DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

QUESTION BANK
Subject Code : GE3451
Subject Name : ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY

UNIT - I ENVIRONMENT AND BIODIVERSITY

Part–A(2Marks)

1. Define ecosystem. [Apr/ May 2024]

A group of organisms interacting among themselves and with environment is known as
ecosystem
2. Ascertain the need of public awareness on Environmental aspects. [Apr/ May
2023]
Public awareness is crucial for environmental protection because it empowers individuals to
make informed decisions and take action. When people understand the environmental
challenges we face, they are more likely to adopt sustainable practices, support
environmental policies, and demand accountability from businesses and governments.
3. What are the functions of an ecosystem? [Apr/ May 2021]
The functional attributes of the ecosystem keep the components running together.
Ecosystem functions are natural processes or exchange of energy that take place in
various plant and animal communities of different biomes of the world. For instance,
green leaves prepare food and roots absorb nutrients from the soil, herbivores feed
on the leaves and the roots and in turn serve as food for the carnivores.
4. What is ecological succession? [Nov/ Dec 2023]
Ecological succession is the process by which natural communities replace
(or “succeed”) one another over time. Succession stops temporarily when a
“climax” community forms; such communities remain in relative equilibrium
until a disturbance restarts the succession process.
5. What are the causes of threats to biodiversity? [Apr/ May 2021, 2024]

Some of the main threats to biodiversity are: 1. Human Activities and Loss of Habitat,
2. Deforestation, 3. Desertification, 4. Marine Environment, 5. Increasing Wildlife
Trade and 6. Climate Change.
6. List out the effect of habitat loss on biodiversity. [Nov/ Dec 2023]
• Habitat Loss: The destruction or degradation of natural habitats, such as forests,
Wet lands, and grasslands.
• Effects on Biodiversity:
 Reduced Population Sizes: Habitat loss can reduce the size of populations,
making them more vulnerable to extinction.
 Habitat Fragmentation: Breaking up large habitats into smaller, isolated
patches, which can limit the movement and gene flow of species.
 Loss of Species: The ultimate effect is the loss of species, leading to a decline in
biodiversity.
7. Highlight the issues happened in the society due to the poaching of wildlife. [Apr/
May 2023]
Poaching disrupts ecosystems, threatens endangered species, and fuels illegal
wildlife trade. It can lead to the extinction of species, loss of biodiversity, and
economic losses for communities that rely on wildlife tourism.

8. Define environment.
Environment is defined as the sum of total of all the living and non- living things around us
influencing one another.
9. What are all the categories of environment?
The main categories of environment are biotic and abiotic environments. The
abiotic environment can further be classified into atmosphere (air), lithosphere
(soil), and hydrosphere (water). The biotic environment is called as biosphere.
10. Write down the scope of environmental studies.

 To get an awareness and sensitivity of the environment and its related

problems.
 To develops kills for identifying and solving Environmental problems.

 To know the necessity of conservation of natural resources.

11. What are the importance environmental studies?

 By the environmental studies, people will understand the need of

development without destruction of environment
 Through the studies, people can gain the knowledge and different
environmental hazards.
 Environmental studies have a direct relation to the quality of life we live.

12. Define Ecology

It is the study of interactions among organisms or a group of
organisms with their environment. The environment consists of both
biotic and abiotic components
(eg.)animals cannot synthesis their food directly but depend on the
plants directly or indirectly.
13. What is energy flow?
The flow of energy from producer level to top consumer level is called energy flow.
14. How does a biome differ from ecosystem?
Biomes are very large ecological areas on the earth surface, with flora and fauna
adapting to their environment.
A group of organisms interacting among themselves and with environment is known
as ecosystem.
15. What are the process of succession?
The process of succession takes place in a systematic order of sequential steps as
follows
 Nudation
 Invasion
 Competition and coaction
 Reaction
 Stabilization
16. India is a mega diversity nation. Account.

India is one of the 12 mega diversity countries in the world. It has 89,450 animal
species and 47,000 plant species.
17. Define red data book.

 It is the book that contains the list of endangered species of plants and animals.

 It gives the warning signal for those species which are endangered

and if not protected them become extinct in near future.

18. Define biodiversity and give its significance.

Bio-Diversity is defined as “the variety and variability among all groups of living
organisms and the ecosystem in which they occur.”
Significance:

 Biodiversity is very important to human life because we depend on

plants, animals and micro-organisms.
 It protects fresh air, clean water and productive land.

19. Give the classification of biodiversity.

1.Geneticdiversity 2.Speciesdiversity 3.communitydiversity

The diversity Diversity between The diversity at the
Within the species is Different species is called ecological (or) habitat level
called genetic Species diversity. is known as ecosystem
diversity. diversity.
(eg) rice varieties. (eg) Plant species (eg)River ecosystem
Animal species

20. Define endangered species.Give examples.

A species is said to be endangered, when its number has been reduced

to a critical level. (eg.) Reptiles – tortoise, python, Birds – peacock,

pelican.

