volume
and is given by:

where, W1 is the weight of coarse aggregate in the all-out blend, W2 is the weight of
fine aggregate in the all-out blend, W3 is the weight of filler in the all-out blend, Wb is
the weight of bitumen in the all-out blend, Gb is the apparent specific gravity of
bitumen, and Gm is the bulk specific gravity of blend in the equation

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3.3.5 Voids in mineral aggregate (VMA):

Voids in mineral aggregate VMA is the volume of voids in the aggreagtes, and is the
aggregateof air voids and volume of bitumen, and is determined from:

where, Vv is the percentage of air voids in the mix and Vb is percentage bitumen
content in the mix.

3.3.6 Voids filled with bitumen (VFB):

Voids filled up with bitumen VFB is the voids in the mineral aggregate casing work
loaded up with the bitumen, and is determined as:

where, Vb is percent bitumen content in the mix, and VMA is the percent voids in the
mineral aggregate.

3.4 Determination of Marshall Stability and flow

Marshall stability of a test sample is the most extreme load required to create failure
when the sample is preheated to an endorsed temperature set in an extraordinary test
head and the load is applied at a steady strain (5 cm for every minute). While the
strength test in progress dial check is utilized to gauge the vertical deformation of the
sample. The deformation at the failing point communicated in units of 0.25 mm is
known as the flow value of the sample.

Figure 3.2: Marshall stability and flow test

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CHAPTER 4
INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

Chapter 4 is dedicated to discussing the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) test, a

fundamental method for evaluating the tensile strength properties of asphalt mixtures.
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the testing procedures, including
sample preparation, loading conditions, and data interpretation.

4.1 Concept of indirect tensile strength test

The indirect tensile test involves loading a cylindrical specimen with a single or
repeated compressive load which acts parallel to and along the vertical diametral plane
of the specimen. To distribute the load and maintain a constant loading area the
compressive load is applied through a stainless-steel loading strip which is curved at
the interface with the specimen and has a radius equal to that of the specimen. This
loading configuration develops a relatively uniform tensile stress perpendicular to the
direction of the applied load and along the vertical diametral plane. Ultimately, the
specimen fails by splitting along the vertical diameter due to a single applied load or
repeated-load applications (fatigue). Static indirect tensile test Static indirect tensile test
of bituminous mixes was performed in accordance to ASTM D 6931 (2007) to assess
the resistance to thermal cracking for a Marshall cylindrical specimen that is loaded in
vertical diametrical plane as shown in figure . This tests were carried out on DBM
specimen which were prepared at their optimum binder content as calculated from
Marshall properties analysis and optimum modifier content. The effect of temperature
on the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) of mixes with and without modifier was also
studied. The load at 25 which tensile crack were developed in the specimen were noted
down from the dial gauge of the proving ring and was calculated.

Where St= Indirect Tensile strength, kPa

P = Maximum Load, kN
T = Specimen height before testing, mm
D = Specimen Diameter, mm

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The test temperature was varied from 50C to 400C at an increment of 50C. The average
tensile strength of three sample was reported.

4.2 Test Procedure

i. Initially indirect tensile strength specimens were prepared for neat bituminous
concrete mixes.
ii. The specimen preparation was similar to Marshall specimens.
iii. Two specimens each were prepared for neat bituminous concrete mixes.
iv. The compacted specimens were the removed after 24 hours using a specimen
extractor.
v. The diameter, mean height, weight in air, weight in water of the specimens was
noted and bulk density was calculated.
vi. The specimens were kept in a thermostatically controlled water bath maintained
at test temperature for 2 hours.
vii. The specimen was taken out, placed in a Marshall test head and test to determine
indirect tensile strength value, which is the maximum load in kg before failure
(Figure 4.1, 4.2).
viii. The test procedure was repeated for specimens prepared with recycled
bituminous concrete mixes. The indirect tensile strength of the sample was
calculated from the below-mentioned equation.

Figure 4.1: ITS assembly Figure 4.2: ITS testing

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CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter deals with test results and analysis carried out in previous chapter. This
chapter is divided into four sections. First section is deals with effects of bionanocarbon
as an additive on the properties of VG-30 grade bitumen. The second section deals with
the calculation of optimum binder content of the DBM grade II mix. The third section
covers analysis of test results from the ITS test.

