UNIT –III-A

Objective:

To understand the basic concepts of centroid, center of gravity and moment of inertia and apply to simple
examples of plane figures and bodies.
Syllabus:

Centroid & Centre of gravity: Definition of centroid and centre of gravity - Mathematical expressions for
centroid and centre of gravity, use of symmetrical axis. Centroids of standard figures (from first principles) like
Triangle, Sector of a circle, Semi circle, Quadrant of a circle, Quadrant of an ellipse - Centroid of composite
figures.
Centre of gravity of standard bodies (from first principles) like Cone and Hemisphere – Centre of gravity of
composite bodies - Pappu’s and Guldinus theorems.
Area Moment of Inertia:
Definition of Moment of inertia, Mathematical expression for Moment of Inertia - Polar moment of inertia –
Transfer or Parallel axis theorem – Moment of inertia of standard figures (from first principles) like rectangle,
triangle, circle, semi-circle –Moment of inertia of composite figures – Radius of gyration.
Learning Outcomes:

Student will be able to

 Distinguish between centroid and center of gravity
 Obtain the mathematical expressions for centroid and center of gravity of areas and bodies
 Derive from first principles, the centroid and center of gravity of standard figures and bodies
respectively
 Calculate centroids of composite figures
 Obtain the mathematical expressions for area moment of inertia about x and y axis
 Apply the parallel axis theorem and perpendicular axis theorem to composite sections.
 Derive expressions for moment of inertia of standard figures
 Calculate the moment of inertia of composite figures about both x and y axis passing through its
centroid
 Obtain radius of gyration of standard figures.

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A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET
Centroid and Center of gravity:
Centroid, center of gravity and moment of inertia are the important properties of areas or bodies which are
necessary for analysis of any engineering problems. When the shape of the body is responsible for its behavior,
these parameters are important for engineering application, analysis and design.
Ex: C.G of a boat, to determine the eccentricity, design of beams, girders etc. S
When the line of tensile force in string (S) and the line of weight of body
passing through the C.G point of the body is in collinear then system is in
equilibrium.
C.G
Centroid of an irregular plane figure:
W
Let δA1, δA2, δA3….. are the element areas x 1,x2,x3….. are the
distances of elements from y axis and y 1,y2,y3….. are the distances
from x – axis.
n
δA1 + δA2 + δA3….. = ∑ δA i = A.
i=1 Total Area ‘A’
Using integral principle,
n x3 δA3
A= ∫ dAi x2
i=1 δA2 G
x̄
Taking moments of all element areas about x-axis,
x1 y3
n δA1
δA1.y1 + δA2.y2 + δA3.y3….. = ∑ δA i . y i
i=1 ȳ
Using integral principle, y1
n
y2
A . ȳ= ∫ y i . δA i (but A =∫ dA )
i=1

ȳ=
∫ y dA …. (1)
∫ dA
Similarly x̄ =
∫ x dA …. (2)
∫ dA
Centroid is a point in a plane area such that the moment of area about any axis passing through that point is
zero.Centroid is a point at which the total area of the figure is assumed to be concentrated and is represented by
a letter ‘G’ or ‘C’.
Centroid of irregular shaped lines:
x1 δL1
Total length = L = ∫ dL x2 δL2
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x3 δL3
A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET G
x̄

y1 y2 y3 ȳ
Ʃ moments of individual element lengths about x axis = ∫ y dL

Ʃ moments of individual element lengths about y axis = ∫ x dL

L . ȳ =∫ y dL L . x̄ =∫ x dL

ȳ=
∫ y dL =∫ y dL x̄ =
∫ x dL = ∫ x dL
L ∫ dL L ∫ dL
Centre of gravity: It is defined as a point through which the resultant force of gravity or weight of the body
appears to be concentrated for any position of the body.
Element weight = δW1 = ρ δV1
δW2 = ρ δV2
δW3 = ρ δV3 x3 δW3
Total weight W = ∫ dW = ρ ∫ dV x2 δW2
Sum of moments of all element weights about x axis
δW1
x1 y3
= Ʃ dWi .yi
G
x̄
In integral terms, W ȳ = ∫ yi dWi
y2
ȳ ρ ∫ dV = ρ ∫ yi dV W ȳ
y1
ȳ=
∫ y dV
∫ dV
Use of axes of symmetry while calculating centroids:

