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Solution Manual for Economic Development, 11/E 11th
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 • ISBN-13 : 978-0131877153
Table contents:
I. GETTING STARTED.
1. Aspects of Multivariate Analysis.
o Applications of Multivariate Techniques. The Organization of Data.
Data Displays and Pictorial Representations. Distance. Final
Comments.
2. Matrix Algebra and Random Vectors.
o Some Basics of Matrix and Vector Algebra. Positive Definite Matrices.
A Square-Root Matrix. Random Vectors and Matrices. Mean Vectors
and Covariance Matrices. Matrix Inequalities and Maximization.
Supplement 2A Vectors and Matrices: Basic Concepts.
3. Sample Geometry and Random Sampling.
o The Geometry of the Sample. Random Samples and the Expected
Values of the Sample Mean and Covariance Matrix. Generalized
Variance. Sample Mean, Covariance, and Correlation as Matrix
Operations. Sample Values of Linear Combinations of Variables.
4. The Multivariate Normal Distribution.
o The Multivariate Normal Density and Its Properties. Sampling from a
Multivariate Normal Distribution and Maximum Likelihood
Estimation. The Sampling Distribution of `X and S. Large-Sample
Behavior of `X and S. Assessing the Assumption of Normality.
Detecting Outliners and Data Cleaning. Transformations to Near
Normality.
II. INFERENCES ABOUT MULTIVARIATE MEANS AND LINEAR MODELS.
5. Inferences About a Mean Vector.
o The Plausibility of …m0 as a Value for a Normal Population Mean.
Hotelling's T 2 and Likelihood Ratio Tests. Confidence Regions and
Simultaneous Comparisons of Component Means. Large Sample
Inferences about a Population Mean Vector. Multivariate Quality
 Control Charts. Inferences about Mean Vectors When Some
Observations Are Missing. Difficulties Due To Time Dependence in
Multivariate Observations. Supplement 5A Simultaneous Confidence
Intervals and Ellipses as Shadows of the p-Dimensional Ellipsoids.
6. Comparisons of Several Multivariate Means.
o Paired Comparisons and a Repeated Measures Design. Comparing
Mean Vectors from Two Populations. Comparison of Several
Multivariate Population Means (One-Way MANOVA). Simultaneous
Confidence Intervals for Treatment Effects. Two-Way Multivariate
Analysis of Variance. Profile Analysis. Repealed Measures, Designs,
and Growth Curves. Perspectives and a Strategy for Analyzing
Multivariate Models.
7. Multivariate Linear Regression Models.
o The Classical Linear Regression Model. Least Squares Estimation.
Inferences About the Regression Model. Inferences from the
Estimated Regression Function. Model Checking and Other Aspects of
Regression. Multivariate Multiple Regression. The Concept of Linear
Regression. Comparing the Two Formulations of the Regression
Model. Multiple Regression Models with Time Dependant Errors.
Supplement 7A The Distribution of the Likelihood Ratio for the
Multivariate Regression Model.
III. ANALYSIS OF A COVARIANCE STRUCTURE.
8. Principal Components.
o Population Principal Components. Summarizing Sample Variation by
Principal Components. Graphing the Principal Components. Large-
Sample Inferences. Monitoring Quality with Principal Components.
Supplement 8A The Geometry of the Sample Principal Component
Approximation.
9. Factor Analysis and Inference for Structured Covariance Matrices.
o The Orthogonal Factor Model. Methods of Estimation. Factor
Rotation. Factor Scores. Perspectives and a Strategy for Factor
 Analysis. Structural Equation Models. Supplement 9A Some
Computational Details for Maximum Likelihood Estimation.
10.Canonical Correlation Analysis
o Canonical Variates and Canonical Correlations. Interpreting the
Population Canonical Variables. The Sample Canonical Variates and
Sample Canonical Correlations. Additional Sample Descriptive
Measures. Large Sample Inferences.
IV. CLASSIFICATION AND GROUPING TECHNIQUES.
11.Discrimination and Classification.
o Separation and Classification for Two Populations. Classifications
with Two Multivariate Normal Populations. Evaluating Classification
Functions. Fisher's Discriminant Function…ñSeparation of
Populations. Classification with Several Populations. Fisher's Method
for Discriminating among Several Populations. Final Comments.
12.Clustering, Distance Methods and Ordination.
o Similarity Measures. Hierarchical Clustering Methods.
Nonhierarchical Clustering Methods. Multidimensional Scaling.
Correspondence Analysis. Biplots for Viewing Sample Units and
Variables. Procustes Analysis: A Method for Comparing
Configurations.
Appendix.
• Standard Normal Probabilities. Student's t-Distribution Percentage Points.
…c2 Distribution Percentage Points. F-Distribution Percentage Points. F-
Distribution Percentage Points (…a = .10). F-Distribution Percentage Points
(…a = .05). F-Distribution Percentage Points (…a = .01).
Data Index.
Subject Index.
Other documents randomly have
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 PLATE LXI.