21. What are the important hotspots in India?

The major hotspots of India are,(i)Eastern Himalayas (ii)Western Ghats.

22. What are the criteria for recognizing hotspots?

 The richness of the endemic species is the primary criteria on for

recognizing hot spots.

 The hotspots should have as significant percentage of specialized species.

 It should contain important pool of plants of potentially useful plants.

23. Define endemic species. Give examples.

The species which are found only in a particular region are known

as endemic species. (eg.) Sapria himalayana, Monitor lizards,

reticulated python, Indian salamander etc.

 Part–B&CQuestions

For Answers Refer the Book: GE3451 Environmental Sciences and Sustainability 13 th Edition
Author: Dr. A Ravikrishnan

1. Ecosystem is dynamic in nature where even a bare land can turn into a forest. Justify by
explaining the steps involved in the succession of a lifeless bare land into self-dependent
forest ecosystem. Support your answer with an example mentioning the different steps
clearly. [Apr/May 2024] [Ans: Pg. No: 1.21-23]

2. Biodiversity is a precious gift which needs to be conserved. Justify the statement by

explaining any three important values of biodiversity and two methods of conservation of
biodiversity. [Apr/May 2024] [Ans: Pg. No: 1.26-32, 1.51-1.58]

3. Elaborate in a systematic manner about the ecosystem and the respective energy flow.
[Apr/May 2023] [Nov/Dec 2023] [Ans: Pg. No: 1.10-21]

4. Elaborate in a systematic manner about the conservation of biodiversity based on the In-situ
and the Ex-situ approaches. [Apr/May 2023] [Ans: Pg. No: 1.50-58]

5. What are hotspots of biodiversity? Which are the hotspots found in India? Discuss their
salient features. [Nov/Dec 2023] [Ans: Pg. No: 1.34-38]

6. Identify and explain the present-day major threats to the biodiversity of India. Explain the
major in-situ strategies of conservation. [Nov/Dec 2023] [Ans: Pg. No: 1.38-43, 1.51-56]

7. Explain in detail the structure and component of an ecosystem. [Ans: Pg. No: 1.13-17]

8. Write short notes on ecological succession. [Ans: Pg. No: 1.21-23]

9. Write short notes on threats to biodiversity. [Ans: Pg. No: 1.38-43]

10. Explain the In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity. [Ans: Pg. No: 1.51-58]

11. Discuss the values of biodiversity. [Ans: Pg. No: 1.26-32]

 Unit II
Environmental Pollution

Part-A(2Marks)

1. What is soil pollution? [Apr/ May 2024]

It is defined as “the contaminations of the soil by human and natural activities which
may cause harmful effects on living beings”.

2. Give any two methods for solid waste management. [Apr/ May 2024]
Recycling: Processing used materials (plastic, paper, glass, metal) into new products.
Composting: Decomposing organic waste (food scraps, yard waste) into nutrient-rich
compost for soil enrichment.

3. Give a brief discussion on the consequences of the noise pollution. [Apr/ May 2023]
Noise pollution can cause hearing loss, stress, sleep disturbances, and cardiovascular
problems. It can also disrupt communication and behavior in animals,
negatively impacting ecosystems.

4. Give a brief description about the E-waste management. [Apr/ May 2023]
E-waste management involves the collection, recycling, and disposal of
electronic waste. It aims to minimize environmental and health risks associated with
electronic waste, such as toxic chemicals leaching into the environment.

5. What is composting? [Nov/ Dec 2023]

Composting: A natural process of decomposing organic waste materials like food scraps,
yard waste, and paper into nutrient-rich compost. This is done by creating conditions that
support the growth of beneficial microorganisms that break down the organic matter.
6. Define Pollution.
It is defined as, “The unfavorable alteration of the surroundings which brings about
changes in quality of air, water and land.”
 7. Mention the sources responsible for water pollution. [Nov/ Dec 2023]
 Point Sources:
 Industrial discharge (e.g., factories, refineries)
 Sewage treatment plants
 Oil spills
• Non-point Sources:
 Agricultural runoff (fertilizers, pesticides)
 Urban runoff (oil, litter)
 Atmospheric deposition (acid rain)
 Septic tank leakage

8. What are the types of pollutants?

Bio-degradable pollutants Non-degradable pollutants

The pollutants which decompose The pollutants which do not

rapidly by natural processes. decompose or decompose slowly in
the environment
(eg)Animal and plant matter. (eg)Plastic wastes

9. Define BOD and COD.

BOD is the amount of oxygen required for the biological decomposition of organic matter
present in the water.
COD is the amount of oxygen required for the chemical oxidation of organic
matter using some oxidizing agent like K2Cr2O7.
10. Define hazardous waste.
Waste like toxic chemicals, radioactive or biological substance which contribute to
an increase in mortality or in serious irreversible illness to human and environment
are called hazardous waste.
11. What is photochemical smog?
Photochemical smog is a brownish smoke like appearance. It is mainly due to the
chemical reactions among nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon by sun light.
12. What is water pollution?

