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# Find the elevation of station P from following data. The instrument was fitted with
anallactic lens. The RL of BM is 250 m.

Vertical
Inst. Stn. HI Staff Staff readings
angle
O 1.45 BM -6°00’ 1.335,1.895,2.460

O 1.45 CP +8°30’ 0.780,1.265,1.745

P 1.40 CP -6°30’ 1.155,1.615,2.075

Solutions

We have the equations;

Horizontal Distance between instrument and staff station,
D = KS Cos²θ + C Cosθ

Again, Vertical height difference between middle hair reading and horizontal line of sight,
V = ½ KS Sin2θ + C Sinθ

- 6°30’

V3

1.615 P
- 6°00’
1.265
V2
CP
V1
1.895
O
BM + 8°30’

Now, Instrument at O and staff at BM V1 = ½ KS Sin2θ + C Sinθ

= 11.695 m
Again, V2 = ½ KS Sin2θ + C Sinθ And, V3 = ½ KS Sin2θ + C Sinθ
= 14.10 m = 10.348 m
Now, RL of line of collimation at O = RL of BM + 1.895 + V1 = 263.590 m
RL of CP = 263.590 + V2 – 1.265 = 276.431 m

Now, RL of point P = RL of CP + 1.615 + V3 – Height of axis at P = 286.993 m

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TANGENTIAL METHOD OF TACHEOMETRY

* In this method, three wire stadia hairs are not used.

* Two vanes at a constant distance apart are fixed on staff
B
* Two vertical angles at a fixed height are taken
S
Distance and elevation formula
C
r

θ1
θ2
h O’

O
D

Case I – Both angles are angle of Elevation

Case I – Both angles are angle of Elevation B

C
r

V
P
θ1
θ2
h O’
K Here we have,
V + S = D tanθ1 ……………..(1)
O
D Again,
V = D tanθ2 ……………(2)
From equation 1 and 2

D = S / (tanθ1 – tanθ2)

And RL of point P = RL of O + h + V - r

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Case II Both angles are angle of depression

O’
θ1 θ2

O
B V
S

C
r
P

Here,
V = D tanθ2 ………..(1)
Again, V – S = D tanθ1 ……..(2)

From equation 1 and 2 we get,

Now, RL of station P = RL of O + h – V - r
D = S / (tanθ2 – tanθ1)

Case III, One angle is angle of Elevation and another is depression

O’ θ1 S
θ2 V
h
C
r
P
O
D

Here, V = D Tanθ2 …………(1)

Again, S – V = D Tan θ1 ………..(2)

From 1 and 2, S = D Tanθ1 + D Tanθ2

or, D = S /(Tanθ1 + Tanθ2)

And, V = S tanθ2 / (Tanθ1 + Tanθ2)

Now, RL of Point P = RL of point O + h – V - r

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SUBTENSE BAR

- It is bar of accurate length mounted horizontally over a tripod with a levelling head
-Bar can rotate about vertical axis in horizontal plane
-Clamp and tangent screw are provided

-Can aligned perpendicular to the line of sight

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The distance between targets are set up at

a fixed distance of 2 m or 3m

-To find a distance of a line, bar is positioned at one end and theodolite on the other end
-Angle subtended by the bar is measured with theodolite

Now, we have the formula to find horizontal distance, D

Tan θ/2 = 0.5 S / D

D = S/θ x 206265
Or D = ½ S Cotθ/2 Where, θ in seconds

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Effect of angular error

Now, we have the formula, S = Dθ

Let the negative error in θ be δθ and

θ S positive error in D be δD

Then,
S = (D + δD) (θ – δθ)

D Or Dθ = (D + δD) (θ – δθ)

Or D + δD = θ
D θ - δθ

Or δD = Dδθ
θ - δθ

Or δD = D δθ/θ

Effect of angular error

θ S

Now, we have the formula, θ=S/D or D = S / θ

Now, differentiating
(The –ve sign indicates that a positive error in θ
δD = - S δθ /θ²
Results to negative error in D and vice versa)
Or δD = D²/S δθ

Or δD = D δθ/θ

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Numerical
The horizontal angle subtended at the theodolite station by a subtense bar with targets
2 m apart is 17’30”. Calculate
a) The horizontal distance between theodolite and subtense bar
b) Error in horizontal distance if there is an error of + 1.5” in the measurement of the
horizontal angle
c) The error in the horizontal distance if the bar is 1° out of being normal to the line
joining the instrument and the subtense bar

Solution:
Here, S = 2 m, θ = 17’30” = 1050” and δθ= + 1.5”