“BANK” WITH “TWIST,” CUSHION-“MASSÉ” AND “DRAW”-CUSHION

STROKES.

Illustrating caroms from difficult “breaks,” which produce excellent

positions.
Diagram 1.—Cue-ball ⅝ right, ¼ above, cushion first at a; object-
ball ⅞ left from a. Cue-ball cushions again at b, effecting
carom on ball 2; stroke, “medium.” This stroke combines a very
heavy twist with follow tendency, and, in order that the two
forces may be effective, the object-ball must be struck exactly
⅞ left, as calculated from point a.
Diagram 2.—A massé. Cue-ball ½ left of perpendicular centre, ⅛
1
forward in direction of object-ball, object-ball 16 right. Line of
sight being along dotted line b to a. Cue-ball cushions at a,
effecting carom on ball 2 by a treble curved line.
Diagram 3.—Cue-ball ⅝ below, ½ right, object-ball full; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at a, effecting carom on ball 2.
Object-ball cushions at b, c, d, resting at e.
 PLATE LXII.

INTRICATE CAROM.

Illustrating a stroke which appears at first sight to be a “bank,” but,

from position of balls, a cushion hit before a ball will fail to effect
carom.
Cue-ball ⅝ right, ⅝ below, object-ball ⅛ left; stroke, “medium.”
As the object-ball lies from the cushion—a space ⅛ of a ball,
less than the width of a 2⅜ ball—it is impossible for the cue-
ball to pass behind it, as it would have to do in order to contact
with the cushion first; as it is, the contact with cushion and
object-ball is at the same instant. The cue-ball really takes two
cushions, but it is so instantaneous as to be imperceptible.
 PLATE LXIII.

ACUTE AND “SPREAD”-DRAW.

Illustrating effective gathering strokes from a “wide spread” and

direct draw.
Diagram 1.—Cue-ball ⅝ below, object-ball ⅞ left; stroke, ½ in
excess of “medium.” Cue-ball effects carom on ball 2. Object-
ball cushions at a, b, resting at c.
31
Diagram 2.—Cue-ball ⅝ below, object-ball 32
right; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball, by an acute draw, effects carom on ball 2.
Object-ball cushions at d, g, e, resting at f.
Positions similar to Diagram 1 frequently occur during play,
consequently the pupil should know the gathering angle to cushions
a, b, for any object-ball which may rest at any part of the table within
space between the spot at h and side cushion at ball 1; the cue-ball at
all times played from behind the object-ball as shown.
 PLATE LXIIIA.

SLOW “FOLLOW” CUSHION “TWIST” AND DRAW TWIST.

Illustrating the “slowed follow,” while “driving” the object-ball

around table; also an acute draw two-cushion stroke.
Diagram 1.—Cue-ball ⅝ below, ⅝ right, object-ball ⅞ right;
stroke, ¾ in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at a, b,
effecting carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at c, d, e, resting
at f.
Diagram 2.—Cue-ball ½ left, ⅛ above, object-ball “full;” stroke,
½ in excess of “ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at a, effects carom
on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at a, b, c, d, resting at e.
The cue-ball performs a slow twisting “follow,” the object-ball
running with speed. The “slowed” follow ball is executed through the
delivery ⅛ above, which imparts slight rotating power in the ball.
 PLATE LXIV.

A FOLLOW WITH EXCESSIVE ENGLISH.

Illustrating a one-cushion “follow twist,” doubling the object-ball.

Cue-ball ⅝ left, ¼ above, object-ball “full centre;” stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at a, with excessive ⅝ twist,
effecting carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at a, b, c, resting
at d.
The player may find trouble in striking the object-ball dead full,
where he delivers the cue ⅝ left. A little practice will overcome all
difficulty.
 PLATE LXV.

EFFECTIVE GATHERING STROKES.