It is defined as “The alternation in physical, chemical & biological

characteristics of water which causes harmful effects on humans and
aquatic life.”
13. What are the four water quality parameters and their importance?
 pH
 Dissolved oxygen
 Total dissolved solids
 Colour, odour, taste

14. Describe about 3 Rs in waste management

The principle is
 Reducing waste,
 Reusing and
 Recycling resources and products is often called the "3Rs."

15. What is noise pollution?

It is defined as “unwanted sound, unpleasant or disagreeable sound that

causes danger to all living beings.”
16. What are E Waste?
E-waste or electronic waste are broadly describes loosely discarded, surplus,
obsolete, broken, electrical or electronic devices which are at the end of their
useful life and need to be disposed or dismantled to recover some valuable
components.

17. What is Hazardous waste management?

Hazardous waste management is a process to ensure the storage, treatment
and disposal of dangerous waste is conducted in a manner that protects the
health and safety of people and the environment.

18. Define Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSMS)

An Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS) is a
fundamental part of an organization's risk management strategy. It includes
health and safety policies, systems, standards, and records, and involves
incorporating your health and safety activities.
19. What is environmental protection?
Environmental protection focuses on solving problems arising from the
interaction between humans and environmental systems and includes issues
related to conservation, pollution, loss of biodiversity, land degradation or
environmental policy.

20. What are the objectives of environmental protection act?

1. To protect the environment from degradation and take actions to improve
the current condition.
2. To implement the decisions made at the UN Conference on the Human
Environment held in Stockholm in 1972.
3. To punish and penalize those posing a danger to the environment, health,
and safety.

21. What is meant by point and non-point sources?

Point sources are discharged pollutants at specific location through pipes,
ditches or Sewers into bodies of surface water.
Non point sources cannot be traced to any single site of discharge. They are
usually large land areas or air sheds that pollute water by runoff, subsurface
flow or deposition from the atmosphere

22. What are the causes of ozone layer depletion?

Causes:
 Chloro Fluoro carbon (CFC)
 Hydro Chloro Fluoro Carbon (HCFC),
 Bromo Fluoro Carbon (BFC)

23. State the role and responsibility of an individual in prevention of

pollution?
 Plant more trees
 Help more in pollution prevention than pollution control
 Use water, energy and other resources efficiently
 Purchase recyclable, recycled and environmentally safe products
 Use CFC free refrigerators

24. What is air pollution?

Air pollution is defined as the presence of one(or)more contaminants like dust, smoke,
mist and odour in the atmosphere which causes damage to plants, animals and human
beings.
 Part-B &C questions
For Answers Refer the Book: GE3451 Environmental Sciences and Sustainability 13 th Edition
Author: Dr. A Ravikrishnan

1. Air and water are essential natural resources required for our survival which are getting increasingly
polluted. Explain any two causes, effects and control measures at source for each of them.
[Apr/May 2024] [Ans: Pg. No: 2.2-2.24]

2. Briefly discuss any two methods for hazardous waste management. Discuss the salient features,
drawbacks and amendments of the acts for protecting wildlife and forests. [Apr/May 2024]
[Ans: Pg. No: 2.48-2.52]

3. Explain the causes, effects and the suitable preventive measure of water and soil pollutions.
[Apr/May 2023] [Ans: Pg. No: 2.12-2.32]

4. With a suitable case study, explain on the occupational health and safety management system.
[Apr/May 2023] [Ans: Pg. No: 2.54-2.58]

5. What are the impacts of noise on human beings? Explain the various control measures for noise
pollution. [Nov/Dec 2023] [Ans: Pg. No: 2.33-2.37]

6. What are the major sources of soil pollution? How does soil pollution affect soil
productivity? What measures can be taken to control soil pollution. [Nov/Dec 2023]
[Ans: Pg. No: 2.25-2.32]

7. Explain the sources and effects and control measures of air pollution. [Ans: Pg. No: 2.2-2.12]

8. Explain the sources and effects and control measures of noise pollution. [Ans: Pg. No: 2.33-2.37]

9. Explain the sources and effects and control measures of soil pollution. [Ans: Pg. No: 2.25-2.32]

10. Explain in detail the Solid waste management techniques. [Ans: Pg. No: 2.37-2.46]

11. Explain the sources and effects and control measures of water pollution. [Ans: Pg. No: 2.12-2.24]

12. Explain E Waste management techniques. [Ans: Pg. No: 2.52-2.54]

 UNITIII-RENEWABLESOURCESOFENERGY

Part-A(2Marks)

1. Mention any two applications of hydrogen energy. [Apr/ May 2024]

• Fuel Cells: Used in fuel cell vehicles for zero-emission transportation.