y y
y

G G1
- x̄ + x̄ x
G
x
x G
x
Semi Circle x̄ = 0
ȳ=0 ȳ=0
G lies on x - axis y

Semi Circle y
a y a
2 2
b y b
a 2 2
2
Page 3 d
x
A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD,xDept. of Mech., MIET 2
G
a x x x x
2 G d G
2 x̄ = 0
Centroid of a triangle whose base width is ‘b’ and altitude height ‘h’:

ȳ=
∫ y dA
∫ dA
x h− y
=
b h A
b
x= (h – y)
h
h-y
b
dA=x . dy= (h – y )dy
h h
h 2 dy
b b y h
A=∫ dA=∫ (h – y )dy= [hy− ] x
0 h h 2 0
y
[ ]
2 h h
b 2 h bh bh b b
A= h − =bh – = ∫ ydA =∫ ( h− y ) y . dy= ∫ ( hy− y ) dy
2

h 2 2 2 0 h h 0
B C

[ ] [ ] b
2 3 3 3 2
b hy y h b h h bh
¿ − = − =
h 2 3 ¿0 h 2 3 6

ȳ=
∫ y dA
=
bh
2
h
= from base or 2 h from top.
∫ dA 6 × bh 3 3
2
Centroid of area of a circular sector:
x – x is axis of symmetry y x = r cos θ
ȳ = 0
Let an element sector is considered as shown r dθ

r dθ
2 +α 2
1 r
dA= r . r dθ= dθ A=∫ dA=∫ α dθ θ
2 2 −α 2 x
α
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A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET
r
 2
r
A= [α – (-α)] = r2 α
2

x̄ =
∫ x dA
∫ dA
2 3 +α 3
2r r r r
∫ x dA=∫ 3
cosθ . . dθ=
2 3
∫ cos θ dθ= 3
[2 sin α ]
−α

∴ x̄=
∫ x dA = r 3 2 sin α = 2 r sin α
∫ dA 3 r 2 α 3 α

In case of semi circle, α = 900

2 r sin α 2 1
x̄= = r
3 α 3 π
2
4r y
x̄= =0.424 r
3π
Centroid of quadrant of a circle: ds
2
1 r
dA= r . r dθ= .dθ
2 2 G
π r
2 π
r2 r2 π r2 π r2
A=∫ dA=∫ . dθ=¿ [ θ ] 2 = = ¿ dθ
0 2 2 2 ×2 4
¿0
π π
2 2 3 23 π θ 3 x
∫ x . dA=∫ 3 r .cos θ . 2 . dθ=¿ 3 ∫ cos θ dθ= 3 [ sin θ ] 2 = r3 ¿
2 r r r
0 0 x¿ 0= r cos θ

∴ x̄=
∫ x dA = r 3 1
=
4 r
∫ dA 3 2
πr 3 π
4
Centroid of a parabolic spandrel:
y
2
Equation of parabola y = kx
Area of element dA = y dx = kx2 dx y = k x2

[ ]
a 3 3
x a ka
Total area A =∫ kx dx=k
2
= h
0 3 0 3
y G
Moment of dA about y – axis
O x
x
Page 5 dx
a
A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET
 [ ]
a 4 4
x a ka
¿ ∫ x dA=∫ k x dx=k
3
=
0 4 0 4
Moment of dA about x – axis

( ) ( ) [ ]
a 2 a 2 4 2 5 2 5
∫ 2y dA=∫ kx
2
k x dx=∫
2 k x
2
dx =
k x a k a
=
2 5 0 10
0 0

x̄=
∫ x dA
=
ka
4
3
= a
∫ dA 4 × k a 43

ȳ=
∫ y dA = k 2 a5 = 3 k a2
∫ dA 10 × k a3 10
3
At x = a, y = h in the equation y = k x2
h 3 h 2
 h = k a2 ; k= 2;
ȳ= . 2 .a
a 10 a
3 3
ȳ= .h ; x̄= a
10 4
Centroid of the arc of a quadrant of a circle: y
Take an element length dL, dL = r dθ
x = r cos θ r dθ

