Paper— Combination of Hiding and Encryption for Data Security

Combination of Hiding and Encryption for Data Security

https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i09.14173

Ibtisam A. Aljazaery ()

University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
[email protected]

Haider Th. Salim Alrikabi

University of Wasit, Wasit, Iraq

Mustafa Rabea Aziz

General Directorate of Education, Nineveh, Iraq

Abstract—One of the techniques used in information security is the

concealment technique, where the information to be hidden within another
information medium to be saved in the process of messaging between two sides
without detection. In this paper, an algorithm was proposed to conceal and
encrypt data using several means.in order to ensure its preservation from
detection and hackers. Wavelet transformer was used to change the shape of a
wave of information (one and two-dimensional data) and its different
mathematical formulas. Two sets of data were used, the first group used in a
hidden process. The second group was considered as a means of both embedding
and encryption. The data in the second group is reduced to the extent of sufficient
for the modulation process, by extracting its high-value properties and then
removing them from the mother's information wave. The process of encrypting
of the two sets of data comes together using an exponential function. The result
is undetectable information signals. Algorithms were built to hide and encrypt
one and two-dimensional data. High-security signals and images were obtained.
Decryption algorithms were built to return encrypted data to their original forms,
and getting the replica data.

Keywords—Embedding and encryption, exponential function, information

security technique, Wavelet transformer.

1 Introduction

Cryptography and steganography are common methods to secure communications.

For the purpose of protection against unauthorized access, confidentiality and data
integrity must be observed. Cryptography scrambles a message so it cannot be
understood. The Steganography hides the message so it cannot be seen [1, 2]. This
research is made to combine both cryptography and Steganography methods into one
system for better confidentiality and security. In this advanced encrypting data hiding
method, encrypted data can be embedded and extracted from both encrypted images

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Paper— Combination of Hiding and Encryption for Data Security

and signals [3-5]. The data is encrypted using two scenarios. The first was to use a
wavelet transformer to change the shape of the signal or image to a different form of
the original[6, 7]. In the second stage, the exponential function was used to complete
the encoding process to the final form. While the hiding algorithm was built between
the two encryption phases. (Stego-crypto) as a term, goes to attain its importance
attributable to the exponential growth and secret communication of potential users over
the web [8, 9]. In addition, it has become an important tool for data security especially
in military applications for example 5 G is more security others wireless
communication techniques [10, 11]. The proposed work includes: decompose both
encrypting data and hiding data, generate the modulated medium, data embedding, data
extraction, and data recovery.

1.1 Wavelet transformer

Wavelet conversion is known to convert other data types from time domain to
frequency domain. It is used to analyze a signal that does not produce information about
"frequency" in the traditional sense, but a time and size distribution is created. The
change in the size of the wavelet is represented by a two factor. It is therefore possible
to reconstruct any signal using one wave as a base and to place as many waves as needed
at different times with different amplitudes and scales [12-14].The equations for
conversion can be summarized as follows:
𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑤 [𝑛] = ∑+∞
𝑘=−∞ 𝑥[𝑘]𝑔[2𝑛 − 𝑘] (1)
𝑦ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ [𝑛] = ∑+∞
𝑘=−∞ 𝑥[𝑘]ℎ[2𝑛 + 1 − 𝑘]
(2)

Where:
x is chosen data.
g is high pass filter.
h is low pass filter.
This decomposition reduced the time resolution by half as half of each output filter
distinguishes the signal. However, each output has half the frequency band of the input,
thus multiplying the frequency resolution [15, 16].

2 Literature Review

In [17], they presented a biometric authentication scheme that uses two separate
biometric features combined by watermark embedding with hidden password
encryption to obtain a non-unique identifier of the personage. They provided
experimental results. The transformed features and templates trek through insecure
communication line like the Internet or intranet in the client-server environment. The
authors in [18], proposed technique is a composition of both encryption and data hiding
using some properties of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) sequences. The proposed
scheme consists mainly of two phases. In the first phase, the secret data is encrypted