Illustrating caroms accomplished with excessive “draw, reverse,

twists, and cushion,” driving the object-ball to position.
Diagram 1.—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ⅝ below, object-ball full; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at c through draw
and twist delivery, effecting carom on ball 2. Object-ball
cushions at a, b, finally resting at c. An effective gathering
stroke.
Diagram 2.—Cue-ball ½ below, ½ left, object-ball ⅞ left; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at a, effects carom on ball 2 and
rolls to i. Object-ball cushions at b, c, d, f, resting at g. Carom-
ball cushions at e, crosses table, and stops at h.
The space between balls 1 and 2 is nearly the distance which
separates the diamond sights.
 PLATE LXVI.

“BANK”-STROKE CAROMS.

Illustrating two methods of effecting the same carom, like principles

governing both strokes.
First.—Cue-ball ¼ below, ½ left; cushions at a, d, strikes object-
ball at f, ½ right, calculating from point d; cue-ball then
cushions again at g, h, i, effecting carom on ball 2. Object-ball
takes direction of arrow. Stroke, “hard.”
Second.—Cue-ball ¼ below, ½ left; cushions at b, c, hits object-
ball at e, ½ left, sighting from cushion at c; cushions then at j,
effecting carom on ball 2. Object-ball is driven around table,
cushions at n, o, p, resting at l. Stroke, “hard.”
 PLATE LXVII.

FOUR-CUSHION AND “BANK”-STROKE CAROMS.

Illustrating caroms which gather the balls from difficult positions.

Diagram 1.—Cue-ball ¼ below, ¼ right, object-ball ¼ right,
sighting from cushion at a. Cue-ball cushions at a, b, effecting
carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at c, d, resting at e.
Stroke, “ordinary.” The object-ball (1) lies near and cushions so
that cue-ball has not room to go around table and gather balls
after carom, therefore the bank stroke is employed.
Diagram 2.—Cue-ball ½ right, ⅛ below, object-ball ¼ left;
stroke, ½ in excess of “medium.” Object-ball is width of a ball
from the cushion. Cue-ball cushions at a, b, c, d, effecting
carom on ball 2.
Object-ball cushions at e, f, resting at g. Ball 1 must be so placed
that the cushion at a can be reached by cue-ball.
 PLATE LXVIII.

REVERSE ENGLISH.

Illustrating application of reverse twist when the object-ball lies in

difficult position for gathering.
Diagram 1.—Cue-ball ⅝ right, ⅛ above, object-ball ½ left; stroke,
½ in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at a, effecting
carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at b, c, resting at d.
Diagram 2.—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ⅛ below, object-ball ½ left; stroke,
½ in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at a, b, effecting
carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at c, d, e, resting at f.
Caroms could be effected by cutting object-ball fine on right, but
gathering position for next stroke would then be sacrificed.
 PLATE LXIX.

“KISS” AND “FINE” CUSHION CAROMS.

Illustrating caroms from comparatively safe positions.

Diagram 1.—Cue-ball ⅝ right, ¼ below, object-ball ⅛ right;
stroke, ½ in excess of “slow.” Cue-ball cushions at a, b,
effecting carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at c, resting at
or near d.
To carom on ball 3.—Cue ball ¼ right, ¼ below, object-ball
⅛ right; stroke, “medium.”
Diagram 2.—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ½ below, object-ball ⅞ left; stroke,
½ in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball kisses from object-ball,
takes cushion at a, then, by ⅝ twist, runs to ball 2, effecting
carom. The object-ball lies in corner touching both cushions.
When the point a is reached the stroke is assured, if the ⅝
“twist” has been applied to cue-ball.
To carom on ball 3.—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ½ below, object-ball
“full”; stroke, ½ in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at b.
Similar in principle to preceding stroke.
 PLATE LXX.

A “FINE-CUT” BALL AND EFFECTIVE ONE-CUSHION GATHERING

STROKES.

Illustrating a seeming impossible “fine-cut” stroke, effecting carom

at extreme points, with application of either “twist”; also excellent
one-cushion position strokes.
Diagram 1.—Cue-ball ½ below, ¼ left, object-ball ⅛ left; stroke,
½ in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at a, effecting
carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at c, resting at e.
Diagram 2.—Cue-ball ½ below, ½ left, object-ball ⅛ left; stroke,
½ in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at b, effecting
carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at d, resting at f.
Diagram 3.—Cue-ball ⅝ below, ⅝ right, object-ball extremely
1
fine, 32 left; stroke, “hard.” Cue-ball cushions at a, describes a
curve, and effects carom on ball 2 in corner. The strong right
twist given cue-ball counteracts opposite twist given by contact
with cushion, whilst the draw or retrograde force imparts a
tendency to return in direction from the impelling force, this
producing the curved line of progress.
1
To carom on ball 3.—Cue-ball ¼ left, ⅛ below, object-ball 16
left; stroke, “ordinary.”
To carom on ball 4.—Cue-ball ½ left, ⅛ below, object-ball
¼ left; stroke, “ordinary.”
 PLATE LXXI.