x̄ =
∫ x dL
∫ dL x̄ G
π
2
dθ
∫ dL=∫ r d θ=r . π2 = πr2 ȳ
0

π π
2 2 θ
x
∫ x dL=∫ r cos θ .r dθ=r ∫ cos θ dθ=r 2 2
¿
x = r cos θ
0 0
r
x̄=
∫ x dL = r 2 = 2 r
∫ dL π r π
2
Centroids of composite areas:
Divide the figure into known standard figures and apply the same principle. Sum of moments of individual
areas about an axis is equal to the sum of the areas of the figure multiplied by its centroidal distance from that
axis.
(1) G1
(A1 + A2) ȳ = A1y1 + A2y2 ȳ
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A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET

G2
 A 1 y1 + A 2 y2
ȳ=
A1+ A2

Ex: Locate the centroid of T – section shown in figure. (Units are in mm)
Sol: Since there is symmetry about y axis, x̄ = 0 100
A B
To calculate ȳ from top, taking moments about AB,
(1) G1 20
A 1 y1 + A 2 y2
ȳ=
A1+ A2 20
( 100 ×20 ) 10+ (100 × 20 ) (20+50) G
ȳ= 100
( 100× 20 ) +(100× 20)
20000+140000 160 G2
ȳ= = =40 mm (2)
4000 4
ȳ = 40 mm from the top.
Ex: Locate the centroid of the following figure. y

Sol: A1 = 100 × 20 = 2000

A2 = 100 × 20 = 2000
y
A3 = 150 × 30 = 4500
50 50
y1 = 140, y2 = 80, y3 = 15
20 (1) G1
Since there is symmetry about y axis,x̄ = 0
Taking moments about the base 20
A 1 y 1 + A 2 y 2+ A 3 y 3
ȳ=
A1 + A2 +100A3 G2
( 2000 ×140 )+ ( 2000 ×80 ) +(4500 ×15) (2)
ȳ=
2000+2000+ 4500 G
2800+1600+ 675 5075 ȳ
ȳ= = =59.71mm
85 30 85 (3) G3
 x̄ = 0 x
75 75
ȳ = 59.71 mm from x – axis. y
2 2
x y
Ex:Determine the centroid of quadrant of ellipse 2
+ 2 =1
a b
Sol: Area of element dA = x. dy
y

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A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET

b dy
 2 2
x y
2
+ 2 =1
a b

x 2=a 2
[ b2 − y 2
b 2
a
]
∧x= √ b2 −a2
b
Let x = a cos θ, y = b sin θ
dy = b cos θ dθ
When y = 0, θ = 0
When y = b, θ = 900
To determine ȳ,

ȳ=
∫ y dA
∫ dA
π
b 2

∫ dA=∫ ab √ b2− y 2 dy=∫ ab ( √b 2−b2 sin2 θ ¿ )b cos θ dθ ¿

0 0

π π π
2 2 2 2
ab ab 1 π π ab
¿∫ ( √ 1−sin2 θ ¿ )b cos θ dθ=∫ co s 2 θ dθ=ab ∫ co s 2 θ dθ=ab . . = ¿
0 b 0 b 0 2 2 4
π
2

∫ y dA=∫ b sinθ ab (√ b2 −b2 sin2 θ ¿ )b cos θ dθ ¿

0

[ ]
2 π
cos3 θ
¿ ∫ a b 2 sin θ cos 2 θ dθ= a b2 . 2
0 3
0
2
ab
∫ y dA= 3

ȳ=
∫ y dA = ab2 = 4 b Similarly x̄ = 4 a
∫ dA 3 × π a b 3 π 3π
4
Ex: Find the C.G of a right circular cone of base radius ‘r’ and altitude height ‘h’.
Sol: dV = π x2. Dy y
x y
=
r h
h
2 2
r πr . y
∴ x= . y ∴ dV = 2
dy dy
h h
h 2
πr x
∫ dV =∫ h
2
2
. y dy h-y
0