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Paper— Combination of Hiding and Encryption for Data Security

using a DNA and Amino Acids-Based Play fair cipher. While in the second phase the
encrypted data is steganography ally hidden into some reference DNA sequence using
an insertion technique. In [19]proposed an LSB & DCT-based steganography method
for hiding the data. Each bit of data is embedded by altering the least significant bit of
low frequency DCT coefficients of cover image blocks. They used some techniques to
utilizes the idea of SSB-4 technique in modifying the other bits to obtain the minimum
variation between the original and the modified coefficient. The author in [20] explored
the limits of Steganography theory and practice. He printed out the enhancement of the
image Steganography system using LSB approach to provide a means of secure
communication. A stego-key has been applied to the system during embedment of the
message into the cover image. The recent explosion of research in watermarking to
protect intellectual property is evidence that Steganography is not just limited to
military or espionage applications.In [21]designed sequence the combined scrambling
operation is utilized for changing the pixel position of secret image under the control of
a random matrix. At the same time, the pixel value is altered by random bit shift for
obtaining an encrypted image encoded in N-bit data. These operations are employed
for all pixels of original secret image. The authors in [22], they proposed a method,
which combines the techniques of Steganography and cryptography, to hide the secret
data in an image. In the first phase, the sender will embed the secret data in an image
by using the Least Significant Bit (LSB) technique. The embedded image will be
encrypted by using an encryption algorithm. In [23], they Advanced Encryption
Standard (AES) algorithm has been modified and used to encrypt the secret message.
the encrypted message has been hidden by Enhancing Pixel Value Difference (PVD)
image using Mobile Phone Keypad (MPK) Coding. In [24], they introduced PASH, a
privacy-aware s-health access control system, which the key ingredient is a large
universe CP-ABE with access policies partially hidden. In PASH, attribute values of
access policies are hidden in encrypted SHRs and only attribute names are revealed.

3 Quality Measures of the Method

In order to assess the quality of the method of hiding and encrypting information,
commonly used measures are, arithmetic mean (average), and entropy. Mean is used to
quantify the difference between the initial (cover signal) or (modulated signal) and the
Mixed encrypted hidden signal, distorted signal, equation (3) [25-26]. Entropy is the
average rate at which information is produced by a stochastic source of data. The
measure of information entropy associated with each possible data value is the negative
logarithm of the probability mass function for the value equation (4) [27-29].
1 𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎𝑛
𝐴 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖 = (3)
𝑛 𝑛

Where:
ai = elements.
n = number of elements.

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Paper— Combination of Hiding and Encryption for Data Security

∑𝑁 𝑀 ̅ ̅
𝑖=1 ∑𝐽=1(𝐼1 (𝑖,𝑗)−𝐼1 )(𝐼2 (𝑖,𝑗)−𝐼2 )
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟 = (4)
√[∑𝑁 𝑀 ̅ 2 𝑁 𝑀 ̅ 2
𝑖=1 ∑𝐽=1(𝐼1 (𝑖,𝑗)−𝐼1 ) ][∑𝑖=1 ∑𝐽=1(𝐼2 (𝑖,𝑗)−𝐼2 ) ]

Where:
I1(i,j) = the value of pixel at (i,j) of the original image.
𝐼1̅ = the mean of the original image.
1
𝐼1̅ = ∑𝑁 𝑀
𝑖=1 ∑𝑗=1 𝐼1 (𝑖, 𝑗) (4.1)
𝑀×𝑁

I2(i,j) = the value of pixel at (i,j) of reconstructed image.

𝐼2̅ = the mean of the reconstructed image.
𝑁 𝑀
1
𝐼2̅ = ∑ ∑ 𝐼2 (𝑖, 𝑗)
𝑀×𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

M = height of image.
N = width of image.
(i,j) = row and column numbers.
𝑆 = − ∑𝑖 𝑃𝑖 log 𝑃𝑖 (5)

Where: Pi = probability.

4 Algorithms and Results

In this section of this research, the algorithms designed to build the proposed work
will be presented with the results obtained. Calculations were performed and all
algorithm were implemented using MATLAB. Each cryptographic algorithm will be
presented for each case discussed with decipher algorithm as well as the results for both
cases, as follows:

Table 1. ALGORITHM (1-a): encryption of one-dimension signal for two cases, low
frequency signal (LFS) sine wave and high frequency (HFS) of EEG signal.
ALGORITHM (1-a): Encryption Algorithm
Read the first data signal with high frequency, modulated signal, signal=m sample.
Read second data signal with low frequency signal (LFS) or high frequency signal (HFS) to be
encrypted and hidden, EEG or sin=n sample.
Decompose the first signal (modulated signal) using wavelet packet transform law (wpt):
wpt=wpdec(signal, 3, 'db1').
Find the best tree of (wpt) using the rule: bt=besttree(wpt).
Find the coefficients of (besttree).
Link these coefficients together to get the modulated signal (the mother signal=m samples).
Zeroing the positive values of the mother signal after saving them and their locations, c11, loc1.
Decompose second signal (signal to hide) using the second wavelet transform law: [C,
L]=wavedec(sin, 3, 'db1'), C=n samples.

