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INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence(AI) is that branch of computer science that creates intelligent machines that
think and act like humans. It is one of the revolutionizing technologies that people are fascinated
by because of its ability to relate to their daily lives. AI enables machines to think, learn and
adapt, to enhance and automate tasks across industries.
Artificial Intelligence has many subsets that focus on different aspects of mimicking human
beings. Machine learning is one of the popular subsets, whereas the others included are Deep
Learning, Natural Language Processing, and Robotics.
Difference between AI and traditional programming systems.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the study of how computers can solve problems by imitating human
intelligence. This involves tasks such as learning, reasoning, and natural communication. In
contrast, traditional software is a program that runs on your computer. It can be installed from a
CD or downloaded online.
Learning and Adaptation:

 Regular Computing: Traditional computing operates on fixed instructions. The

programme executes a predefined set of commands without the ability to adapt or learn
from new information.
 AI - particularly machine learning - excels in learning from data. Algorithms iteratively
improve their performance, making predictions or decisions based on patterns identified
in massive datasets.

Flexibility and Problem Solving:

 Regular Computing: Traditional systems are proficient at solving specific problems for
which they are programmed. Their utility extends to a wide array of applications but
remains confined to predefined tasks.
 AI – AI thrives in dynamic environments, adapting to unforeseen challenges. The ability
to generalise knowledge allows AI systems to tackle diverse problem sets, often
outperforming traditional computing in complex, ambiguous scenarios.

Decision-Making:

 Regular Computing: Decisions in traditional computing are deterministic, following

predefined rules without the inherent capacity for nuance or context awareness.
 AI: Decision-making in AI involves probabilistic reasoning. Machine learning models
evaluate probabilities based on patterns in data, providing a nuanced approach to
decision-making that can be more akin to human cognition.

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Human-Like Capabilities:

 Regular Computing: Traditional systems lack the capacity for human-like reasoning,
learning, or understanding. They can be powerful tools but don’t attempt to emulate
cognitive functions.
 AI: Artificial intelligence aims to replicate and augment human cognitive abilities. Natural
language processing, image recognition, and even creativity (especially generative AI
applications such as MidJourney, DALL-E, Adobe Firefly) are within the realm of AI
applications.

History of Artificial Intelligence Development

The beginnings of AI: 1950s

In the 1950s, computing machines essentially functioned as large-scale calculators. In fact, when
organizations like NASA needed the answer to specific calculations, like the trajectory of a rocket
launch, they more regularly turned to human “computers” or teams of women tasked with solving
those complex equations

Long before computing machines became the modern devices they are today, a mathematician
and computer scientist envisioned the possibility of artificial intelligence. This is where AI's origins
really begin.

Alan Turing

At a time when computing power was still largely reliant on human brains, the British
mathematician Alan Turing imagined a machine capable of advancing far past its original
programming. To Turing, a computing machine would initially be coded to work according to that
program but could expand beyond its original functions.

At the time, Turing lacked the technology to prove his theory because computing machines had
not advanced to that point, but he’s credited with conceptualizing artificial intelligence before it
came to be called that. He also developed a means for assessing whether a machine thinks on
par with a human, which he called “the imitation game” but is now more popularly called “the
Turing test.”

Dartmouth conference

Dartmouth College mathematics professor John McCarthy invited a small group of researchers
from various disciplines to participate in a summer-long workshop focused on investigating the
possibility of “thinking machines.”

John McCarthy

McCarthy conceived of the term that would come to define the practice of human-like machines.
In outlining the purpose of the workshop that summer, he described it using the term it would
forever be known as, “artificial intelligence.”

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1960s-1970s

The early excitement that came out of the Dartmouth Conference grew over the next two
decades, with early signs of progress coming in the form of a realistic chatbot and other
inventions.

ELIZA

Created by the MIT computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum in 1966, ELIZA is widely considered
the first chatbot and was intended to simulate therapy by repurposing the answers users gave
into questions that prompted further conversation—also known as the Rogerian argument.

