BIOL 2458 Course Study Outline

**These topics are the main study points for each chapter. This list does not represent everything on exams, however.

Endocrine System (Chap 16)

 compare/contrast endocrine system vs nervous system
 hormone types
o peptide vs lipid vs steroid
o method of entering cells
o methods of action within in cells
 target cell responsiveness to hormones
o circulating concentrations
o up-regulation vs. down-regulation
o permissive vs. synergistic vs. antagonistic hormonal effects
 regulation of hormone secretion
 hormones of hypothalmo-pituitary axes
o HPS axis (growth)
o HPT axis (metabolism)
o HPA axis (stress)
o HPG axis (reproduction)
 hormones of the parathyroid gland
o parathyroid hormone
 hormones of the pancreas
o insulin
o glucagon
 environmental, sex, and age effects on endocrine function
 homeostatic imbalances and diseases

Cardiovascular System: Heart (Chap 18)

 blood flow through the heart
 compare/contrast cardiac muscle vs skeletal muscle
 electrical conduction
o path through the heart
o autorhythmic action potentials
o contractile fiber action potentials
 EKG
o relations to electrical conduction in the heart
o relations to contraction in the heart
 cardiac cycle
o phases
o pressure differences and what valves are open
o blood flow
o relations to electrical conduction and contraction
 measurements of cardiovascular function
o heart rate
o stroke volume
o cardiac output
 homeostatic imbalances and diseases

Cardiovascular System: Vessels (Chap 19)

 vessel types
o arteries
o arterioles
o veins
 o venules
o capillaries
 capillary exchange
o diffusion vs transcytosis vs bulk flow
o pressures
 hemodynamics
o resistance & factors affecting it
o velocity & factors affecting it
o pressure gradient & factors affecting it
o mean arterial pressure (MAP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR)
 blood flow through vessels of the body
 homeostatic imbalances and diseases

Cardiovascular System: Blood (Chap 17)

 blood functions
 plasma
 cellular elements
o erythrocytes
o leukocytes
o platelets
 hematopoiesis
 erythropoiesis
 hemostatic mechanisms
 blood typing
 hemolytic disease of the newborn
 diagnostic blood tests
 homeostatic imbalances and diseases

Immune System (Chap 21)

 components of the immune system
o primary vs secondary lymphoid organs
o granulocytes
o agranulocytes
o dendritic cells
o mast cells
 innate immune system
o targets/pathogens
o surface barriers
o granulocytes
o NK cells
o antimicrobial proteins
o phagocytosis
o fever
o inflammatory response
 adaptive immune system
o targets/antigens
o MHC proteins
o antigen-presenting cells
o T cells (maturation, activation, responses)
o B cells (maturation, activation, responses)
o antibodies
o acquiring adaptive immunity
 effects of stress, diet, age, and sex on immune function
 homeostatic imbalances and diseases
Respiratory System (Chap 22)
 pathway of airflow
 ventilation
o phases
o pressures
o factors affecting ventilation
 O2 and CO2 gas exchange
o pulmonary
o systemic
 O2 and CO2 transport
 O2-hemoglobin dissociation curves
 measurements of respiratory function
o minute ventilation
o tidal volume
o residual volume
o inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes
o vital capacity
o total lung capacity
 control of breathing rate and depth
 homeostatic imbalances and diseases

Digestive System (Chap 23)

 basic digestive system processes
o ingestion
o secretion
o motility (peristalsis, propulsion/retropulsion, segmentation, haustral churning, mass movement)
o digestion
o absorption
o defecation
 layers of the GI tract
 digestive phases
o cephalic
o gastric
o intestinal
 enzymes
 what happens in each digestive organ
 homeostatic imbalances and diseases

Nutrition & Metabolism (Chap 24)

 macronutrients
o carbohydrates (sources, uses, requirements)
o lipids (sources, uses, requirements)
o proteins (sources, uses, requirements)
 micronutrients
o vitamins
o minerals
 basal metabolic rate vs total metabolic rate
 carbohydrate metabolism
 lipid metabolism
 protein metabolism
 absorptive vs post-absorptive states
 cholesterol
o uses
 o transport
o sources
o factors affecting blood levels
 energy balance
 regulation of food intake
 regulation of body temperature
o 4 mechanisms of heat transfer
o heat loss mechanisms
o heat gaining mechanisms
 homeostatic imbalances and diseases

Urinary System (Chap 25)

 kidney functions
 nephrons
o glomerular ultrafiltration
o proximal tubule reabsorption
o loop of Henle and the corticomedullary gradient
o distal tubule secretion and reabsorption
o collecting duct and fine tuning of urine
 hormones
o ADH
o renin
o angiotensin
o aldosterone
 urinalyses
 micturition
 homeostatic imbalances and diseases

Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Balance (Chap 26)

 composition of body fluids
o intracellular fluid
o extracellular fluid (interstitial and plasma)
 fluid movement between areas
o osmolarity vs osmolality
 thirst and hydration
 electrolyte balance
o Na+
o K+
o Ca2+
o PO43-
o Cl-
o HCO3-
 acid-base balance
o acidosis vs alkalosis
o chemical buffer systems (HCO3-, PO43-, protein)
o respiratory buffer system
o renal buffer system
 homeostatic imbalances and diseases

Reproductive System (Chap 27)

 sexual vs. asexual reproduction
 compare/contrast male vs female reproductive systems
 control by hormones of the HPG axis
 male reproductive system
 o spermatogenesis
o semen
o erection
o ejaculation
o refractory period
o androgens
 female reproductive system
o breasts and mammary glands
o ovarian cycle (oogenesis and folliculogenesis)
o uterine cycle
o sexual response
o estrogens and progesterone
 fertilization
o copulation
o fast block vs. slow block
 sexual differentiation
 homeostatic imbalances and diseases

Pregnancy & Development (Chap 28)

 fertilization
o acrosomal reaction and penetration
o blocks to polyspermy
 cleavage and proliferation
o zygote to morula
o morula to blastocyst
 implantation
 placentation
 gastrulation
 organogenesis
o endodermal organs
o ectodermal organs
o mesodermal organs
 fetal circulation
 fetal developmental events
 pregnancy
o anatomical changes to mother
o metabolic changes to mother
o physiological changes to mother
 parturition
o initiation
o 3 stages of labor
 lactation
 assisted reproductive technology
 homeostatic imbalances