5.1 Effect of bionanocarbon on VG-30 grade bitumen

Three specimens of modified bitumen with varying percentages of bionanocarbon
modifier were prepared and were subjected to the following tests:
• Penetration test
• Ductility test
• Softening point
• Stripping test
• Absolute Viscosity test
Table 5.1 indicates the effect of bionanocarbon on various properties of virgin VG-
30 bitumen. Variation of various properties of bitumen with varying
bionanocarbon modifier percentage are graphically represented in Figure 5.1-
Figure 5.4

Table 5.1: Effect of bionanocarbon on various properties of virgin VG-30 bitumen

BIONANOCARBON %
TEST VIRGIN BITUMEN
1% 2% 4%
Penetration at 25°C, 100 g, 5 s, 58 54 50 65
0.1 mm
Softening point (R&B), °C 52 51 49 48
Ductility at 25°C, cm 100+ 82 75 84
Absolute viscosity at 60°C, 3450 3581 3613 3220
Poises
Stripping value, % 0% 0% 0% 0%

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60

58

56
PENETRATION (mm)

54

MODIFIED BITUMEN
52
VIRGIN BITUMEN

50

48

46
1% 2% 4%
MODIFIER PERCENTAGE

Figure 5.1: Variation of penetration value with varying

bionanocarbon modifier percent

53

52
SOFTENING POINT ( °C)

51

50

MODIFIED BITUMEN
49
VIRGIN BITUMEN
48

47

46
1% 2% 4%
MODIFIER PERCENTAGE

Figure 5.2: Variation of softening point with varying bionanocarbon

percentage

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120

100

80
DUCTILITY IN (cm)

60
MODIFIED BITUMEN
VIRGIN BITUMEN
40

20

0
1% 2% 4%
MODIFIER PERCENTAGE

Figure 5.3: Variation of ductility with varying bionanocarbon

modifier content

3700
ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY IN POISE

3600

3500

3400

MODIFIED BITUMEN
3300
VIRGIN BITUMEN
3200

3100

3000
1% 2% 4%
MODIFIER PERCENTAGE

Figure 5.4: Variation of absolute viscosity with varying

bionanocarbon modifier content

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5.2 Determination of optimum binder content

Here results in variation of Marshall properties with varying VG-30 binder content of
3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5% are explained in Table 5.2 below. It is observed from
graphs Figure-5.5 to Figure-5.9 that with increase in bitumen concentration the
Marshall stability value increases up to certain bitumen content and there after it
decreases. That particular bitumen content is called as optimum binder content (OBC).
In present study OBC for conventional DBM grade 2 mix is found as 4.5%.

Table 5.2: Marshall properties of DBM grade 2 with varying binder percentages
Voids
Total Voids In
Bitumen Marshall Bulk Filled
Flow Air Mineral
Content Stability Density With
(Mm) Voids Aggregates
(%) (Kg) (Gm/Cc) Bitumen
(%) (%)
(%)
3.5 930.5 2.3 2.448 6.22 54.55 14.22
4 1365.12 3.0 2.503 4.87 66.32 14.21
4.5 1684.33 3.6 2.536 4.02 72.32 14.55
5 1512.98 4.1 2.511 3.22 77.65 15.23
5.5 1315.2 5.1 2.498 2.67 82.22 15.46

Air Voids v/s Bitumen Content

7

6
Air Voids,%

2
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Bitumen Content, %

Figure 5.5: Bitumen content v/s air voids

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Marshall stability v/s Bitumen content

1800

Marshall stability, kg
1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Bitumen Content, %

Figure 5.6: Marshall stability v/s bitumen content

Bulk density v/s Bitumen Content

2.56

2.54
Bulk density, g/cc

2.52

2.5

2.48

2.46

2.44
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Bitumen Content, %

Figure 5.7: Bulk density v/s Bitumen content

Flow v/s Bitumen Content

5.5
5
4.5
Flow,mm

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Bitumen Content, %

Figure 5.8: Flow v/s Bitumen content

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VFB v/s Bitumen Content

85
80
75

VFB,%
70
65
60
55
50
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Bitumen content, %

Figure 5.9: VFB v/s Bitumen Content

5.3 Indirect Tensile Strength test results

At 4.5% OBC, obtained from Marshall test analysis, 6 samples were casted to carry out
Indirect tensile strength tests. Another 6 samples were casted at 4.5% OBC with 1%
bionanocarbon. The Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) dry at 25 C was carried out on the
6 unconditioned specimens and the other 6 specimens were conditioned by placing in
water bath at 60 C for 24 hours and in air at 25 C for 4 hours before testing for ITS.
The ITS values for dry and conditioned specimens are given in Table 5.3. Tensile
strength ratio (TSR) values for both conventional and modified DBM sample are given
in Table 5.4.
Table 5.3: ITS values for wet and dry specimens

