a)(8 b)

G(l)h(r) (s
+ +
=

*
(s C)(1 d)
+
+

(OL2)
(8 a)(1 + b)
+ 0
= >
Open Loop Zeros

1s + c) (e d) +
0
= open Loop
poles (OLP)

* G(r) =
(s a)(s b)
+ +

1 G(r)n(n)
+

(8 x(8 d) (s c)(1 b)
+
+
+
+
+

(8 + al(1 + 3) 0
= > Close Zelos
Loop (CLZ)
(8 2(8
+
+d) (s a)(1 + b) 0>
+
+
=

Close Loop poles CLP

1 G(n)h(e) (s c(s d) (s a)(1 b)
* +
=

+ +
+
+ +

(s c)(1 a)
+
+

(s c(s d) 1 a)(8 + b)
+ +
+
+ < Close Loop Poles (CLP)

(8 +()(s d) + >
Open Loop Poles (OLP)

Encirclement oforigin (0,0)

* in
jw
contour G(r)H(r) plane
↓
cw s-plane
x ↓ ->
No. of encirclement oforigin
M V
Difference
=

between no. of
⑧
x L RUS poles and RASz00s
L
X L
ofGx)H(r)
L
 3
(1) CW En-tVe, ACWEn+-ve
CW

N z
= -
P contons

(2) CW En--Ve, ACWIn-+ve

N P = - z

jw ACW In ve
(1) (WEn-+Ve
- -

contour
<
ACW v < s-plane N P =
- z

v ↓

W N (2) CW En--ve ACWIn-tre

v

⑧
-
v
N z
=
-

P
7
v

7
V
7
* Encirclement of (-1,0) in airinin) plane
Difference
=
of RUS poles and RAS zeros

of1 h(l)n(r) +

(1) CW Contour

-> Encirclement of ( -1,0)

(1) CW En-tVe, ACWEn+-ve

OLP
p+ RNSCLP-RHS
+
=
N z
= -

(2) (W En--Ve, ACWIn-+ve

pT zRHS RASCLP
=

OLP
N
-
= -
(1) ACW Contour

-> Encirclement of ( -1,0)

ACW In ve
(1) (WEn-+Ve
- -

N p =
+
- RHS
=

z OLP-RUSCLP

(2) CW En--ve ACWIn-tre

p RnSCLP-RUS0L4
=

N 2
=
-
 2021
GATE ECE
En of(0,0)

I
1
(1) Y 2,2
= =

N 1 2 1
P z
=
= - -
=
-

N 2,2 = 1 CW
(2)
=
=

contou
2+N 1
2 1
P
-
-
= =

7
1
(1) N 2,z
= =

N +2 3
P 2
=
+ =
=

A CW
1

1
(9) N= 2,z contous
=
-

N 1 =
( 2) 3 =

P
-

z
-
= -

In of ( 1,0)
-

N p -z
+
+

=
=
0

+
p z3
=

#
 close

-
xl(n(s) Encirclement of
I al
+

origin Difference
=

ofRMS poles and zeros

ac,n(e) plane
of G(1)

-an 1 4(1)n(1)
+

(1) (W Conton, CWIn-tve

N z
= -
p

2 1 = -

p
xl(n(s) P =
- 1X

(2) ACW contour, ACWFn->+ve

N 2
= -
P
-
2 1 = - P

X P =

1 +2 3 = v
 Encirclement of
1 a(s)n(1)
origin Difference
+

94
=

1 +

ofRMS poles and zeros

1 h(s)n(s)
+ plane
Of1 G(1)h(r)
+

If an (1) CW Contour, CWIn->+re

P
N z -
=

2 2
=
- 1

z 2 1 =3=
+ v

pole (2) ACW contour, ACWIn-+ve

N z
= -
P

-
2 2 =
- 1

z = -
2 +
1 = -

1X