• Energy Storage: Stores renewable energy (solar, wind) for use when production is low.

2. Give two ways for energy conservation. [Apr/ May 2024]

• Energy-Efficient Appliances: Using appliances with high energy-star ratings.

• Turning Off Electronics: Unplugging electronics when not in use.

3. Highlight about the possibilities of the new energy sources suitable for the

implementation. [Apr/ May 2023]

Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and geothermal offer promising

alternatives to fossil fuels. They are cleaner, more sustainable, and have the potential

to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.

4. Comment on the important applications of the hydrogen energy. [Apr/ May 2023]

Hydrogen energy has several promising applications:

 Transportation: Fuel cell vehicles powered by hydrogen offer zero-emission mobility.

 Energy storage: Hydrogen can store renewable energy (like solar or wind) for use

when production is low.

Industrial processes: Hydrogen can be used as a feedstock in various industrial

processes, replacing fossil fuels.

Residential heating: Hydrogen can be used for heating homes and buildings
5. Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable energy sources. [Nov/ Dec 2023]

Renewable Energy Sources Non-Renewable Energy Sources

1. Can be replenished naturally within a 1. Exist in finite quantities and cannot

short period. Ex: Solar, wind, hydro, be replenished at a rate that keeps up
geothermal, biomass. with consumption. Ex: Fossil fuels
(coal, oil, natural gas), nuclear energy.
2. Generally, have lower environmental
impact. 2. Contribute significantly to
greenhouse gas emissions and pollution

6. What is a solar cell? [Nov/ Dec 2023]

Solar Cell: A device that converts sunlight directly into electricity through the

photovoltaic effect. It is made of semiconductor materials, typically silicon, that

generate an electric current when exposed to sunlight.

7. What is energy conservation. [Apr/ May 2023]

Energy conservation is the effort to reduce wasteful energy consumption

by using fewer energy services. This can be done by using energy more effectively
(using less energy for continuous service) or changing one's behavior to use less
service (for example, by driving less).

8. Define tidal energy

Tidal energy is a renewable source of energy that is generated from a natural
source, that is, water. Therefore, it could be considered a significant part of the
hydro energy generation process. The tides, so generated, due to the gravitational
pull of the moon and sun over a period of time helps in the generation of tidal energy.
The presence of the tidal currents contributes to moving the blades of the turbine
and hence, generating electricity from the tides.

9. What are the concepts of geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is heat within the earth. The word geothermal comes from
the Greek words geo (earth) and thermal (heat). Geothermal energy is a
renewable energy source because heat is continuously produced inside the earth.
People use geothermal heat for bathing, to heat buildings, and to generate
electricity.
10. What is the origin of geothermal energy

The first geothermal power plant was built in 1904 in Tuscany, Italy, where
natural steam erupted from the earth. Flash steam plants take high- pressure hot
water from deep inside the earth and convert it to steam that drives generator
turbines

11. What are the sources of conventional (or) non-renewable energy?

Conventional energy sources cannot be regenerated after they exhausted.

1. Oil / Petroleum 2. Gas 3. Coal

12. What are the advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cells
Advantages
 High Efficiency- when utilizing co-generation, fuel cells can attain
over80% energy efficiency
 Good reliability-quality of power provided does not degrade overtime
Disadvantages:

 Expensive to manufacture due the high cost of catalysts(platinum)

 Lack of infrastructure to support the distribution of hydrogen.

13. What is meant by energy management?

Energy management is the process of monitoring, managing and conserving energy in a
building or organization when it comes to energy savings.

14. Define geothermal plant

Geothermal poweriselectrical power generatedfromgeothermal energy.

Technologies in use include dry steam power stations, flash steam
power stations and binary cycle power stations.
15. What are the advantages and disadvantages of ocean energy

Advantages Disadvantages
 Cheaper and Efficient  Highly expensive

 Renewable  Scalabilityissues
16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy

Advantages Disadvantages
1.EnvironmentallyFriendly 1.LocationRestricted

2.Renewable 2.EnvironmentalSideEffects

17. Explain shortly about wind energy

Air in motion is referred to as wind. Wind has a lot of energy since it moves quickly.
Didn't energy is the power that has been harnessed from the winds force it is captured
using wind turbines.