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Paper— Combination of Hiding and Encryption for Data Security

Make modulation process, as follow:

for i=1:m: [no. of modulated signals' samples].
if c1(i)==0: [(c1) is the modulated signal].
loc(k)=i: [save the locations].
count=count+1
c1(i)=c(k): [put the values of (C signal) in zeros locations of modulated signal (c1)or mother
signal].
end; end
Prepare (exponential function) file of the same dimension of mother signal, e=m sample.
Make math. Equation between (e and c1).
Getting encrypted and hidden signal end

Images from (A1 to E) of Figure (1) and from (A1 to E) of Figurer (2), depict in
details the experimental results of ALGORITHM (1-a) using (LFS) sine wave and
(HFS) EEG signal respectively, as follow:

Fig. 1. Encryption of one-dimensional signal using (LFS) sine wave.

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Paper— Combination of Hiding and Encryption for Data Security

Fig. 2. Encryption of one-dimensional signal using (HFS) EEG signal.

Table 2. ALGORITHM (1-b): decryption algorithm of the above case represented in

ALGORITHM (1-a).
ALGORITHM (1-b): Decryption Algorithm
Make opposite math. Operation to get modulated signal
Separate the modulated values about the parent signal and put these values in their locations, as
follow:
for i=1: n: [n is no. of signal's to hide samples].
for j=1: m: [m is no. of modulated signals' samples].
if loc(i)==j: [loc, the locations of sin wave].
cc(1, k)=c1(j):[remove the sin wave values from the modulated signal, demodulation process].
c1(j)=0: [zeroing these location].
k=k+1;
end;end;endz

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Paper— Combination of Hiding and Encryption for Data Security

Retrieve the positive saved values of the mother signal, as follows:

for i=1:n:[n is no. of signal' to hide samples].
for j=1: :[m is no. of modulated signals' samples].
if loc1(i)==j:[loc1, the locations of positive values of the mother signal].
c1(j)=c11(i):[retrieve the positive values which saved erlier, c11].
k=k+1;
end;end;end
Aggregation of the two signals using (Idwt= inverse decomposition of wavelet transform).
Retrieve the original signals…end

Images from (A to E2) of Figure (3) and from (A to E2) of Figurer (4), depict in
details the experimental results of ALGORITHM (1-b) using (LFS) sine wave and
(HFS) EEG signal respectively, as follow:

Fig. 3. Decryption of one-dimensional signal using (LFS) sine wave

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Paper— Combination of Hiding and Encryption for Data Security

Fig. 4. Decryption of one-dimensional signal using (HFS) EEG signal

Table 3. ALGORITHM (2-a): Encrypt of 2-D image by converting it to one-dimensional

signal
ALGORITHM (2-a): Encryption Algorithm
1. Read the first image with higher dimensions, modulated image, squares image (365x438).
Read second image with lower dimensions; image to be encrypted and hidden, tree image
2.
(258x350).
Decompose the first image (modulated image) using wavelet decomposition for two dimensions
transform law: [c1, s1] =wavedec2(I1,3,'db1').
3.
Decompose second image (image to hide) using wavelet decomposition for two dimensions
transform law: [c2, s2] =wavedec2(I2,3,'db1').
Zeroing the positive values of the mother image, (modulated signal=c1) after saving them and
4.
their locations, c11, loc1.

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Paper— Combination of Hiding and Encryption for Data Security

Zeroing the negative values of image to hide, (signal to hide=c2) after saving them and their
5.
locations, c12, loc2.
Make modulation process, as follow:
for i=1:m: [no. of modulated signals' samples=c1].
if c1(i)==0: [(c1) is the modulated signal].
loc(k)=i:[save the locations].
6.
count=count+1
c1(i)=c2(k): [put the values of (c2 signal) in zeros locations of modulated signal (c1) or mother
signal].
end; end
7. Prepare (exponential function) file of the same dimension of mother signal, e=m sample.
8. Make math. Equation between (e and c1).
9. Getting encrypted and hidden signals (images) end
Images from (A1 to F) of Figure (5) shows in details the experimental results of
ALGORITHM (2-a)

Fig. 5. Encryption of 2-D image by converting it to one-dimensional

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Paper— Combination of Hiding and Encryption for Data Security