Weizenbaum believed that rather rudimentary back-and-forth would prove the simplistic state of
machine intelligence. Instead, many users came to believe they were talking to a human
professional. In a research paper, Weizenbaum explained, “Some subjects have been very hard
to convince that ELIZA…is not human.”

Shakey the Robot

Between 1966 and 1972, the Artificial Intelligence Center at the Stanford Research Initiative
developed Shakey the Robot, a mobile robot system equipped with sensors and a TV camera,
which it used to navigate different environments. The objective in creating Shakey was “to
develop concepts and techniques in artificial intelligence [that enabled] an automaton to function
independently in realistic environments,” according to a paper SRI later published.

While Shakey’s abilities were rather crude compared to today’s developments, the robot helped
advance elements in AI, including “visual analysis, route finding, and object manipulation”.

American Association of Artificial Intelligence founded

The American Association of Artificial Intelligence was formed in the 1980s to fill that gap. The
organization focused on establishing a journal in the field, holding workshops, and planning an
annual conference. The society has evolved into the Association for the Advancement of Artificial
Intelligence (AAAI) and is “dedicated to advancing the scientific understanding of the
mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines” .

1980s-1990s

The AI winter that began in the 1970s continued throughout much of the following two decades,
despite a brief resurgence in the early 1980s. It wasn’t until the progress of the late 1990s that
the field gained more R&D funding to make substantial leaps forward.

First driverless car

Ernst Dickmanns, a scientist working in Germany, invented the first self-driving car in 1986.
Technically a Mercedes van that had been outfitted with a computer system and sensors to read
the environment, the vehicle could only drive on roads without other cars and passengers.

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Deep Blue

In 1996, IBM had its computer system Deep Blue—a chess-playing computer program—
compete against then-world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a six-game match-up. At the
time, Deep Blue won only one of the six games, but the following year, it won the rematch. In
fact, it took only 19 moves to win the final game.

Deep Blue didn’t have the functionality of today’s generative AI, but it could process information
at a rate far faster than the human brain. In one second, it could review 200 million potential
chess moves.

2000-2019

With renewed interest in AI, the field experienced significant growth beginning in 2000.

Kismet

You can trace the research for Kismet, a “social robot” capable of identifying and simulating
human emotions, back to 1997, but the project came to fruition in 2000. Created in MIT’s Artificial
Intelligence Laboratory and helmed by Dr. Cynthia Breazeal, Kismet contained sensors, a
microphone, and programming that outlined “human emotion processes.” All of this helped the
robot read and mimic a range of feelings.

Nasa Rovers

Mars was orbiting much closer to Earth in 2004, so NASA took advantage of that navigable
distance by sending two rovers—named Spirit and Opportunity—to the red planet. Both were
equipped with AI that helped them traverse Mars’ difficult, rocky terrain, and make decisions in
real-time rather than rely on human assistance to do so.

IBM Watson

Many years after IBM’s Deep Blue program successfully beat the world chess champion, the
company created another competitive computer system in 2011 that would go on to play the hit
US quiz show Jeopardy. In the lead-up to its debut, Watson DeepQA was fed data from
encyclopedias and across the internet.

Watson was designed to receive natural language questions and respond accordingly, which it
used to beat two of the show’s most formidable all-time champions, Ken Jennings and Brad
Rutter.

Siri and Alexa

During a presentation about its iPhone product in 2011, Apple showcased a new feature: a virtual
assistant named Siri. Three years later, Amazon released its proprietary virtual assistant named
Alexa. Both had natural language processing capabilities that could understand a spoken
question and respond with an answer.

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Yet, they still contained limitations. Known as “command-and-control systems,” Siri and Alexa
are programmed to understand a lengthy list of questions but cannot answer anything that falls
outside their purview.

2020-present

The AI surge in recent years has largely come about thanks to developments in generative AI
——or the ability for AI to generate text, images, and videos in response to text prompts. Unlike
past systems that were coded to respond to a set inquiry, generative AI continues to learn from
materials (documents, photos, and more) from across the internet.