Stiffness (MPa) Stiffness (MPa)

Specimen Conventional DBM with
DBM modified bitumen

Testing at 25° C with 7% air voids

Dry 1 1.12 2.01
Dry 2 0.99 2.52
Dry 3 0.97 1.98
Average 1.03 2.17
Testing at 25°C after soaking in water at 60°C for 24 hours
with 7% air voids
Wet 1 0.98 1.81
Wet 2 0.79 1.98
Wet 3 0.84 1.95
Average 0.87 1.91

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Table 5.4: TSR values for conventional and modified mix

TSR for Conventional DBM TSR for Modified DBM mix

84.74% 88.17%

The results showed that the DBM bituminous mixture, designed using VG30 bitumen
modified with bionanocarbon had TSR value of 88.17% which is higher than the TSR
value of the conventional DBM bituminous mixtures designed using virgin VG 30.

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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

Chapter 6 serves as the culmination of the study, offering insightful conclusions and
discussions drawn from the experimental findings and analyses conducted throughout
the research.

6.1 Conclusions
Based on the experimental study the following conclusions were drawn,
1. The penetration value decreases with addition of bionanocrabon from 65mm to
a minimum of 50mm at bionanocarbon content 4% indicating the more viscous
nature of modified bitumen .
2. The ductility value shows an increase with addition of 1% bionanocarbon.
However further addition of bionanocarbon decreased the ductility indicating
that further addition of the modifier causes the bitumen to become stiffer and
strong.
3. The softening point shows a slight increase with addition of 1% bionanocarbon.
Further addition of bionanocarbon shows minor changes.
4. The viscosity value shows an increase with addition of 1% bionanocrabon
indicating the more viscous nature of modified bitumen.
5. The stripping value test showed 100% coating in both unmodified and modified
samples.
6. Since bitumen properties showed good results at 1% addition of bionanocarbon,
it is chosen as optimum modifier content.
7. From the Marshall stability and flow test results, optimum binder content (OBC)
is found out to 4.5%.
8. From the indirect tensile strength test it is perceived that the indirect tensile
strength of sample increased due to the addition of bionanocarbon, which gives
an excellent engineering property for DBM sample to endure thermal cracking.

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6.2 Future Scope

i. As a modifier, bionanocarbon has shown satisfactory results when used in
bituminous mixes. Therefore to utilize the full extent of bionanocarbon, other
form it i.e. “fatty acid coated bionanocarbon” are taken in to consideration and
their effects on DBM bituminous mix should be tested and studied.
ii. Evaluation of fatigue and rutting performance of bituminous blends arranged in
with adjusted bitumen by utilizing distinctive level of bionanocarbon.