18. List out the types of geothermal power plants.

 Dry steam power plant
 Flash steam power plant
 Binary cycle power plant

19. List the types of Renewable energy

 Biomass.  Solar energy.  Wind energy  Hydropower
 Hydrogen.  Geothermal.  Ocean Energy

20. What are the ways that energy can be derived from the ocean?
Ocean energy refers to the renewable energy generated from the following
 ocean's tides,  waves,  currents,  temperature differences and
 salinity gradients.
 PartB&C
For Answers Refer the Book: GE3451 Environmental Sciences and Sustainability
13th Edition, Author: Dr. A Ravikrishnan

1. Energy demand increases with population. Explain the principle and various steps
involved in energy management and conservation that can lead to sustainability.
[Apr/May 2024] [Ans: Pg. No: 1.21-23]

2. The internal thermal energy of earth can be used to generate electrical energy.
Justify by explaining the various types of geothermal power plants. Bring out any
two advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy. Apr/May 2024] [Ans: Pg.
No: 3.19-3.23]

3. Enumerate on the energy harnessing based on the ocean energy resources and tidal
energy conversion. [Apr/May 2023] [Ans: Pg. No: 3.16-3.19]

4. Enumerate in a suitable manner about the origin and power plants of geothermal
energy. [Apr/May 2023] [Ans: Pg. No: 3.19-3.23]

5. How can electricity be produced from tides and waves? What is the potential of
these energy resources? [Nov/Dec 2023][Ans: Pg. No: 3.6-3.13]

6. Compare the various types of energy with respect to its sustainability for Indian
conditions.

7. Explain the principle and steps of energy management. [Ans: Pg. No: 3.2-3.3]

8. Explain the ways to conserve energy. [Ans: Pg. No: 3.4-3.6]

9. Explain the new energy sources. [Ans: Pg. No: 3.6-3.13]

10. Explain the applications of hydrogen energy. [Ans: Pg. No: 3.13-3.16]

11. Explain the application of ocean energy resources. [Ans: Pg. No: 3.16-3.18]

12. Explain the types of geothermal plants with diagram. [Ans: Pg. No: 3.19-3.23]
 UNITIV-SUSTAINABILITYANDMANAGEMENT

Part-A(2Marks)

1. Define carbon footprint. [Apr/ May 2024]

Carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases (primarily carbon dioxide) produced
to directly and indirectly support human activities, 1 usually expressed in equivalent tons of
carbon dioxide.

2. Mention any two sustainability goals. [Apr/ May 2024]

• No Poverty: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

• Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all.

3. Define sustainable development. [Nov/ Dec 2023]

Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It encompasses

three key pillars: economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection.

4. State about the salient features of the sustainable development. [Apr/ May 2023]

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability 1 of future generations to meet their 2 own needs.

key features include:

Environmental protection: Minimizing pollution, conserving resources, and

protecting biodiversity.

Social equity: Ensuring fair distribution of resources and opportunities for all.

Economic growth: Promoting economic development that is environmentally

and socially sustainable.

5. Enumerate the concept of carbon credit. [Apr/May 2023, Nov/ Dec 2023]

Carbon Credit: A permit that allows a country or organization to emit a certain amount

of greenhouse gases. If they emit less than their allotted amount, they can sell the excess

credits to others who have exceeded their limit. This creates a market-based incentive to

reduce emissions.
6. What is development?

Development is a process that creates growth progress, positive change in

economic, environmental and social component without damaging the resources of

the environment.

7. What is climate change?

Climate change refers to the long-term ships in temperatures and weather

pattern these changes may be natural or artificial

8. What is GDP?

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all the
finished goods and services produced within a country‘s borders in a specific
time period.(12 month or a year.)
9. What are the advantages of GDP

 Broad indicator of development

 Easy to measure growth in percentage

 Easy to compare to itself and other countries

 Cheap and easy to collect

10. Define sustainability

Sustainability refers to the ability to maintain or support a process continuously

over time. In business and policy contexts, sustainability seeks to prevent the

depletion of natural or physical resources, so that they will remain available for the

long term.

11. Define sustainable development

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present,

without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
12. Write millennium development goals

1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

2. Achieve Universal Primary Education

3. Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

4. To Reduce child mortality

5. Improve Maternal Health

13. What are the causes/reasons of climate change?

 Presence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

 Cutting down forests

 Depletion of Ozone layer

14. What is carbon foot print. How is it prevented

It is the total amount of greenhouse gases(includingCO2and CH4)that are

generated by our direct or indirect activities.
Prevention

 Calculate your carbon footprint

 Driveless
 Switch to an electric or hybrid car
 Travel smart

15. What are the effects of climate change?

 Hotter temperatures
 More severe storms
 Increase the drought
 Rising of sea levels
16. What are the causes of carbon footprint?
 Transportation
 Household energy
 Consumption
 Food
17. What is environmental management?
Environmental management is a set of practices and processes that enable any
organization reduce its environmental impacts and increasing its operating efficiency.