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A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET

r r
 [ ]
2 3 2 3
πr y h πr h 1 2
∴ V =∫ dV = . = = πr h
h
2
3 ¿ 0 3 h2 3

ȳ=
∫ y dV
∫ dV

[ ]
h 2 h 2 2 4
∫ y dV =∫ y . πrh2 . y 2 dy=∫ πrh2 . y 3 dy = πrh 2 . y4 ¿h0= 14 π r 2 h2
0 0

∴ ȳ=
∫ y dA = π r 2 h2 = 3 h ¿top ∨ ȳ= 1 h ¿ bottom .
∫ dA 4 × 1 π r 2 h 4 4
y
3 x
Ex:Determine the centroid of a hemi sphere whose radius is ‘r’.
Sol: take an element strip of thickness ‘dy’ and radius ‘x’ at a
distance ‘y’ from x – axis.
Volume of strip dV = π x2 .dy x
x2 + y2 = r2 r r
2 2 2
x =r –y
dV = π (r2 – y2) dy

[ ]
r 3
y r
∫ dV =∫ π ( r 2 – y 2 ) dy=π r y−
2
3 ¿0
0

[ ]
3
r 2 3
V =∫ dV =π r −
3
= πr x
3 3
r r

∫ y dV =∫ π ( r 2
– y ) y dy=π ∫ ( r y – y ) dy
2 2 3
dy
0 0

[ ]πr r
[ ]
2 2
r y y r
4 4
r r
4 4 y
∫ y dV =π 2
−
4 ¿0
=π − =
2 4 4

∴ ȳ=
∫ y dV
=
πr
4
3
= r ¿ base
r r
∫ dV 4 × 2 π r 3 8
3
Ex: Locate the centroid C of the shaded area obtained by cutting a semi circle of dia ‘a’ from the quadrant of a
circle of radius ‘a’ as shown. y

Sol: Let A1 – area of quadrant of circle&A2 – area of semi circle

A 1 x 1− A 2 x 2 A1 y 1− A2 y 2
x̄= ∧ ȳ=
A1− A 2 A 1− A2
2 2
πa πa
A 1= ; A 2=
4 8 a
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A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET a
2

x
 2
πa
A 1− A 2=
8
4a a 4a 2a
x 1= ; x 2= ∧ y 1= ; y2=
3π 2 3π 3π
2 2
π a 4a π a a
. − .
4 3π 8 2 8a a
x̄= 2
= − =0.349 a
πa 3π 2
8
π a2 4 a π a 2 2 a y
. − .
4 3π 8 3 π 8a 2a 150
ȳ= = − =0.636 a
π a2 3π 3 π
8 (1) 20
Ex: find the centroid of Z – section shown.(All units are in mm)
Sol: A1 = 150 × 20 = 3000A2 = 460 × 20 = 9200
A3 = 300 × 20 = 6000
x1 = 75 – 20 = 55 y1 = 490 460
x2 = 10 y2 = 250 (2)

x3 = 150 y3 = 10
−( 3000× 55 ) + ( 9200 ×10 )+ ( 6000× 150 )
∴ x̄= 20
3000+9200+ 6000
827000
x̄= =45.44 mm
18200 (3) 20 x
O
300
( 3000 × 490 ) + ( 9200 ×250 )+ ( 6000× 10 ) 3830000
∴ ȳ= ; ȳ= =210.44 mm
3000+9200+6000 18200

y
Theorems of pappus and guldinus:
L
These theorems are useful to determine the surface area or the dL
B
volume generated by revolving respectively a plane curve or a plane
A
area about a non intersecting axis lying in its plane. y
First theorem:It states that the surface area is the product of the
x
length of the generating curve multiplied by the distance travelled O
by its centroid.
Let AB – curve of length L
Let this curves is resolved about ox through an angle 2π rad.
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A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET
The differential length dL sweeps through the distance 2πy thereby generating a hoop whose surface area is
2πy dL.
Thus total area of all such loops
A=∫ 2 π y dL=2 π ∫ y dL=2 π ȳ L

But ȳ=
∫ y dL =∫ y dL
∫ dL L

∴∫ y dL= ȳ . L
Where L – length of the curve and
2 π ȳ - distance travelled by centroid of the curve
Second theorem: It states that the volume is the product of the figure multiplied by the length of the path
described by the centroid of the area.
Let A – total area to be rotated about x-x axis throughan angle 2π radians

The differential area dA sweeps through the distance 2 π y and generates

a ring whose volume is 2 π y dA.