Table 4. ALGORITHM (2-b): decrypt of one-dimensional signal to 2-D image

ALGORITHM (2-b): decryption
1. Make opposite math. Operation to get modulated signal
Separate the modulated values about the parent signal and put these values in their locations, as
follow:
for i=1: n: [n is no. of signal's to hide samples].
for j=1:m: [m is no. of modulated signal's samples].
2. if loc2(i)==j: [loc2, the locations of signal to hide].
c2(1, k) =c1(j): [remove values of signal to hide from the modulated signal, demodulation process].
c1(j)=0: [zeroing these location].
k=k+1;
end;end;end
Retrieve the positive saved values of the mother signal, as follows:
for i=1: n:[n is no. of signal's to hide samples].
for j=1: m: [m is no. of modulated signals' samples].
3. if loc1(i)==j: [loc1, the locations of positive values of the mother signal].
c1(j)=c11(i): [retrieve the positive values which saved earlier, c11].
k=k+1;
end;end;end
Retrieve the negative saved values of signal to hide, as follows:
for i=1: n:[n is no. of signal's to hide samples].
for j=1: [m is no. of modulated signals' samples].
4. if loc2(i)==j: [loc2, the locations of negative values of signal to hide].
c2(j)=c12(i): [retrieve the positive values which saved erlier, c12].
k=k+1;
end;end;end
Aggregation of the two signals using (Idwt2= inverse decomposition of wavelet transform for two
5.
dimensions).
6. Retrieve the original images…end

Images from (A to E2) of Figure (6) shows in details the experimental results of
ALGORITHM (2-b)

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Paper— Combination of Hiding and Encryption for Data Security

Fig. 6. Decryption of one-dimensional signal to 2D images

Table (1) illustrates the quality measurements used for the purpose of showing the
efficiency of the method and comparing cases before and after the hiding and
encryption operations. The measurements entropy and average were used, as follows:

Table 5. Quality measurements used for one-dimensional data

Signal Average Entropy
Modulated signal 1.7252 1.9816
First state
Sine wave (low frequency signal) 6.2422e-004 3.7574
Mixed encrypted hidden signal (1) 5.5243 1.8805
Modulated signal 1.7252 1.9816
Second
High frequency signal 0.2044 1.8980
state
Mixed encrypted hidden signal (2) -2.25 0
Modulated transferred image (squares image) 8.5889 3.9231
Third state Hidden transferred image (tree image) 6.3632 5.7006
Mixed encrypted hidden signal (3) 5.1626 1.0427

5 Conclusion

Many important things can be concluded during of experiments results, it is noticed

from (Table 1), the average of encrypted signal differs from both of signals before

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Paper— Combination of Hiding and Encryption for Data Security

encryption because of embedding signals' process. And the entropy of encrypted signal
is less than of the two signals before encryption, which means the characteristics which
distinguished each signal are completely lost after they are combined into a single
signal. Using of the exponential function as an intermediary in the encryption process
has proven successful by obtaining completely different results from the original. The
whole encryption process gave us forms of information has no similarity to the original.
After removing the cover and decrypting, the resulting image or signal is exactly
identical to the original.

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Paper— Combination of Hiding and Encryption for Data Security

7 Authors

Ibtisam A. Aljazaery is a lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering,

College of Engineering, University of Babylon. Babylon, Iraq. Email: ibtisamalasady
@gmail.com.
The number of articles in national databases – 6. The number of articles in
international databases – 5.
Haider Th. Salim ALRikabiHe is presently one of the faculty college of
engineering, electrical engineering department, Wasit University in Al Kut, Wasit, Iraq.
He received his B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering in 2006 from the Al
Mustansiriya University in Baghdad, Iraq. his M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering
focusing on Communications Systems from California state university/Fullerton, USA
in 2014. His current research interests include Communications systems with mobile
generation, Control systems, intelligent technologies, smart cities, and Internet of
Things (IoT). Al Kut city – Hay ALRabee, Wasit, Iraq. Contact: - +9647732212637
E-mail: - [email protected]
The number of articles in national databases - 10
The number of articles in international databases – 10
Mustafa Rabea Aziz is a lecturer at the General Directorate of Education in
Nineveh. Contact: - +9647729839600 E-mail: - [email protected]

Article submitted 2020-03-06. Resubmitted 2020-04-21. Final acceptance 2020-04-21. Final version
published as submitted by the authors.

iJIM ‒ Vol. 14, No. 9, 2020 47