18. What are benefits of environmental management?

 Improved environmental performance
 Enhanced compliance
 Pollution prevention
 Resource conservation

19. What are the characteristics of environmental management?

 It supports sustainable development
 It demands the multidisciplinary approach
 It has to integrate different development view points
 It seeks to integrate natural and social science

20. What are the objectives of environmental management?

 To protect environmental resources
 To enhance the value of environmental components where possible
 To improve the quality of human life
 To Prevent and solve environmental problems.
 Part B & C
For Answers Refer the Book: GE3451 Environmental Sciences and Sustainability
13th Edition Author: Dr. A Ravikrishnan

1. Explain how GDP can be modified into an indicator for sustainability. Mention any
three ways to make a transition from unsustainability to sustainability. Describe the
target, indicators and intervention areas of any four sustainable development goals.
[Apr/May 2024] [Ans: Pg. No: 4.5-4.8, 4.14-4.16]
2. With the help of case studies, explain any two regional environmental issues with
possible solutions. Bring out the differences between carbon footprint and carbon
credit. [Apr/May 2024] [Ans: Pg. No: 4.28-4.33]
3. With a case study, elaborate on the achievement of sustainability from the
unsustainable level. [Apr/May 2023] [Ans: Pg. No: 4.14-4.16]
4. With a case study, elaborate on the local environmental issues and the possible
solutions for them. [Apr/May 2023] [Ans: Pg. No: 4.26-4.28]
5. Enumerate on the indicators and intervention areas to achieve the sustainable
development goals. [Apr/May 2023] [Ans: Pg. No: 4.22-4.24]
6. With a suitable case study, elaborate on the practical implementation of the
environmental management in industries. [Apr/May 2023] [Ans: Pg. No: 4.38-
4.39]
7. What do you mean by sustainable development and how will you attain the
sustainability? [Nov/Dec 2023] [Ans: Pg. No: 4.18-4.20]
8. What is the concept of carbon credit and how it originated? How is carbon credit
calculated? How does buying carbon credits reduce pollution? [Nov/Dec 2023]
[Ans: Pg. No: 4.28-4.30]
9. Explain the need approaches and aspects of sustainability. [Ans: Pg. No: 4.9-4.13]
10. Write a short note on and unsustainability to sustainability. [Ans: Pg. No: 4.14-4.16]
11. Write a short note on climate change. [Ans: Pg. No: 4.24-4.26]
12. Explain sustainable development with goal targets and indicators. [Ans: Pg. No:
4.18-4.24]
13. Write a short note on environmental management. [Ans: Pg. No: 4.33-4.37]
 UNIT-5 SUSTAINABILITYPRACTICES

Part-A (2 Marks)

1. What is environmental impact assessment? [Apr/ May 2023, Apr/ May 2024]
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process used to predict the environmental
consequences of a proposed project or development. It helps decision-makers evaluate
potential risks and identify mitigation measures to minimize negative impacts.

2. Define energy efficiency. [Apr/ May 2024]

Energy efficiency is the use of less energy to perform the same function. It involves
using technology and practices to reduce energy consumption while achieving the
desired output.

3. What are the stages of a life cycle assessment (LCA)? [Nov/ Dec 2023]

• Goal and Scope Definition: Defining the purpose and boundaries of the LCA.
• Inventory Analysis: Quantifying the inputs and outputs associated with the product
or process throughout its life cycle.
• Impact Assessment: Evaluating the potential environmental impacts of the inputs
and outputs.
• Interpretation: Analyzing the results of the impact assessment and drawing
conclusions.
4. What are the benefits of environmental impact assessment (EIA)? [Nov/ Dec
2023]
• Identifying potential environmental impacts: Helps predict and assess the potential
effects of a project on the environment.
• Mitigating negative impacts: Provides opportunities to identify and implement
measures to minimize or avoid negative impacts.
• Decision-making: Provides valuable information to decision-makers to make
informed
decisions about whether or not to proceed with a project.
5. Mention about the material life cycle assessment. [Apr/ May 2023]
Material life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method for evaluating the environmental
impacts of a product or material throughout its entire lifecycle, from raw material
extraction to production, use, and disposal. It helps identify areas for improvement in
sustainability.

6. What are zero waste. Give example

Zero waste is a set of principles focused on waste prevention that

encourages redesigning resource life

7. Define circular economy

A circular economy strives for the longest possible use of products and

raw materials. In practical terms, this means avoiding waste through reuse or

further use (recycling / reuse). If that is not possible, they are broken down

into their starting materials, i.e. raw materials, and these are recycled. Waste

avoidance and reuse always come before recycling.

8. What are ISO 14000 series

ISO 14000 is defined as a series of international environmental

management standards, guides, and technical reports.

9. State the principle of 3R concept.

3R is the order of priority of actions to be taken to reduce the amount of

waste generated and to improve overall waste management processes and
programs.
10. Write the importance of 3Rs.

 By reducing waste at the source, the resources like water and energy
can be saved.

 Operating a well-run recycling program costs less than waste

collection and land filling.

 Recycling helps families save money because they pay less for
disposal cost.