∫ y dA = ∫ y dA , y dA= ȳ . A
But ȳ= ∫
∫ dA A

Total volume generated =

∫ 2 π y dA=2 π ∫ y dA=2 π A ȳ= A 2 πȳ
Where A - area of figure
2π ȳ - distance travelled by the centroid of area’A’

Ex.: Using pappus and Guldinus Theorem , determine the volume of right circular cone the volume generated
by rotating the triangle about x-x axis with 2π radians. y

Sol: Volume = Area x distance travelled by C.G for 2 π

G r
ȳ =r/3
x

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A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET
Ex.: Determine the surface area of right circular cone generated
by rotating a line about y- axis.

Sol:
15 cm
300 G
x
Surface Area = 2π ȳ. L

Ex.: Semicircle is rotated about its diameter to generate a sphere .Calculate the volume of sphere
4r
y
3
Sol: ; ; Angle of revolution =2π

MOMENT OF INERTIA:
Introduction:
In earlier units it is already discussed that the moment of a force (P) about a point, is the product of the force
and perpendicular distance (x) between the point and the line of action of the force (i.e. P.x).This moment is
also called first moment of force. If this moment is again multiplied by the perpendicular distance ( x) between
the point and the line of action of the force i.e. P.x (x) = Px2, then this quantity is called moment of the moment
of a force or second moment of force or moment of inertia (briefly written as M.I.). Sometimes, instead of force,
area or mass of a figure or body is taken into consideration. Then the second moment is known as second
moment of area or second moment of mass. But all such second moments are broadly termed as moment of
inertia. In this chapter, the moment of inertia of plane areas are only discussed.
M.I for the plane areas:
Inertia: The property of the matter by virtue of which it resists any change in its state of rest or uniform motion
is called as inertia
Transilatory motion is identified as mass.

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A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET
Rotational inertia is termed as moment of inertia.
Moment of inertia of any area about any axis is defined as the second moment of area about that axis it’s
denoted by I.
Let dA be the area of any element situated at a distanceof x and y from the axis as shown.
Moment of inertia of A with respect to x and y axis

y A
x
dA
Where Moment of inertia of A with respect to x axis
r
Moment of inertia of A with respect to y axis
y
But x
Integrating and multiplying with dA

Polar moment of inertia

It is also known as perpendicular axis theorem. Thus, the perpendicular axis theorem states that the moment of
inertia of an area with respect to an axis perpendicular to x-y plane and passing through origin will be equal to
the sum of moments of inertia of same area about x-x and y-y axis. It is termed as the polar moment of inertia.
Moment of inertia of a rectangular section:
Consider a rectangular section ABCD as shown in Fig.01. whose moment of inertia is required to be found out.
Let b = Width of the section and
d = Depth of the section. d dy
Now consider a elemental strip of thickness dy parallel  y
x2 x
to X-X axis and located at a distance y from reference d
axis x-x as shown in the figure
d
∴ Area of the strip = b.dy 
We know that moment of inertia of the strip about X-X axis,
2
= Area × y2 = (b. dy) y2 = b. y2. dy b
Now *moment of inertia of the whole section may be found out by integrating the above equation for the whole

length of the lamina i.e. from – to ,

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A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET
Similarly
Parallel axis theorem:
Moment of inertia of plane area with respect any axis in its plane ‘S’ equals to moment of inertia with respect to
a parallel centroidal axis plus the product of total area and the square of distance between these two parallel
axes

y Total area ‘A’

Y

x x
G

Moment of inertia of rectangular lamina about axis A-B y

X
; ; A=bd

d/2
= = = =
x x
G
Moment of inertia of a triangular section: d/2

A B

By the property of similar triangular, we have

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A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET
 =

h-y
Area of elemental strip = =
From the basic principle of M.I
h dy
x
= x x
G y
Integrate with respect to 0 to h
A B
b

Applying the parallel axis theorem

;
Moment of Inertia of Circle:
Consider elemental thin circular ring of width dr and radius r as shown in figure.