OpenAI and GPT-3

The AI research company OpenAI built a generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) that became
the architectural foundation for its early language models GPT-1 and GPT-2, which were trained
on billions of inputs. Even with that amount of learning, their ability to generate distinctive text
responses was limited.
Instead, it was the large language model (LLM) GPT-3 that created a growing buzz when it was
released in 2020 and signaled a major development in AI. GPT-3 was trained on 175 billion
parameters, which far exceeded the 1.5 billion parameters GPT-2 had been trained on.

Types of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence can be broadly classified into several types based on capabilities,
functionalities, and technologies. Here's an overview of the different types of AI:

Based on Capabilities

Narrow AI (Weak AI)

This type of AI is designed to perform a narrow task (e.g., facial recognition, internet searches,
or driving a car). Most current AI systems, including those that can play complex games like
chess and Go, fall under this category. They operate under a limited pre-defined range or set of
contexts.

General AI (Strong AI)

A type of AI endowed with broad human-like cognitive capabilities, enabling it to tackle new and
unfamiliar tasks autonomously. Such a robust AI framework possesses the capacity to discern,
assimilate, and utilize its intelligence to resolve any challenge without needing human guidance.

Superintelligent AI

This represents a future form of AI where machines could surpass human intelligence across all
fields, including creativity, general wisdom, and problem-solving. Superintelligence is
speculative and not yet realized.

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Based on Functionalities

Reactive Machines

These AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions. They analyze
and respond to different situations. IBM's Deep Blue, which beat Garry Kasparov at chess, is an
example.

Limited Memory

These AI systems can make informed and improved decisions by studying the past data they
have collected. Most present-day AI applications, from chatbots and virtual assistants to self-
driving cars, fall into this category.

Theory of Mind

This is a more advanced type of AI that researchers are still working on. It would entail
understanding and remembering emotions, beliefs, needs, and depending on those, making
decisions. This type requires the machine to understand humans truly.

Based on Technologies

Machine Learning (ML)

AI systems capable of self-improvement through experience, without direct programming. They

concentrate on creating software that can independently learn by accessing and utilizing data.

Deep Learning

A subset of ML involving many layers of neural networks. It is used for learning from large
amounts of data and is the technology behind voice control in consumer devices, image
recognition, and many other applications.

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

This AI technology enables machines to understand and interpret human language. It's used
in chatbots, translation services, and sentiment analysis applications.

Robotics

This field involves designing, constructing, operating, and using robots and computer systems
for controlling them, sensory feedback, and information processing.

Computer Vision

This technology allows machines to interpret the world visually, and it's used in various
applications such as medical image analysis, surveillance, and manufacturing.

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Expert Systems

These AI systems answer questions and solve problems in a specific domain of expertise using
rule-based systems.

Importance of Artificial Intelligence today

Artificial Intelligence has the potential to transform various fields and revolutionize several
industries, including healthcare, transportation, finance, education, marketing and
entertainment.

To understand its importance, let us have a look at some of the key benefits of AI -

Improves Efficiency and Productivity:

One of the most significant benefits of artificial intelligence is that it can help improve efficiency
and productivity in various industries. For example, in manufacturing, AI-powered robots can
perform tasks that are repetitive and time-consuming, freeing up human workers to focus on
more complex tasks. Similarly, in the healthcare industry, AI can help improve patient outcomes
by streamlining administrative tasks and allowing medical professionals to focus on providing
personalized care to their patients.

Personalized Recommendations:

Another key benefit of AI technology is that it can provide personalized recommendations to

users. This is particularly important in industries such as e-commerce, digital marketing, and
entertainment, where personalized recommendations can help increase customer engagement
and loyalty to a great extent. For example, online retailers such as Amazon and Netflix use AI
algorithms to recommend products and content to their users based on their browsing and
viewing history. This plays an important role in nurturing qualified leads and boosting
conversions.