 Proper disposal and recycling will prevent water and soil

contamination.
11. Define life cycle assessment

A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an analysis of the impact one object

has on the world around it. In this guide, you get an in-depth, non- technical

overview of:

 What a Life Cycle Assessment really is,

 The different approaches to it,

 How it works in practice,

 And who can benefit from it.

12. What are sustainable habitat

A sustainable habitat is achieving stability between the economic and
social development of human habitats together with the defense of the
environment, shelter, basic services, social infrastructure, and
transportation.
13. Define green buildings?

A green or sustainable building is a building that, because of its

construction and features, can maintain or improve the quality of life of the

environment in which it is located.

14. What are the advantages and disadvantages of green building

Advantages Disadvantages

 Cost-effective.  Location:

 Improved Health  Availability:

 Increased Efficiency  No air cooling features:

15. What are green materials. Give example

It is derived from resources that can maintain current operations

without jeopardizing the energy needs or climate of future generations. The

most popular sources of sustainable energy, including wind, solar and

hydropower, are also renewable.

16. Define sustainable transport give example

Sustainable transportation refers to low- and zero-emission, energy-

efficient, affordable modes of transport, including electric and alternative-fuel

vehicles, as well as domestic fuels.

17. What is Energy Efficient?

It is the use of less energy to perform the same task (or) produce the same
result.
18. Define sustainable energy

It is derived from resources that can maintain current operations

withoutjeopardizingtheenergyneedsorclimateoffuturegenerations.The most

popular sources of sustainable energy, including wind, solar and hydropower,

are also renewable.

19. Define Carbon emission and sequestration

Geological carbon sequestration happens when carbon is stored in

places such as underground geological formations or rocks. This

process is largely artificial or 'direct', representing an effective way of

neutralizing emissions put into human practices, such as manufacturing or

construction.

Carbon dioxide is the most commonly produced greenhouse gas. Carbon

sequestration is the process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon

dioxide. It is one method of reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the

atmosphere with the goal of reducing global climate change.

20. What is Sustainable Transport?

Any means of transportation that has low impact on the

environment is called as Sustainable transport.

21. What is an energy cycle?

It is the interactions between energy sources within the Earth’s

environment.
22. Define carbon cycle.

It is the movement of carbon (or) carbon compounds continuously from

the atmosphere to the earth and then back into the atmosphere.

23. What is carbon sequestration?

 It is the process of capturing and storing of atmospheric carbon

dioxide.

 It is the method of reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.

 Goal of carbon sequestration is to reduce global climate change.

24. What is Green Engineering?

It is the design, commercialization and use of processes and products that

minimizes pollution, promotes suitability and promotes human health

without affecting environment.

 PartB&C
For Answers Refer the Book: GE3451 Environmental Sciences and Sustainability
13th Edition Author: Dr. A Ravikrishnan
1. Explain how zero waste, 'R' concept and circular economy are related to each other.
Describe the importance of ISO14000 series with two examples. Briefly describe the
steps involved in environmental impact assessment. [Apr/May 2024]

Relationship between Zero Waste, R' Concept, and Circular Economy:

• Zero Waste: A philosophy that aims to eliminate waste generation by prioritizing reuse,
repair, and recycling. It emphasizes minimizing waste at the source and maximizing
resource efficiency.
• R' Concept: A hierarchy of waste management strategies, often represented as the "3Rs"
- Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. It prioritizes waste prevention and minimization before
resorting to disposal.
• Circular Economy: A regenerative economic model that aims to keep resources in use
for as long as possible, extract the maximum value from them, and then recover and
regenerate products and materials at the end of their life cycle.
These concepts are closely related because they all share the common goal of minimizing waste
and maximizing resource efficiency. Zero Waste provides the overarching philosophy, while the
R' concept and circular economy offer practical frameworks for achieving it.
Importance of ISO 14000 Series:
• Environmental Management System (EMS): ISO 14001 provides a framework for
organizations to establish and implement an EMS to manage their environmental impacts.
• Benefits:
o Improved environmental performance
o Enhanced compliance with environmental regulations
o Reduced environmental risks and liabilitieso Cost savings through resource efficiency and waste reduction
o Enhanced corporate image and reputation
Examples of ISO 14000 Implementation:
• A manufacturing company implementing an EMS to reduce its water consumption and
wastewater discharge.
• A hotel chain implementing an EMS to minimize waste generation and energy
 consumption.
Steps Involved in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):
1. Scoping: Defining the purpose and scope of the EIA, identifying key issues and
2.3.4.5.6.7.stake holders.
Data Collection and Analysis: Gathering data on the potential environmental impacts of
the proposed project.
Impact Prediction: Predicting the potential environmental impacts, both positive and
negative.
Mitigation Measures: Identifying and evaluating potential mitigation measures to
minimize negative impacts.
Public Consultation: Involving the public in the EIA process to gather feedback and
address concerns.
Decision Making: Using the EIA findings to inform decision-making on whether or not
to proceed with the project.
Monitoring and Review: Monitoring the environmental impacts of the project and
conducting periodic reviews to assess the effectiveness of mitigation measures.