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23. Spokas, K.A. Review of the stability of biochar in soils: Predictability of O: C
molar ratios. Carbon Manag. 2010, 1, 289–303.
24. Vithanage, M.; Rajapaksha, A.U.; Ahmad, M.; Shinogi, Y.; Kim, K.H.; Kim,
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25. Zhao, S.; Huang, B.; Ye, X.P.; Shu, X.; Jia, X. Utilizing bio-char as a bio-
modifier for asphalt cement: A sustainable application of bio-fuel by-product.
Fuel 2014, 133, 52–62.
26. Zhao, S.; Huang, B.; Ye, P. Laboratory evaluation of asphalt cement and
mixture modified by bio-char produced through fast pyrolysis. Pavement
Materials. In Proceedings of the Structures, and Performance, GSP 239, ASCE,
Shanghai, China, 26–28 May 2014; pp. 140–149.
27. Zhao, S.; Huang, B.; Shu, X.; Ye, P. Laboratory investigation of biochar-
modified asphalt mixture. Transp. Res. Rec. 2014, 2445, 56–63.
28. Walters, R.C.; Fini, E.H.; Abu-Lebdeh, T. Enhancing asphalt rheological
behavior and aging susceptibility using biochar and Nano-clay. Am. J. Appl. Sci.
2014, 7, 66–76.
29. Walters, R.C.; Begum, S.A.; Fini, E.H.; Abu-Lebdeh, T. Investigating bio-char
as flow modifier and water treatment agent for sustainable pavement design.
Am. J. Appl. Sci. 2015, 8, 138–146.
30. Çelo˘ glu, M.E.; Mehmet, Y.; Kök, B.V.; Yalçin, E. Effects of Various Biochars
on the High Temperature Performance of Bituminous Binder. In Proceedings of
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32. Zhang, R.; Dai, Q.; You, Z.; Wang, H.; Peng, C. Rheological performance of
bio-char modified asphalt with different particle sizes. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1665.
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and fatigue resistance of WasteWood-based biochar-modified asphalt. Coatings
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34. Dong, W.; Ma, F.; Li, C.; Fu, Z.; Huang, Y.; Liu, J. Evaluation of anti-aging
performance of biochar modified asphalt binder. Coatings 2020, 10, 1037.
35. Zhou, X.; Adhikari, S. Flow-induced crystallization of biochar in bio-asphalt
under various aging conditions. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 695, 133943.
36. Saadeh, S.; Al-Zubi, Y.; Zaatarah, B. Performance Testing of Hot Mix Asphalt
Containing Biochar; Final Report 20–28; Mineta Transportation Institute: San
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37. Wu, Y.; Cao, P.; Shi, F.; Liu, K.;Wang, X.; Leng, Z.; Tan, Z.; Zhou, C.
Modeling of the complex modulus of asphalt mastic with biochar filler based
on the homogenization and random aggregate distribution methods. Adv. Mater.
Sci. Eng. 2020, 2020, 2317420.
38. Gan, X.; Zhang, W. Application of biochar from crop straw in asphalt
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QUARTILE RANKING OF JOURNALS

Reference Quartile
Name of the journal Title of the paper
Number ranking

Bionanocarbon Functional
Material Characterisation and
1 Polymers Enhancement Properties in Q1
Nonwoven Kenaf Fibre
Nanocomposites
Effect of aging and moisture
2 Applied Sciences damage on fatigue cracking Q2
properties in asphalt mixtures
Thermochemical conversion of
coconut waste: material
Journal of Thermal
3 characterization and Q1
Analysis and Calorimetry
identification of pyrolysis
products
A critical review of the
production and advanced
4 Bioresource Technology utilization of biochar via Q1
selective pyrolysis of
lignocellulosic biomass.
Converting waste lignin into
nano-biochar as a renewable
5 Waste Management substitute of carbon black for Q1
reinforcing styrene-butadiene
rubber
Coconut shell derived activated
biochar – manganese dioxide
Desalination
6 nanocomposites for high Q1
performance capacitive
deionization.
Characteristics of biochars
Journal of Environmental from crop residues: Potential
7 Q1
Management for carbon sequestration and
soil amendment
Methylene blue removal using
coconut shell biochar
8 Jurnal Teknologi Q3
synthesized through
microwave-assisted pyrolysis
Production and characterization
of bio-oil and biochar from
Chemical Engineering
9 ablative pyrolysis of Q2
Communications
lignocellulosic biomass
residues

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 LABORATORY EVALUATION OF BIONANOCARBON AS AN ADDITIVE TO BITUMEN IN DBM MIX

Distinguishing primary and

10 Bioresource Technology secondary reactions of cellulose Q1
pyrolysis
Biochar from Biomass and
11 Science Direct Waste: Fundamentals and Book
Applications
Biofuels: Alternative
Feedstocks and Conversion
12 Science Direct Book
Processes for the Production of
Liquid and Gaseous Biofuels
High-Energy Ball Milling for
High Productivity of
13 Nanomaterials Q1
Nanobiochar from Oil Palm
Biomass
Biochar for intensification of
Resources, Conservation plant-related industries to meet
14 Q1
and Recycling productivity, sustainability and
economic goals: A review
Journal of Soils and Soil-water retention behavior of
Sediments compacted biochar-amended
15 Q1
clay: A novel landfill final
cover material
Multiple regression model for
Journal of Hazardous,
predicting cracks in soil
16 Toxic, and Radioactive Q2
amended with pig manure
Waste
biochar and wood biochar
Impact of biochar amendment
Science of the Total
in agricultural soils on the
Environment
17 sorption, desorption, and Q1
degradation of pesticides: A
review.
Energy Sources, Part A: Application of sludgebased
18 Recovery, Utilization and biochar generated by pyrolysis: Q2
Environmental Effects A mini review
Journal of Environmental Potential of biochar use in
19 Q1
Management building materials
Incorporation of biochar in
Construction and Building
20 cementitious materials: A Q1
Materials
roadmap of biochar selection
Journal of the Korea
Mechanical properties of
Institute for Structural
21 mortar containing bio-char Q2
Maintenance and
from pyrolysis
Inspection
Physico-chemical
Journal of Analytical and characterization of biochars
22 Q1
Applied Pyrolysis from solid municipal waste for
use in soil amendment.

