# PRECISION AGRICULTURE.

Application of technologies and principles to manage spatial and

temporal variability associated with all aspects of agricultural production is called precision agriculture.
components of Precision Farming 1 GPS (Global Positioning System 1 GIS (Geographic Information
System). 3. VRT (Variable Rate Technology). 4. Yield monitors 5- Remote sensing. 6 Proximate sensors
7. Computer Hardware & Software. 8 Irrigation System. 9. LEC ( leaf Colour Chart) 1 SPAD (Soil Plant
Analysis Development) 1 LASER land Leveler 1 Grid Sampling *IMP - . Data-Driven Decisions:
Utilizing data for better crop management. . Variable Rate Technology: Applying inputs like water and
fertilizers based on field needs. . Soil Health Monitoring: Regularly checking soil conditions for
improved farming. . Yield Mapping: Mapping productivity to tailor field management. . Precision
Irrigation: Efficient water use based on moisture and weather data. . Remote Sensing/Drones:
Monitoring crops with drones and satellite images. . GPS and Automation: Automating field operations
with GPS-guided machinery. . Farm Management Software: Analyzing data for long-term decision-
making.

# GIS is the science & technology which develops & uses information science Infrastructure to address
the problems of geography 1. Precision Agriculture: Geoinformatics enables farmers to analyze
spatial variability within their fields, allowing for tailored crop management practices that optimize input
usage and enhance yields. 2.Field Mapping and Monitoring: GIS tools assist in creating detailed maps
of agricultural fields, aiding in the organization, analysis, and remote monitoring of crops, which
supports informed decision-making. 3. Resource Management: By integrating spatial data,
geoinformatics aids in efficient resource allocation, such as water and fertilizers, ensuring optimal use
and reducing waste. 4. Pest and Disease Surveillance: Remote sensing technologies help in early
detection of pest infestations and disease outbreaks by capturing multispectral images, enabling timely
interventions. 5. Soil Health Assessment GIS facilitates the analysis of soil properties across different
field zones, supporting the development of soil management strategies that enhance soil health and
fertility. 6. Climate and Weather Analysis: Geoinformatics tools analyze climatic data, aiding farmers
in making informed decisions about planting and harvesting times, thereby mitigating climate-related
risks. 7. Yield Prediction: By integrating various data layers, geoinformatics assists in forecasting crop
yields, which is essential for planning and supply chain management. 8. Land Use Planning : GIS
supports the analysis of land suitability for different crops, aiding in optimal land use planning and
contributing to sustainable agricultural development. 9. Water Resource Management: Geoinformatics
aids in monitoring irrigation systems and assessing water availability, promoting efficient water use and
supporting drought management strategies. 10.Disaster Risk Management: By analyzing spatial data,
geoinformatics helps in identifying areas prone to natural disasters like floods, enabling the
development of mitigation strategies to protect crops and infrastructure.\

# SOIL MAP is a geographical representation Showing diversity of soil types and Soil properties in the
area of interest PROCEDURE 1. Planning - Define objectives, select the area, and gather
background data. 2. Field Survey.- Collect soil samples and observe properties like texture, color, and
structure. 3. Laboratory Analysis.- Test soil for physical and chemical properties (e.g., pH, nutrients).
4. Data Analysis.- Interpret the results and define soil units based on similarities.
5. Map Creation.- Use GIS software to create spatial maps showing soil distribution.
6. Validation & Reporting.- Check map accuracy and prepare a detailed report with recommendations.
7. Updating.- Periodically update the map as new data becomes available.
REMOTE SENSING - acquiring information about an object without making physkal
contact with the object * application - 1 Crop production forecasting and yield forecasting Assessment
of crop damage and crop. 2 progress. 3. Horticulture cropping system analysis. 4. Crop identification.
5. Crop acreage estimation 6. Crop condition assessment and stress detection 7. Identification of
planting and harvesting. dates. 8 Crop yield modelling and estimation. 9. Identification of pest & disease
infestation. 1 Soil moisture estimation 1. Irrigation monitoring and management. 1. Soil mapping 1.
Monitoring of droughts 1 Land cover and land degradation mapping 1 Identification of problematic
scale. 1 Crop nutrient deficiency detection 1 Gop yield forecasting. 1 Collect of past & current weather
data 1 crop intensification. 1 Water resource mapping. 1 climate change monitoring 1 Soil management
practices. 1 group health analysis

# GPS (Global Positioning System) is a satellite-based system that provides location and time
information anywhere on Earth using signals from satellites *IMP- 1) GPS antenna.-Antenna of the
GPS receiver detects. the electromagnetic wave signal transmitted by GPS satellite, converts wave
energy to electric current, amplifes the signal strength and send them to receiver
2) GPS receiver - Collection of geographical data of specific area. - Data is acquired and decoded..
3) GPS Display and stored. - Records and reports are displayed and stored - GPS data is available
numerically and graphically - Data can be collected or provided by laptop,computer.
4)- Interface - allow data exchange between many devices. 5) DGPS - DGPS is essentially a system to
provide positional correction to GPS signals. 6) GPS - Ground Control Stations/Control Segment
- uses measurements collected by monitor stations to predict behaviour of each satellites
7) GPS satellite - Orientate the points of solar panel toward sun and antenna towards earth.

# NANO FERTILIZER - Nano fertilizers are fertilizers made using nanotechnology, where nutrients are
in tiny particles for better absorption by plants. They improve nutrient efficiency, reduce waste, and
promote sustainable plant growth. * IMP - 1. Enhanced Nutrient Uptake: Nano fertilizers improve
nutrient absorption by plants. 2. Reduced Fertilizer Waste: Efficient nutrient delivery minimizes excess
application. 3. Environmentally Friendly: Reduces runoff and nutrient pollution in soil and water.
4. Controlled Release: Nutrients are released slowly, preventing leaching and ensuring availability.
5. Increased Crop Yields: More effective nutrient delivery boosts plant growth and productivity.
6. Cost-Effective: Reduces the need for large quantities of traditional fertilizers.
7. Sustainability: Supports sustainable farming by reducing environmental impact.
8. Improved Soil Health: Enhances soil fertility and microbial activity.
* BENEFICAL AS COMPARE TO CHEMICAL FERTILIZER - . Better Nutrient Efficiency: They
ensure higher nutrient absorption with smaller amounts, reducing waste. Reduced Environmental
. Impact: Nano fertilizers minimize nutrient runoff and soil pollution, unlike chemical fertilizers.
. Controlled Release: They release nutrients gradually, preventing over-fertilization and reducing
leaching. . Targeted Delivery: Nano-sized particles are more easily absorbed by plants, enhancing
growth. . Lower Application Rates: They require smaller quantities compared to chemical fertilizers,
reducing costs and environmental harm.
# DEFINE - • software refers to digital tools and systems designed to assist with the management,
analysis, and optimization of agricultural practices. • ⁠hardware refers to the physical tools and devices
used in agriculture to collect data, monitor conditions, and automate farm operations • soil fertility
refers to the ability of the soil to supply essential nutrients to plants in adequate amounts and proper
proportions for optimal growth. • nano technology refers to the application of extremely small materials
and devices (on the nanometer scale, typically 1-100 nanometers) in agriculture to enhance crop
production, improve soil health, and reduce the environmental impact of farming. • ⁠INSAT - Indian
National Satellite System • PFDC - Pesticide Formulation and Development Centre⁠ • ⁠size of nano
fertilizer - 1 to 100 nanometers

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