Now we have,
a) D = ½ S Cot θ/2 = 392.88 m

b) δD = D²/S δθ = (392.88² / 2) x (1.5 / 206265) = 0.561m

Or δD = D δθ /θ = 392.88 x (1.5 / 1050) = 0.561m

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c) To find the error in the horizontal distance if the bar is 1° out of being normal to the line
joining the instrument and the subtense bar

A’ A

θ/2 1°
O C’
C

D’
B B’
D

Now, D’ =OC’ = A’C’ x Cot θ/2 = A’C Cos θ x Cot θ/2 = 1 x Cos 1° x Cot (17’30”/2)
So, D’ = 392.82 m
And D = 392.88 m
Error in horizontal distance = 0.06 m

Exam question:

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Questions:

# 2 m long subtense bar was placed above station B and the angle subtended at station A
was read as 2°40’20”. Intermediate level information was later recorded using a theodolite of
anallactic lens fitted and a staff held normal to the line of sight. Following data was
recorded onto station A and B, Find the RL difference between A and B?

Vertical
Sighting HCR Staff reading
angle

C to A 0°0’0” - 5°10’ 1.459,1.649,1.839

C to B 80°24’20” +10°23’ ………., 1.235, ………

80°24’20”
0°0’0”
2°40’20” A B
B
A 80°24’20”

2°40’20”
B 2m
A 80°24’20”
0°0’0”
A B

80°24’20”

C
From subtense bar observation,
Distance AB = ½ S Cot θ/2
= ½ x 2 x 1/ Tan 1°20’10”
= 42.875 m

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T = ……
M = 1.235
- 5°10’ + 10°23’ B = ……….
B

T = 1.839 Now, Horizontal distance AC

M = 1.649 C AC = (KS + C) Cos θ – m Sin θ
B = 1.459 = 37.692 m

A
Again, Using Cosine law
42.875 m Find Distance BC
A B
Cos C = Ac² + BC² - AB²
80°24’20” 2 AC BC
37.692 m
Solving, Dist BC = 27.669 m

T = ……
M = 1.235
- 5°10’ + 10°23’ B = ……….
B

T = 1.839
M = 1.649 C
B = 1.459

A Again, Horizontal distance BC

BC = (KS + C) Cos θ + m Sin θ
Or 27.669 = 100 S x Cos10°23’ + 1.235 Sin 10°23’

Solving, Staff intercept at station B, S = 0.279 m

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M = 1.235

- 5°10’ + 10°23’
BC Tan θ
B

AC Tan θ H

C
M = 1.649

Now, RL of station A = RL of C + H – AC Tan θ – M Cos θ

= H - 37.697 x Tan 5°10’ – 1.649 x Cos 5°10’ = H – 5.051

And, RL of station B = RL of C + H + BC Tan θ – M Cos θ

= H + 27.669 x Tan 10°23’ – 1.235 x Cos 10°23’ = H + 3.855

Now, Height difference between A and B = 3.855+ 5.051 = 8.906 m

Errors in Tacheometry

1. Instrumental errors
-Improper stadia interval
-Vertical circle index error
-Incorrect stadia rod graduation
-Incorrect value of multiplying constant
-Imperfect permanent adjustments

2. Personal errors
-Inaccurate centering and levelling of instrument
-Non verticality of staff
- Careless levelling
-Inaccurate sighting
-Careless in vertical angle measurement
- Incorrect staff taken

3. Natural errors
-High wind making it difficult to keep the staff vertical
-Unequal atmospheric refraction
-Change in temperature
- Poor visibility

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K
Field Tacheometry

Horizontal angle

B1
A

Building

B2

B
Tacheometric sheet

Sighted Staff reading Remarks

Inst. at HCR VCR
to Top Mid Bot

Another Numerical

Up to what vertical angle can sloping distance be taken as horizontal values in stadia
tacheometry, so that error does not exceed 1 in 250? Assume that the instrument
Is fitted with an anallactic lens and the staff is held vertically.
Solution

We have, Slope distance, L

Slope distance, L = KS Cosθ
If, θ is small then, θ
L = KS
Again,
Horizontal distance, D = KS Cos²θ Horizontal distance, D

Then, error (e) is,

e = KS – KS Cos²θ = KS ( 1- Cos²θ ) = KS Sin²θ Now, given that, relative error is 1 in 250
Now, relative error is, e/D So that,
= KS Sin²θ / KS Cos²θ Tan²θ = 1/250
= Tan²θ
Or θ = Tan‫־‬1 (0.06324555)
Or θ = 3°37’8”

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