Predictive Analytics:

Thereafter, AI can also help businesses make better decisions through predictive analytics. By
analyzing large amounts of data, AI algorithms can identify patterns and trends that humans
may miss, providing businesses with insights that can help them make more informed decisions.
According to a survey by PwC, 63% of business executives believe that AI will have a significant
impact on their industry. For example, predictive analytics can be used in finance to identify
potential risks and opportunities in the stock market, allowing investors to make smarter and
safer investment decisions.

Enhanced Safety and Security:

Finally, artificial intelligence also plays a key role in improving safety and security. For example,
AI-powered facial recognition technology is being used in various public spaces and private
organizations alike to identify potential security threats and prevent unauthorized access.
Similarly, AI-powered drones can be used to monitor and respond to natural disasters, providing
valuable data for emergency care and saving lives.

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Contributions to daily life

AI (Artificial Intelligence) has become an integral part of daily life, influencing numerous aspects
of how we work, live, and interact with the world around us.

Here are some key contributions of AI to daily life:

Voice Assistants

Digital assistants like Siri, Google Home, and Alexa use AI-backed Voice User Interfaces (VUI)
to process and decipher voice commands. AI gives these applications the freedom to not solely
rely on voice commands but also leverage vast databases on cloud storage platforms. These
applications can then parse thousands of lines of data per second to complete tasks and bring
back tailored search engine results.

There is a sweeping change in consumer awareness and an increase in comfort levels with this
technology. Voice assistant interfaces are rapidly advancing, especially finding use in
healthcare to identify certain diseases through vocal biomarkers. Voice-based chatbots are also
being integrated into telehealth applications for triage and screening.

Chatbots

We've all interacted with numerous chatbots online. What might surprise you is that many of
these bots, if not all, are practical examples of AI in action. These bots have evolved beyond
simple rule-based systems to sophisticated conversational agents, and a noteworthy example
is ChatGPT, developed by OpenAI.

Smart Input Keyboards

The latest versions of mobile keyboard apps combine the provisions of autocorrection and
language detection to provide a user-friendly experience.

With the help of AI, these apps can efficiently correct mistakes, help switch between languages,
and predict the next word in a non-intrusive manner. Utilizing the principle of the "random forest"
machine learning algorithm, AI programmers are teaching these apps to understand the context
of the message being typed and make accurate predictions.

Navigation and Travel

The work of AI programmers behind navigation apps like Google Maps and Waze never ends.
Yottabytes of geographical data which is updated every second can only be effectively cross-
checked by ML algorithms unleashed on satellite images.

Recently, researchers at MIT developed a navigation model that tags road features in digital
maps, all in real-time. These digital maps are also created simultaneously based on satellite
imagery incorporating information about cycling lanes and parking spots.

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Imaging algorithms built on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Graph Neural Networks
(GNN) have simplified regular updates in routes. AI also helps ascertain routes on satellite
images covered by natural overgrowth with the help of predictive models.

Self-driving Vehicles

The technology of Autonomous Vehicle AI is witnessing large-scale innovation driven by global

corporate interest. AI is making innovations beyond cruise-control and blind-spot detection to
include fully autonomous capabilities.

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), a subset of machine learning, is being applied to teach
vehicles to operate independently. Path planning in the face of static and dynamic obstacles is
being made possible through various predictive AI models.

Predicting accurately when neighboring vehicles will swerve and other such unforeseen events
are being taken into account. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is the technology
that makes this possible with real-time orientation to surroundings via sensors.

Facial Recognition Technologies

The most popular application of this technology is in the Face ID unlock feature in most of the
flagship smartphone models today. The biggest challenge faced by this technology is
widespread concern around the racial and gender bias of its use in forensics.

Weather Prediction

The accuracy of weather prediction owes much to artificial intelligence. Meteorological models
powered by AI analyze vast amounts of historical and real-time weather data, including
temperature, humidity, wind patterns, and atmospheric pressure. These models can predict
weather conditions more accurately and offer more precise forecasts. Machine learning
algorithms can adapt to changing patterns, enhancing the reliability of weather predictions and
providing valuable information for planning daily activities or making informed decisions during
severe weather events.

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