2. Discuss the carbon cycle with a neat diagram. As CO2 in the atmosphere cause global
warming, it has to be sequestrated. Explain the different ways of carbon sequestration.
Mention any three ways for sustainable urbanization.[Apr/May 2024]
Carbon Cycle:
The carbon cycle is the natural process by which carbon is exchanged between the
atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.
Carbon Sequestration:
Carbon sequestration refers to the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2)
from
the atmosphere. This is critical to mitigating climate change. Here are some ways to
sequester
carbon:
• Biological Sequestration:
 Afforestation and Reforestation: Planting trees and restoring forests to absorb CO2
through photosynthesis.
 Soil Carbon Sequestration: Improving soil health through practices like no-till
farming and cover cropping to increase carbon storage in the soil.
• Geological Sequestration:
 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Capturing CO2 from industrial sources
and injecting it into deep geological formations for long-term storage.
Three Ways for Sustainable Urbanization:
• Green Buildings: Constructing buildings with energy-efficient designs, using renewable
energy sources, and incorporating green features like green roofs and rainwater
harvesting.
• Public Transportation: Promoting the use of public transportation, cycling, and walking
to reduce reliance on private vehicles and improve air quality.
• Waste Management: Implementing effective waste management systems, including
recycling, composting, and waste reduction programs, to minimize environmental impact.

3. Green buildings are essential for environmental sustainability. Justify by giving any five

key features of green buildings. Industries have a big role to play in achieving
environmental sustainability, Explain environmental management in industries with a
detailed case study.

Justification for Green Buildings:

• Energy Efficiency: Green buildings are designed to minimize energy consumption

through features like high-performance insulation, energy-efficient windows, and

renewable energy sources.

• Water Conservation: They incorporate water-saving measures such as low-flow

fixtures, rainwater harvesting systems, and graywater recycling.

• Waste Reduction: They minimize waste generation through efficient design, the use of

recycled materials, and waste diversion programs.

• Improved Indoor Air Quality: They prioritize indoor air quality by using low-emitting

materials, enhancing ventilation, and controlling pollutants.

• Sustainable Materials: They utilize sustainable and locally sourced materials whenever

possible, reducing the environmental impact of construction.

Environmental Management in Industries:

Environmental management in industries involves a systematic approach to identifying,

evaluating, and controlling environmental impacts. It aims to minimize pollution, conserve

resources, and comply with environmental regulations.

Case Study: Manufacturing Company Implementing an Environmental Management

System (EMS)

A manufacturing company decides to implement an EMS based on the ISO 14001

standard. The steps involved include:

1. Environmental Policy: Developing and communicating an environmental policy that

outlines the company's commitment to environmental protection.

2. Environmental Aspects and Impacts: Identifying and evaluating significant

environmental aspects, such as air emissions, wastewater discharge, and waste generation.
3. Legal and Other Requirements: Ensuring compliance with all relevant environmental

regulations and other requirements.

4. Explain on the practices suitable for the development towards socio-economical and
technological changes[Apr/May 2023], [Ans: Pg. No. 5.55-5.56]

5. With suitable examples, explain on the practical implementations of sustainable

transports and sustainable energies.[Apr/May 2023], [Ans: Pg. No. 5.27-5.32]

6. Enumerate and explain the various methods of carbon capture and

sequestration.[Nov/Dec 2023], [Ans: Pg. No. 5.45-5.50]

7. What is the importance of sustainable urbanization? Explain the components of

sustainable urban development.[Apr/May 2023], [Ans: Pg. No. 5.52-5.54]

8. Explain zero waste and Rconcept. [Ans: Pg. No. 5.1-5.7]

9. Write a short note on circular economy. [Ans: Pg. No. 5.7-5.9]

10. ExplainISO14000series. [Ans: Pg. No. 5.9-5.13]

11. Explain in detail material life cycle assessment. [Ans: Pg. No. 5.13-5.15]

12. Write a short note on EIA. [Ans: Pg. No. 5.15-5.17]

13. Explainsustainablehabitatwithitscharacteristicsandobjective.[Ans: Pg. No. 5.17-19]

14. Explain sustainable transport. [Ans: Pg. No. 5.27-5.30]

15. What is solar cell? Give its construction with advantages and

disadvantages. [Ans: Pg. No. 5.33-5.34]

16. Explain carbon cycle with the diagram. [Ans: Pg. No. 5.42-5.44]

17. Explain the principle and benefits of green engineering. [Ans: Pg. No. 5.50-5.52]

18. Whatissustainableurbanization.Explainwiththeadvantagesanddisadvantage

s. [Ans: Pg. No. 5.52-5.54]

33