REVERSE ENGLISH CAROMS.

In illustration of caroms through the application of the “reverse

twist,” performing curious angles thereby and gathering the balls.
Diagram 1.—Cue-ball ⅝ below, ⅝ right, object-ball ⅛ right;
stroke, “ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at b, from which it
performs curved line in effecting carom on ball 2. Object-ball
cushions at c, d, a, resting at e. The carom-ball crosses table,
cushions at g, resting at f. An acute wrist delivery is necessary
in order to impart extreme “draw-and-twist” to the cue-ball.
Diagram 2.—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ⅛ above, object-ball ¾ left; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball takes cushion at a, b, effecting carom by
reverse twist, on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at c, d, resting at e.
This stroke is played to gather the object-ball at ball 2. If the cue-
ball is played around the table, imparting opposite twist, taking
cushions a, b, d, the object-ball will be “lost.”
 PLATE LXXII.

ONE-CUSHION AND KISS STROKES.

Illustrating a carom by “kiss” gathering the balls, also carom from

same position from one cushion.
Cue-ball ⅝ below, ½ left, object-ball ⅛ left; stroke, ½ in excess of
“medium.” Cue-ball “kisses” directly to ball 2. Object-ball is
struck ⅛ left, driving it to cushion a, b, resting at c. Carom-ball
takes direction d, after carom has been effected. The object-ball
must be hit with exactness to get it away from the cushion to
the points a, b, c.
Again, cue-ball ¼ left, ¼ above, object-ball ½ left; stroke, ½ in
excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at e, effecting, carom on
ball 2. Object-ball takes direction approximating dotted line.
 PLATE LXXIII.

CLOSE DRAW.

Illustrating a fair stroke where the balls are near a “freeze,”

effecting a “draw” and “English,” the cue-ball performing a concave
curve on its course to cushion.
Cue-ball ⅝ below, ⅝ right, object-ball ¾ left; stroke, “hard.” Cue-
ball describes curve, cushions at a, b, c, effecting carom on ball
2, which rests at h, with cue-ball at i. Object-ball doubles the
width of table, cushions at d, e, f, resting at g.
The carom could be made with a massé, but position would be
sacrificed. The close draw is played in order to gather the balls.
The stroke is an acute wrist and arm delivery, and should be given
with confidence.
 PLATE LXXIV.

TWIST AND DRAW STROKES.

Illustrating excessive twist and draw when the cue-balls rest on the
cushion.
15
Diagram 1.—Cue-ball ⅝ below, ⅝ right, object-ball 16 left; stroke,
½ in excess of “medium.” Object-ball cushions at a, returning
to b. Cue-ball, by excessive draw and twist, caroms on ball 2.
The object in imparting excessive twist to cue-ball is to avoid
cushion in recoil. The object-ball is struck slightly to the left, and the
twist overcoming the outward tendency this would naturally give to
the cue-ball, brings it back to a straight line.
Diagram 2.—Cue-ball ⅝ right, ⅛ above, object-ball ½ left; stroke,
“medium.” Object-ball cushions at c, resting at d. Cue-ball
cushions at e, effects carom on ball 2.
In practising this stroke, the object-ball must be set about the
distance of ½ ball from the cushion.
If the ball be so set that it be hit too full it will throw the cue-ball
toward the corner at a; again, if it be struck too fine the cue-ball will
be thrown to the left of ball 2.
 PLATE LXXV.

THE KISS AND TWIST STROKE.

Diagram 1.—Cue-ball ½ above, ¼ left, object-ball ⅞ right; stroke,

½ in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball by kiss effects carom on ball
2. To reach the carom-ball in this stroke it is absolutely
necessary that the object-ball be struck ⅞ right, more or less
will bring the cue-ball short of or beyond the corner at ball 2.
Diagram 2.—Cue-ball ½ below, ⅝ left, object-ball ⅞ right;
stroke, “ordinary.” Cue-ball by kiss cushions at a, b, effecting
carom on ball 2.
This latter diagram shows a comparatively difficult position from
which to effect a carom. The excessive twist completes the stroke.
The proper direction of aim must be first determined—in this
diagram it is to point a on end cushion. The player is asked to
observe the angle of cue from the cue-ball to the cushion.
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