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Review of the stability of

23 Carbon Management biochar in soils: Predictability Q2
of O: C molar ratios
Biochar for waste management
and environmental
24 ASCE Q1
sustainability. In Sustainable
Solid Waste Management
Utilizing bio-char as a bio-
modifier for asphalt cement: A
25 Fuel Q1
sustainable application of bio-
fuel by-product
Pavement Materials, Structures,
26 ASCE Book
and Performance
Laboratory investigation of
Transportation Research
27 biochar-modified asphalt Q2
Record
mixture
Enhancing asphalt rheological
behavior and aging
28 Applied Surface Science Q1
susceptibility using biochar and
Nano-clay
Investigating bio-char as flow
modifier and water treatment
29 Applied Surface Science Q1
agent for sustainable pavement
design.
Proceedings of the 6th Effects of Various Biochars on
Euraphalt & Eurobitume the High Temperature
30 Report
Congress, Prague, Czech Performance of Bituminous
Republic Binder
Evaluation of bio-asphalt
binders modified with biochar:
31 Cogent Engineering Q2
A pyrolysis by-product of
Mesua ferrea seed cover waste.
Rheological performance of
32 Applied Surface Science bio-char modified asphalt with Q1
different particle sizes
Viscoelastic properties, rutting
resistance, and fatigue
33 Coatings Q2
resistance of WasteWood-based
biochar-modified asphalt
Evaluation of anti-aging
34 Coatings performance of biochar Q2
modified asphalt binder
Flow-induced crystallization of
Science of the Total
35 biochar in bio-asphalt under Q1
Environment
various aging conditions
Performance Testing of Hot Mix
36 Report Report
Asphalt Containing Biochar;

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 LABORATORY EVALUATION OF BIONANOCARBON AS AN ADDITIVE TO BITUMEN IN DBM MIX

Modelling of the complex

modulus of asphalt mastic with
Materials Science and biochar filler based on the
37 Q2
Engineering homogenization and random
aggregate distribution methods

Application of biochar from crop

38 PLoS ONE straw in asphalt modification Q1

Effects of pyrolysis parameters

on physicochemical properties of
Science of the Total
39 biochar and bio-oil and Q1
Environment
application in asphalt

Application of Biochar on the

Transportation Safety and
40 runoff purification performance Q2
Environment
of porous asphalt pavement
Biochar for asphalt modification:
Science of the Total
41 A case of high-temperature Q1
Environment
properties improvement
Preparation of carbon
Wood Science and nanoparticles from activated
42 Q1
Technology carbon by aqueous counter
collision
Rheology of Carbon nanoparticle
43 Elsevier eBooks Book
suspensions and Nanocomposites
Production and characterization
of slow pyrolysis biochar:
44 GCB Bioenergy influence of feedstock type and Q1
pyrolysis conditions

Characterization of slow
pyrolysis biochars: effects of
Journal of Environmental
45 feedstocks and pyrolysis Q1
Quality
temperature on biochar
properties
Laboratory and field evaluation
of plant produced asphalt
Construction and Building
46 mixtures containing RAP in hot Q1
Materials
climate: A case study from
Phoenix, Arizona
Journal of Civil & Estimation of Carbon Footprints
47 Environmental of Bituminous Road Q3
Engineering Construction Process

Biochar production techniques

Journal of Hazardous
48 utilizing biomass waste-derived Q1
Materials Advances
materials and environmental
applications

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 LABORATORY EVALUATION OF BIONANOCARBON AS AN ADDITIVE TO BITUMEN IN DBM MIX

Effects of pyrolysis and Ball-

Milling on the physicochemical
49 Applied Sciences and rhodamine B removal Q2
characteristics of Rice-bran-
derived biochar

The efficiency of bio-char as

50 Heliyon Q1
bitumen modifier

International Journal of
Laboratory Study on Bituminous
Innovative Research in
51 Concrete Pavement Using Low Q3
Engineering &
Density Polyethylene
Management

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