Area of ring

y
From the basic principles polar M.I
dr

r
x x

Integrate from 0 to R

R y R
,
D
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A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET
Since circle is symmetric about x-x and y-y axis, we have

By perpendicular axis theorem, we have

; and

y
M.I of semicircle about diameter:
C
Axis of base coincide with centroidal axis of a circle

G ȳ
Similarly
A O B
R R
y

By parallel axis theorem

Here ; ;

[ M.I about parallel centroidal axis to diameteral axis ]

Y
M.I of quarter circle about its base: y
C
is about an axis of a circle

R G
Similarly x x

A X
y B
Page 16 R
A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET
By parallel axis theorem

Here ; ;

=
M.I of composite Sections:
Beams and columns having composie sections are commonly used as structural elements. A composites area
consists of connected similar parts or shapes, such as rectangular, triangle, circle, semicircle and quarter circles.
By knowing the M.I of the each section, the M.I of composite area is calculated. The moment of inertia of the
composite area about an axis equals the algebraic sum of the moments of inertia of all its parts about same axis.
Procedure of M.I of composite section:
 Divide the given composite section into number of simple standard areas such as triangle, circle, semicircle
and quarter circles
 Determine the moment of inertia of each part about its centroidal axis
 Calculate moment of inertia of each part about given axis, then algebraic sum of moment of inertia of each
part about given axis gives M.I of composite section about that axis.
 If composite section consists may removed areas,then the moment of inertia of removed area should be
subtracted from the M.I of composite section.
Ex:Find the M.I of following T-Section about centroidal horizontal and vertical axes

150
150
1 10
1 10

x x
10 140
10 140
2
2

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A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET
Sol: Centroid of composite section

because section is symmetric about y-axisq

For Area:1

Moment of inertia of area -01 about its own centroidal axis is =

Moment of inertia of area-01 about centraoidal axis of composite section,

By uing parallel axis theorem By parallel axis theorem :

For Area-02:

Moment of inertia of area -01 about its own centroidal axis is =

Moment of inertia of area-01 about centraoidal axis of composite section,

By uing parallel axis theorem by parallel axis theorem :

Moment of inertia about x-x axis:

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A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET
Similarly M.I of composite section about centroidal y-y axis:

Ex:Find the M.I of following I-Section about centroidal horizontal and vertical axes.All dimension are in
centimetre. 10
Sol: 1 2
2

2 10
Centroid of I-Section:

3 2
=
Area-01 20

M.I of area-01 about its own centroidal axis: =

M.I of area-01 about centroidal axis x-x of I –Section: =1131.67

M.I of area-02 about centroidal axis x-x of I –Section: =211.67

M.I of area-01 about centroidal axis x-x of I –Section: =823.33

M.I of I-Section about centroidal horizontal axis x-x is:

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A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET
M.I of I-Section about centroidal horizontal axis x-x is :

Ex:Find the M.I of following Section about x-x axis. All dimensions are in centimetre
Sol:
x-x axis is common axis for base of semicircle(1),base of triangle(2) and centre of circle(3)

; ; 4

1.0
x x

2 2 Area A
Radius of gyration:

It is mathematical term defined by the relation C.G

A - Area of the figure (cross sectional area)
I - Moment of inertia
K - Radius of gyration

Radius of gyration about x-axis A B

Area A

Radius of gyration about y-axis

Radius of gyration about AB-axis

Radius of gyration can also be considered as the
distance at which the total area is distributed in form A= bd I AB  Ak 2 AB
of strip of negligible width as shown in figure, such
that there is no change in moment of inertia. A B

A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET

Page 20 I AB  Ak 2 AB
A B
Ex:
b

A B

; Radius of gyration about AB-axis

Ex: Radius of gyration of a triangle about its centroidal axis

A= ; =
h
x x
=
h/3

Ex:03 Determine the radius of gyration of circular disc whose diameter is ‘d’.

x x
; A=

Page 21
A.RADHA KRISHNA, HOD, Dept. of Mech., MIET