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Functional Groups-2020

The document discusses functional groups, which are specific atoms or groups of atoms in molecules that determine their chemical reactions. It categorizes various organic compounds, such as hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and amines, and explains their structures and classifications. Additionally, it highlights the significance of functional groups in biomolecules, including amino acids and nucleic acids.

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4 views

Functional Groups-2020

The document discusses functional groups, which are specific atoms or groups of atoms in molecules that determine their chemical reactions. It categorizes various organic compounds, such as hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and amines, and explains their structures and classifications. Additionally, it highlights the significance of functional groups in biomolecules, including amino acids and nucleic acids.

Uploaded by

medineshnky
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 47

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

AND
THEIR IMPORTANCE

Prof. Dr. Ozen OZENSOY GULER


1
FUNCTIONAL GROUP

• It could be an atom or a group of atoms within a


molecule that is responsible for its characteristic
chemical reactions.

2
• Alkanes are unreactive.
• A site of reactivity in an organic molecule is
called a functional group.
• C=C double is a functional group.
• Other functional groups contain elements other
than C or H, notably O, N and Cl.

3
ORGANIC AND
INORGANIC CARBON
• Inorganic carbon: ionic compounds where
carbon is incorporated as carbonate – CO32-

• Organic carbon: compounds of carbon with


itself, hydrogen and other elements

4
Carbon;
• is unique.
• can form four bonds.
• forms very strong bonds.

5
CLASSIFYING ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS

6
HYDROCARBONS

• are the simplest organic compounds.


• contain only C and H
• e.g. CH4, C8H18
• Synthetic polymers contain thousands of atoms.

7
ALKANES

• Saturated
• No new bonds can be added

8
ALKENES

• contain double bonds.


• Many alkenes occur naturally.

9
ALKYNES

• triple bond

10
ALCOHOLS

• Only one oxygen.


• Has an O-H group.
• Can be classified as 1º/2º/3º according to position
of O-H group on carbon skeleton.
OH OH
CH3CH2OH HO CHCH2NH2 CHCHNHCH3
CH3
ethanol HO adrenaline pseudephidrine

OH
HOCH2CHCH2OH
glycerol cholesterol

HO 11
H H H
H O H

H C C O H H C C C H

H H
H H
C H3
Primary alcohol H
H O H Tertiary alcohol

H C C C H

H H H
Secondary alcohol 12
ALDEHYDES

• Has a C=O group. H


O
H C C
H
H
Ethanal

13
KETONES

• Has a C=O group


• C=O group is not at the end of carbon chain, so
is next door to 2 carbons
H O H

H C C C H

H H
Propanone 14
ESTERS

• Has 2 oxygens
• One oxygen is part of a C=O bond, the other is
next door, sandwiched between two carbons.
H
O
H
H C C

O C H
H

Methylethanoate 15
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

• Has 2 oxygens
• Has O-H and C=O groups on the same carbon
atom
• This -COOH group has to be at the end of a
carbon chain. H
O
H C C
O H
H
Ethanoic acid
16
ETHERS

• Has 1 oxygen
• No O-H or C=O group
• The oxygen is sandwiched between two carbon
atoms.
H H H

H C C O C H

H H H

Ethylmethylether
17
AMINES

• Contain Nitrogen
• Can be classified as 1º/2º/3º according to the
number of carbon atoms connected to the N

H H

H C C N H

H H H

Ethylamine
18
AMIDES

• Has NH2 and C=O groups on the same carbon


atom.

H
O
H C C
N H
H
H

Ethanamide 19
HALOALKANES

• Have the general formula R-X where R is an


alkyl group and X is a halogen.

H H

H C C Cl

H H

Chloroethane 20
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

• Hydroxyl group
• Carbonyl group
• Carboxyl group
• Amino group
• Sulfhydryl group
• Phosphate group

23
HYDROXYL GROUP

24
Disaccharides

25
CARBONYL GROUP

26
• Biomolecules that contain aldehyde and ketone
groups

27
CARBOXYL GROUP

• Is a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to a hydroxyl


group (OH).

28
29
FATTY ACIDS

30
AMINO GROUP

• Amines are derivatives of the inorganic compound


ammonia, NH3.
• NH2R form of the amines are called amino group.
• Amino group is proton acceptor in aminoacids
weak base.

31
32
Proteins are linear polymers
of amino acids

33
34
SULFHYDRYL GROUP

• Contains sulfur.
• -SH functional group is called thiol group or
sulfhydryl group.

35
36
PHOSPHATE GROUP

• Phosphorus has 5 valence shell electrons


available for bonding.
• Phosphate group is represented by the P and
four atoms of oxygen.

37
Biomolecules
that contain phosphate group

38
NUCLEIC ACIDS

39
NUCLEOTIDES

40
41
42
43
7.3 kcal/mol ATP
44
45
46
47

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