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The document discusses the concepts of left and right ideals in the context of ring theory, highlighting the properties and definitions of proper ideals, principal ideals, and the generation of ideals from subsets. It includes examples and theorems that establish the criteria for a subset to be considered a left or right ideal. Additionally, it mentions the significance of principal ideal rings and principal ideal domains.

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2 views1 page

dgdfg

The document discusses the concepts of left and right ideals in the context of ring theory, highlighting the properties and definitions of proper ideals, principal ideals, and the generation of ideals from subsets. It includes examples and theorems that establish the criteria for a subset to be considered a left or right ideal. Additionally, it mentions the significance of principal ideal rings and principal ideal domains.

Uploaded by

leoesdooeste.torcida
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

I DEALS

but not a right ideaL lf Jk consist of those matrices with nonzero entries only in row
k then Jk is a right ideal but not a left ideal.
�

EXA\ IPLE. Two ideals of a ring R are R itself and the trivial ideal (denoted 0),
which consists only of the zero element.

REI\ lARKS. A [left] ideal / of R such that I ¢ 0 and I ¢ R is called a proper [left]
ideal. Observe that if R has an identity l 1l and I is a [left] ideal of R, then I = R if and
only if 1 u ; I. Consequently, a nonzero [left] ideal / of R is proper if and only if I con­
tains no units of R; (for if u z R is a unit and u � 1., then l R = u-1 u E 1). I n particular, a
division ring D has no proper left (or right) ideals since every nonzero element of D is
a unit. For the converse, see Exercise 7. The ring of n X n matrices over a division
ring has proper left and right ideals (see above), but no proper (two-sided) ideals
(Exercise 9).

Theorem 2.2. A nonen1pty subset I ofa ring R is a left [resp. right] ideal ifand only if
for all a,b e I and r � R :

(i) a,b 2 I => a - b e I ; and


( ii ) a z I, r E R � ra ; I [resp. ar e I].

PROOF. Exercise ; see Theorem 1.2.5. •

Corol lary 2.3. Let I Ai ! i e I I he a fcn11i/y of [left] ideals in a ring R. Then n Aa is


iel

also a [l�ft] ideal.

PROOF. Exercise. •

Defin ition 2.4. Let X be a subser of a ring R. Let { Ai I i E I J be the Jan1ily of all
[leftJ ideals in R which contain X . Then n Ai is called the [lefr] ideal generated by X.
icl

This ideal is denoted (X).

The elements of X are cal led generators of the ideal (X). If X = { xh .Xn } ,
. . •

then the ideal (X) is denoted by (x � ,x:!, . . . ) and said to be finitely generated. An
, x,

ideal (x) generated by a single element is called a principal ideal. A principal ideal ring
is a ring in which every ideal is principal. A principal ideal ring which is an integral
doma in is calJed a principal ideal domain.2

Theorem 2.5. Let R be a ring a ; R and X c R .

I riasi (r,s,ri ,si e R;


(i) The principal ideal (a) consists of all elements of the form ra + as + na +
m

m e N*; and n e Z).


1- l

2The term .. principal ideal ringn is som etimes used in the literature to denote what we
have ca lied a principal ideal domain.

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